Report No. 70
The Transfer of Property Act, 1882
| Contents | |
| Chapter 1 | Introductory |
| Reasons for taking up | |
| Change in modes of transfer | |
| Bentham's view | |
| Chapter 2 | History |
| Policy of codification | |
| Equity | |
| Chapter 3 | Sources and Scheme of Provisions |
| Introductory | |
| Differentia | |
| Chapter 4 | Preliminary Matters: Scope and Application |
| Section 1 | |
| Chapter 5 | Scope and Application and Rule of Damdupat |
| Section 2 and Proposed Section 2A | |
| Section 2(a) | |
| Gist of section 3, Act of 1895 | |
| Chapter 6 | Definition of Immovable Property |
| Section 3 | |
| Introductory | |
| Growing crops | |
| Chapter 7 | Definitions Pertaining to Instruments |
| Definitions Pertaining to Instruments | |
| Chapter 8 | Definition of "Actionable Claim" |
| Analysis | |
| Position under the Contract Act | |
| Chapter 9 | Definition of Notice |
| Introductory | |
| First Explanation | |
| Chapter 10 | Relationship with Contracts Act and Registration Act |
| Section 4 | |
| Chapter 11 | Definition of Transfer of Property |
| Section 5 | |
| Introductory | |
| Property | |
| Chapter 12 | Property Which Cannot be Transferred |
| Section 6 | |
| Section 6-Introductory | |
| Section 6(b) | |
| Object | |
| Legislative formulation | |
| Section 6(f) | |
| Recommendation | |
| Dominant object of legislation to be concerned | |
| Other limitation-Calcutta case | |
| Section 6(h)(3)-Disqualified transferees | |
| Chapter 13 | Persons Competent to Transfer |
| Persons competent to transfer | |
| Allahabad case | |
| Chapter 14 | Acquisition of Property of Homicide |
| Section 7A (Proposed) | |
| Effect of death on transfer | |
| View of Ames | |
| Chapter 15 | Operation or Transfer |
| Section 8 | |
| Introductory | |
| Need for change | |
| Chapter 16 | Oral Transfers |
| Section 9 | |
| Oral Transfer | |
| Transfer at the time of marriage | |
| Chapter 17 | Conditions Restraining Alienation |
| Section 10 | |
| Introductory | |
| English case | |
| Effect of void condition | |
| Need for amendment | |
| Chapter 18 | Restraint on Enjoyment |
| Section 11 | |
| Introductory | |
| Importance of covenants | |
| Statement of Objects and Reasons | |
| Chapter 19 | Condition Making Interest Determinable on Insolvency or Attempted Alienation |
| Section 12 | |
| Section 12, first paragraph | |
| Later Calcutta case | |
| Injunction | |
| Chapter 20 | Transfers to Unborn Persons |
| Section 13 | |
| Transfers to Unborn Persons | |
| Chapter 21 | Restrictions as to Interests for Unborn Persons |
| Kind of interest created in favour of unborn person | |
| Difference with section 113, Succession Act | |
| Chapter 22 | The Rule Against Perpetuities |
| Section 14 | |
| Introductory | |
| Inalienability | |
| Comparison | |
| Section 2 | |
| Section 5 | |
| Need for reform in India | |
| Precedents | |
| Chapter 23 | Transfer to A Class |
| Section 15 | |
| Transfer to A Class | |
| Chapter 24 | Dependent Transfers |
| Section 16 | |
| Dependent transfers | |
| Section restricted to dependent transfer | |
| Chapter 25 | Direction for Accumulation |
| Section 17 | |
| Gist of section 17 | |
| Comparison with the English law | |
| Chapter 26 | Transfers for Benefit of Public |
| Section 18 | |
| Gist | |
| Modern decisions | |
| Poverty and public benefit | |
| Chapter 27 | Vested Interest |
| Section 19 and 20 | |
| Vested interest | |
| Need and significance | |
| Chapter 28 | Contingent Interests |
| Section 21 to 27 | |
| Introductory | |
| Validity of contingent interest without supporting interest | |
| Section 23 | |
| Verbal change needed | |
| Intention | |
| Chapter 29 | Conditions Subsequent |
| Sections 28-30 | |
| Conditions Subsequent | |
| Chapter 30 | Conditions of Defeasance |
| Sections 31-32 | |
| Introduction | |
| Case law | |
| Chapter 31 | Time for Performance |
| Sections 33-34 | |
| Time for Performance | |
| Chapter 32 | Election |
| Section 35 | |
| Introductory | |
| Choice | |
| Chapter 33 | Apportionment |
| Sections 36-37 | |
| Introductory | |
| Analysis | |
| Chapter 34 | Transfer by Limited Owners |
| Section 38 | |
| Transfer by Limited Owners | |
| Chapter 35 | Maintenance and Other Rights to Receive Money out of Profits |
| Section 39 | |
| Maintenance and Other Rights to Receive Money out of Profits | |
| Chapter 36 | Restrictive Covenants and Obligations Annexed to Ownership of Land |
| Section 40 | |
| Introductory | |
| Other provisions | |
| Chapter 37 | Transfer by Ostensible Owner |
| Section 41 | |
| Transfer by Ostensible Owner | |
| Chapter 38 | Transfer After Revocable Transfer |
| Section 42 | |
| Transfer After Revocable Transfer | |
| Chapter 39 | Transfer by Unauthorised Person-subsequently Acquired Interest |
| Section 43 | |
| Introductory | |
| Evidence Act | |
| Chapter 40 | Transfers By Co-Owners |
| Section 44 | |
| Introductory | |
| Evolution of Hindu law | |
| Undivided family | |
| Chapter 41 | Transfers to More Than One Person |
| Section 45 | |
| Introductory | |
| Quantum of interest-"Gifts" | |
| Section 82, Trusts Act | |
| Chapter 42 | Transfers By Persons Having Distinct Interests |
| Section 46-47 | |
| Transfers By Persons Having Distinct Interests | |
| Chapter 43 | Priority of Rights Created by Transfer |
| Section 48 | |
| Introductory | |
| Time of taking effect | |
| Chapter 44 | Transferee's Right Under Policy |
| Section 49 | |
| Introductory | |
| Fire before completion | |
| Chapter 45 | Rent bona fide Paid to Holder Under Defective Title |
| Section 50 | |
| Introductory | |
| Good faith-Proper construction of the expression | |
| Chapter 46 | Improvements Made in Good Faith |
| Section 51 | |
| Introduction | |
| Compensation-whose option | |
| Chapter 47 | Transfer Pending Litigation |
| Section 52 | |
| Introductory | |
| Notice of suit-Registration of | |
| Chapter 48 | Fraudulent Transfers |
| Section 53 | |
| Introduction | |
| Good faith | |
| Chapter 49 | Part Performance as A Defence |
| Introductory | |
| Position in England | |
| Salmond's analysis | |
| Defendant | |
| Reasons given by the Supreme Court | |
| Sale of Immovable Property: The Concept | |
| Introductory | |
| Intangible thing | |
| Third view | |
| Symbolical delivery | |
| Chapter 51 | Rights and Liabilities Of Seller and Purchaser |
| Section 55 | |
| Introductory | |
| Actual knowledge | |
| Fraud | |
| Common law | |
| Section 55(3)-Importance | |
| Origin in Roman law | |
| Delivery the crucial date | |
| Section 55(5)(c) | |
| Expression "improperly declined to accept delivery" | |
| Chapter 52 | Marshalling Between Mortgage and Purchaser |
| Section 56 | |
| Marshalling Between Mortgage and Purchaser | |
| Chapter 53 | Discharge of Incumbrances on Sale |
| Section 57 | |
| Discharge of Incumbrances on Sale | |
| Chapter 54 | Mortgages of Immovable Property |
| Section 58 | |
| Introductory | |
| Classes | |
| Debt | |
| Agreement to mortgage | |
| Section 58(c) proviso | |
| Rents and profits | |
| Genesis | |
| Case law as to local extent | |
| Territorial aspect | |
| Remedies | |
| Chapter 55 | Mode of Creating Mortgages |
| Section 59 | |
| Section 59. | |
| Party as attesting witness | |
| Chapter 56 | Persons Deriving Title from Mortgagors and Mortgagees |
| Persons Deriving Title from Mortgagors and Mortgagees | |
| Chapter 57 | Redemption |
| Section 60 | |
| Introductory | |
| Subsequent agreements | |
| Mortgagor who has assigned his interest | |
| Reasonable notice | |
| Chapter 58 | Re-Transfer on Redemption |
| Sections 60A and 60B | |
| Chapter 59 | Redemption-two or More Mortgages |
| Section 61 | |
| Redemption-two or More Mortgages | |
| Chapter 60 | Right to Recover Possession |
| Section 62 | |
| Right to Recover Possession | |
| Chapter 61 | Accessions to Mortgaged Property |
| Section 63 | |
| Accessions to Mortgaged Property | |
| Chapter 62 | Improvements |
| Improvements | |
| Chapter 63 | Renewal of Lease Under Mortgage |
| Section 64 | |
| Renewal of Lease Under Mortgage | |
| Chapter 64 | Contracts by the Mortgagor |
| Section 65 | |
| Contracts by the Mortgagor | |
| Chapter 65 | Mortgagor's Enjoyment of Property |
| Sections 65A and 66 | |
| Chapter 66 | Right to Foreclosure on Sale |
| Section 67 | |
| Right to Foreclosure on Sale | |
| Chapter 67 | Mortgagee's Duty to Bring One Suit |
| Section 67A | |
| Chapter 68 | Personal Liability |
| Section 68 | |
| Introductory | |
| Section 68(1)(c) | |
| Chapter 69 | Power of Sale without Intervention of Court |
| Section 69 | |
| Introductory | |
| Recommendation | |
| Chapter 70 | Accessions |
| Section 70 | |
| Introductory | |
| Accession by mortgagor's representatives | |
| Chapter 71 | Renewal of Mortgaged Lease |
| Section 71 | |
| Renewal of Mortgaged Lease | |
| Chapter 72 | Right to Reimbursement for Necessary Expenses |
| Section 72 | |
| Introductory | |
| Personal liability | |
| Chapter 73 | Right to Proceeds of Revenue Sale or Acquisition |
| Section 73 and New Section 74 | |
| Chapter 74 | Liabilities of Mortgagee In Possession |
| Section 76 | |
| Section 76-Introductory | |
| Section 76(d) | |
| Recommendation as to last paragraph | |
| Chapter 75 | Receipts Taken In Lieu of Interest |
| Section 77 | |
| Receipts Taken In Lieu of Interest | |
| Chapter 76 | Priority of Mortgage |
| Section 78 | |
| Priority of Mortgage | |
| Chapter 77 | Mortgage to Secure Uncertain Amount When Maximum is Expressed |
| Section 79 | |
| Mortgage to Secure Uncertain Amount When Maximum is Expressed | |
| Chapter 78 | Marshalling of Securities |
| Section 81 | |
| Marshalling of Securities | |
| Chapter 79 | Contribution |
| Section 82 | |
| Contribution | |
| Chapter 80 | Deposit in Court |
| Sections 83-84 | |
| Chapter 81 | Persons who May Sue for Redemption |
| Section 91 | |
| Persons who May Sue for Redemption | |
| Chapter 82 | Subrogation |
| Section 92 | |
| Introductory | |
| Distinction between first and third paragraphs | |
| Chapter 83 | Prior and Subsequent Mortgages |
| Sections 93 To 95 | |
| Chapter 84 | Mortgage by Deposit of Title Deeds |
| Section 96 | |
| Chapter 85 | Anomalous Mortgages |
| Section 98 | |
| Chapter 86 | Charge |
| Section 100 | |
| Introductor | |
| Second view | |
| Chapter 87 | Merger |
| Section 101 | |
| Chapter 88 | Provisions as to Service of Notice and Tender |
| Sections 102-103 | |
| Chapter 89 | Rules |
| Section 104 | |
| Chapter 90 | Definition of Lease |
| Section 105 | |
| Introductory | |
| Tenancy at will | |
| Chapter 91 | Leases for Indefinite Duration |
| Section 106 | |
| Introductory | |
| Common feature | |
| Indian calendar | |
| Other defects not saved | |
| Chapter 92 | Formalities for Lease |
| Section 107 | |
| Chapter 93 | Rights and Liabilities |
| Section 108 and Proposed Section 108A | |
| Introductory | |
| Clause (d) | |
| No change | |
| Chapter 94 | Transfer of Lessor's Interest |
| Section 109 | |
| Chapter 95 | Commencement of Leases |
| Section 110 | |
| Chapter 96 | Determination of Lease |
| Section 111 | |
| Determination of lease | |
| Section 111 (g) | |
| Chapter 97 | Waiver of Forfeiture |
| Section 112 | |
| Waiver of Forfeiture | |
| Chapter 98 | Waiver of Notice |
| Section 113 | |
| Chapter 99 | Compensation for Harassment of Lessee |
| Section 113A (New) | |
| Chapter 100 | Forfeiture for Non Payment of Rent |
| Forfeiture for Non Payment of Rent | |
| Chapter 101 | Forfeiture for Breach of Other Covenants |
| Section 114A | |
| Introductory | |
| Immoral purposes | |
| Chapter 102 | Effect of Surrender and Forfeiture |
| Section 115 Reads | |
| Effect of Surrender and Forfeiture | |
| Chapter 103 | Holding Over |
| Section 116 | |
| Introductory | |
| Obscurity as to period of notice | |
| Chapter 104 | Agricultural Leases |
| Section 117 | |
| Agricultural Leases | |
| Chapter 105 | Exchange |
| Sections 118 to 121 | |
| Section 118 | |
| Test of substantial part | |
| Chapter 106 | Gifts: General Observations |
| Section 122 | |
| Introductory | |
| Theory of Hindu law as to dedication | |
| Chapter 107 | Form, Validity and Effect of Gifts |
| Sections 123 to 128 | |
| Section 123 | |
| Registration Act, section 49 | |
| Chapter 108 | Donatio Mortis Causa and Muslim Law |
| Section 129 | |
| Donatio Mortis Causa and Muslim Law | |
| Chapter 109 | Actionable Claims |
| Sections 130-137 | |
| Section 130 | |
| Recommendation as to part of debt | |
| Position in England | |
| Conflict with section 130-Recommendation | |
| Hardship | |
| Position in India as to transfer of shares | |
| Chapter 110 | Conclusion |
| Introduction | |
| Public opinion | |
| Simplification of the law | |
| Note of Dissent | |
