| Contents |
| Chapter 1 |
Introduction |
| 1.1 - 1.2. |
The present inquiry-its genesis and scope |
| 1.3. - 1.15. |
Significance of the Hindu Code |
| 1.16. |
Revision of Laws is a continuous process |
| 1.17. - 1.20. |
Our approach |
| 1.21. |
Disputes concerning the family |
| Chapter 2 |
Proposals of Tile Ministry of Law |
| 2.1. |
Introductory |
| 2.2. |
Section 10 |
| 2.3. - 2.4. |
2.3. Section 11 |
| 2.5. |
Proposal not accepted |
| 2.6. |
Remedy available to third parties |
| 2.7. |
Change not recommended |
| 2.7A. |
Section 12(2)(b)(iii) |
| 2.8. - 2.9. |
Section 13(i)(v)-Venereal disease |
| 2.10. |
Recommendation |
| 2.11. - 2.16. |
Section 13(1)(viii)-the proposal to add cruelty as a ground of divorce |
| 2.17. |
Recommendation |
| 2.18. |
Section 13(1A) |
| 2.19. - 2.20. |
Section 13(2)-living apart-order of maintenance |
| 2.21. |
Points to be considered |
| 2.22. |
Nature of proceedings for maintenance |
| 2.23. |
Situation one of cruelty |
| 2.24. - 2.28. |
Question whether husband should be given the right |
| 2.29. |
Recommendation |
| 2.30. |
Section 14 |
| 2.31. |
Recommendation as to section 14 |
| 2.32. |
Section 15 |
| 2.33. |
Section 16-Legitimacy of children |
| 2.34. - 2.35 |
Legal proceedings ought not to be necessary |
| 2.36. - 2.37. |
Condition of bona fide belief-Second point Considered-Four views as to legitimacy |
| 2.38. - 2.40. |
Section 2 Legitimacy Act, 1959 |
| 2.41. |
A point of drafting |
| 2.42. |
English Act of 1969 |
| 2.43. |
Recommendation |
| 2.44. - 244A. |
Section 23A (new), Relief to the Respondent on petition for divorce |
| 2.45. |
Recommendation |
| 2.46. |
Special Marriage Act-Amendments desired in the Ministry's proposals |
| Chapter 3 |
Conditions of Marriage under The Hindu Marriage Act |
| 3.1. - 3.2. |
Introduction |
| 3.3. - 3.4. |
Valid, void and voidable marriagesValid, void and voidable marriages |
| 3.5. - 3.7. |
Section 5(M-Unsoundness of mind as a ground of nullity of marriage |
| 3.8. |
Position in England at common law, and Legislation of 19th century |
| 3.9. |
Position in England under Act of 1937 and subsequent Acts |
| 3.10. |
Position at common law-two aspects |
| 3.11. |
Position under Act of 1950, as amended in 1959 |
| 3.12. |
Current statutory provision |
| 3.12A. |
Mental Health Act, 1959 |
| 3.13. |
Presumption of validity |
| 3.14. - 3.17. |
Considerations relevan |
| 3.18 and 3.19. |
Recommendation to amend section 5(ii), H.M.A. |
| 3.20. |
Sections 5(iii) and 5(vi)-Minimum age and section 9(1) |
| 3.21. - 3.22. |
Suggestion to give right to avoid the Marriage |
| 3.23. |
Suggestion not accepted |
| Chapter 4 |
Restitution of Conjugal Rights under The Hindu Marriage Act |
| 4.1. |
Introductory |
| 4.2. |
Section 9-Restitution |
| 4.3. - 4.8. |
Section 9(2) considered |
| 4.9. |
Recommendation to delete section 9(2), H.M.A. |
| 4.10. - 4.11. |
Section 9(1)-Burden of proof |
| 4.12. |
Recommendation as to burden of proof under section 9(1) |
| Chapter 5 |
Judicial Separation under The Hindu Marriage Act |
| 5.1. |
Introductory |
| 5.2. |
Recommendation as to section 10(1), II.M.A. |
| Chapter 6 |
Nullity of Marriage under The Hindu Marriage Act |
| 6.1. |
Introductory |
| 6.1A. |
Section 11 and petition for nullity after death of spouse |
| 6.2. |
Recommendation to amend section 11, H.M.A. |
| 6.3. |
Section 12(1)(a)-Impotence as a ground of avoidance |
| 6.4. |
Section 12(1)(b), H.M.A. and idiocy or lunacy |
| 6.4A. |
Section 12(1)(c), H.M.A. |
| 6.5. - 6.7. |
Section 12(1)(d), H.M.A. and premarital pregnancy |
| 6.8. - 6.10. |
Section 12(1)(c), H.M.A. |
| 6.10A. |
Section 12(1)(c)-'fraud'-suppressing previous marriage-effect |
| 6.11. |
Need for clarification |
| 6.12. - 6.14. |
Section 19, Divorce Act distinguished |
| 6.15. |
English Law |
| 6.16. |
Consent and essential ingredient |
| 6.17. |
Effect of duress |
| 6.18. |
Effect of fraud not relating to identity or ceremony |
| 6.18A. |
Fraud as to ceremony |
| 6.19. |
Proper approach |
| 6.20. |
Recommendation to amend section 12(1)(c), H.M.A. |
| Chapter 7 |
Divorce under The Hindu Marriage Act |
| 7.1. |
Introductory |
| 7.2. |
Position before the Act |
| 7.3. |
Legislation in Native States and in the provinces |
| 7.4. |
Significance of Hindu Marriage Act |
| 7.5. |
General approach |
| 7.6. - 7.11. |
Section 13(1)(i)-living in adultery |
| 7.12. |
Recommendation to amend section 13(1)(i), H.M.A. |
| 7.13. |
Section 13(1)(iii) unsoundness of mind-Recommendation |
| 7.14. - 7.15. |
Section 13 and the desertion as the ground of divorce |
| 7.16. |
Recommendation |
| 7.17. - 7.23. |
Section 13 and wilful refusal to consummate the marriage |
| 7.24. - 7.25. |
Section 13A (New) |
| Chapter 8 |
Jurisdiction and Procedure Under |
| 8.1. |
Introductory |
| 8.2. - 8.8. |
Defects of the present section |
| 8.9. |
Recommendation to amend section 19 |
| 8.10. |
Section 20(1) |
| 8.11.- 8.12. |
Section 21A (New) |
| 8.13. - 8.15. |
Section 21B (New) |
| 8.16. |
Recommendation |
| 8.16A. |
Section 21C (New Documentary evidence) |
| 8.16B. |
Recommendation |
| 8.17. - 8.18. |
Injunction to prevent removal of child |
| 8.19. |
Suggestion not accepted |
| 8.20. |
Section 22 |
| 8.21. |
Recommendation |
| 8.21A. - 8.22. |
Section 23(1)(a) |
| 8.23. |
Section 23(2)-Recommendation |
| 8.24. |
Section 23(3) (New) |
| 8.25. - 8.26. |
Section 25(1) |
| 8.27. |
Recommendation to remove the condition regarding remarriage |
| 8.28. - 8.32. |
Recommendation to add circumstances in section 25(1) |
| 8.33. |
Recommendation regarding section 25(3) |
| 8.34. |
Section 27A (New)-Property presented by parents of other party |
| 8.35. |
Recommendation |
| 8.36. - 8.37. |
Section 28 |
| 8.38. - 8.40. |
Analysis of orders |
| 8.41. |
Recommendation |
| Chapter 9 |
Special Marriage Act |
| 9.1. |
Introductory |
| 9.2. |
Section 19, Special Marriage Act |
| 9.3. |
Discussion in the Bill |
| 9.4. |
No deterrent regards |
| 9.5. |
Scheme proposed as regards section 19 |
| 9.7. - 9.8. |
Section 20, Special Marriage Act |
| 9.9. |
Effect of conversion on proprietary rights |
| 9.10. |
Recommendation |
| 9.11. |
Special Marriage Act |
| 9.12. |
Recommendation for inserting section 21A |
| 9.13. |
Section 22, Special Marriage Act, (Restitution) |
| 9.14. |
Section 24(1), Special Marriage Act |
| 9.15. |
Section 27(1)(a), Special Marriage Act |
| 9.16. |
Section 27(1)(b), S.M.A. |
| 9.17. |
Section 27(1)(c) |
| 9.18. |
Section 21(1)(d) |
| 9.18A. |
Section 27(1)(e) |
| 9.19. |
Section 27(1)(f) |
| 9.20. |
Section 27(1)(g) |
| 9.21. |
Section 27, Recommendation to and new ground |
| 9.22. |
Section 27A (New) |
| 9.23. |
Section 29 |
| 9.24. |
Section 30 |
| 9.25. |
Section 31(1) |
| 9.26. |
Section 33 |
| 9.26A. |
Section 34(1)(b), S.M.A. |
| 9.27. |
Section 34(2) and section 34(3) |
| 9.28. |
Section 35 |
| 9.29. |
Section 37(3). |
| 9.30. - 9.32. |
Section 39 |
| 9.33. |
Recommendation |
| 9.34. |
Section 40A, Special Marriage Act (New) |
| 9.35. |
Section 40B, Special Marriage Act (New) |
| 9.36. |
Section 40C (Documentary evidence) |
| Chapter 10 |
Summary of Recommendations and Conclusions |
|
Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 |
|
Section 9(1), H.M.A. |
|
Section 9(2), H.M.A. |
|
Section 10(1). |
|
Section 11, H.M.A. |
|
Section 12(1)(a), H.M.A. |
|
Section 12(1)(c), H.M.A. |
|
Section 12(1)(d), H.M.A. |
|
Section 12(2)(b)(iii), H.M.A. |
|
Section 13(1)(i), H.M.A. |
|
Section 13(1)(iii), H.M.A. (Unsoundness of mind as a ground of divorce). |
|
Section 13(1)(v), H.M.A. (Venereal disease as a ground of divorce). |
|
Section 13(1), H.M.A. |
|
Section 13(1A), H.M.A. |
|
Section 13(2), H.M.A. |
|
Section 13A, H.M.A. |
|
Section 14, H.M.A. (Bar against divorce within first three years of marriage) |
|
Section 15, H.M.A. (Prohibition against re-marriage within one year) |
|
Section 16, H.M.A. (Legitimacy of children) |
|
Section 19, H.M.A. |
|
Section 21A, H.M.A. (New) |
|
Section 21A (New) |
|
Section 21B, H.M.A. (New) |
|
Section 21C, H.M.A. (New) |
|
Suggestion as to power to issue injunction |
|
Section 22, H.M.A. |
|
Section 23(1)(a), H.M.A. |
|
Section 23(1)(c), H.M.A. |
|
Section 23(2), H.M.A. |
|
Section 23(3), H.M.A. (New) |
|
Section 23A, H.M.A. (New) |
|
Section 25(1) and 25(3), H.M.A. |
|
Section 25(3) |
|
Section 27A, H.M.A. (New) |
|
Section 28, H.M.A. |
|
Section 28A, H.M.A. |
|
Special Marriage Act, 1954 |
|
Section 4(b), S.M.A.-Idiocy or lunacy |
|
Section 19 to 21, S.M.A. and section 21A (New) |
|
Section 22, S.M.A. |
|
Section 24(1), S.M.A. |
|
Section 26, S.M.A. |
|
Section 27(1)(a), S.M.A. (adultery) |
|
Section 27(1)(b), S.M.A. (Desertion) |
|
Section 27(1)(c), S.M.A. |
|
Section 27(1)(d), S.M.A. |
|
Section 27(1)(e), S.M.A. |
|
Section 27(1)(f), S.M.A.-Venereal Disease |
|
Section 27(1)(g), S.M.A. (Leprosy) |
|
Section 27, S.M.A. (New ground to be added) |
|
Section 27A, S.M.A. (New) |
|
Section 29, S.M.A. (Prohibition against divorce within 3 years) |
|
Section 30, S.M.A. |
|
Section 31, S.M.A. |
|
Section 33, S.M.A. (Proceedings in camera) |
|
Section 34(1)(b), S.M.A. |
|
Section 34, S.M.A. (Reconciliation) |
|
Section 35, S.M.A. |
|
Section 37, S.M.A.-Section 37, Special Marriage Act should be revised on the lines of the amendments proposed in section 25, Hindu Marriage Act1 |
|
Section 40A, S.M.A. (New) |
|
Section 40B, S.M.A. (New) |
|
Section 40C, S.M.A. (New) |
| Appendix 1 |
Letter from The Minister of Law, Justice and Company Affairs |
|
Letter from The Minister of Law, Justice and Company Affairs |
| Appendix 2 |
Bill Forwarded by The Ministry of Law |
| 1. |
The Short title |
| 2. |
Amendment of section 10 of Act 25 of 1955 |
| 3. |
Amendment of section 11 |
| 4. |
Amendment of section 12 |
| 5. |
Amendment of section 13 |
| 6. |
Amendment of section 14 |
| 7. - 8. |
Amendment of section 15 |
| 9. |
Insertion of new section 23A |
| 10. |
Amendment of section 2 of Act 43 of 1954 |
| 11. |
Substitution of new section for section 26 |
| 11A. |
Amendment of section 27 |
| 12. |
Amendment of section 29 |
| 13. |
Amendment of section 30 |
