Jugendra Singh Vs.
State of U. P.
[Criminal Appeal No.
82 of 2008]
Judgment
Dipak Misra, J.
1.
From
the days of yore, every civillised society has developed various kinds of
marriages to save the man from the tyranny of sex, for human nature in certain
circumstances has the enormous potentiality of exhibiting intrigue, intricacy
and complexity, in a way, a labyrinth. Instances do take place where a man becomes
a slave to this tyrant and exposes unbridled appetite and lowers himself to an
unimaginable extent for gratification of his carnal desire. The case at hand graphically
exposes the inferior endowments of nature in the appellant who failed to
husband his passion and made an attempt to commit rape on a nine year old girl
and the tears of the child failed to have any impact on his emotion and even an
iota of compassion did not surface as if it had been atrophied and eventually he
pressed her neck which caused instant death of the nervous young girl.
2.
Presently,
we shall proceed with the narration. The facts as unfolded by the prosecution,
in brief, are that on 24.06.1994, Vineshwari along with her brother, Dharam
Veer, aged about five years, was having a bath in the water that had accumulated
in front of the house of the informant, Pitambar, their father, due to a crack in
the nearby canal. Kali Charan and Ganeshi, PW 2, were grazing their cattle in the
field situate at a short distance. The accused-appellant, a resident of the village,
cajoled Vineshwari to accompany him to the nearby field belonging to one Layak
Singh. The younger brother, Dharam Veer, innocently followed them. At that
juncture, the appellant took off her undergarment and with the intention to
have intercourse flung her on the ground. The young girlcried aloud and her
brother, the five year old child, raised an alarm. Kali Charan and Ganeshi who
had seen the accused taking the girl followed by the brother to the field of
Layak Singh rushed to the place and shouted for Pitambar, PW-1. Hearing the
shout, Pitambar with his elder son Harpal rushed to the spot and witnessed that
the accused was pressing the neck of Vineshwari. By the time they could reach
the spot, the accused made an effort to run away but he was apprehended. However,
unfortunately by that time, the girl had already breathed her last. Leaving the
accused in the custody of the villagers, Pitambar went to the police station
and lodged an FIR.
3.
After
the criminal law was set in motion, the accused was arrested and the
investigating officer, Balvir Singh, PW 7, reached the spot and carried out the
investigation. The dead body of the deceased was sent for post mortem. The
Investigating Officer seized the garment of the deceased, the clothes of the
accused and certain other articles and prepared the seizure memo. After recording
the statements of the witnesses under Section 161 of the Code of Criminal Procedure
and completing further investigation, the prosecution submitted the charge sheet
under Sections 302and 376 read with 511 of the Indian Penal Code (for short “the
IPC”)before the competent court which in turn committed the matter to the Court
of Session wherein it was registered as S.T. No. 1098 of 94.
4.
The
plea of the defence was one of denial and false implication.
5.
The
accused chose not to adduce any evidence.
6.
In
order to prove its case, the prosecution examined eight witnesses, namely,
Pitamber @ Pita, PW-1 (father of the deceased), Ganeshi, PW-2,Dharam Veer,
PW-3, Dr. S.K. Sharma, PW-4, Head Constable Mahfooj Khan, PW-5, Dr. S.R.P.
Mishra, PW-6, Balvir Singh, S.I., PW-7 and Constable Vinod Kumar, PW-8.
7.
Pitamber
@ Pita PW-1 stated on oath that the accused influenced his daughter Vineshwari,
who was taking bath in the canal water to accompany him to the nearby field. He
has further stated that the accused attempted to commit rape on his daughter
and ultimately strangulated her throat that caused her death. Ganeshi, PW-2
deposed that he along with Kali Charan was there. On hearing the cry of the
girl, he and Kali Charan went to the field of Layak Singh and found that the
accused was trying to commit rape on Vineshwari and tied a shirt on her neck. Dharam
Veer, PW-3, could not be examined because he was unable to grasp the questions.
8.
Dr.
S.K. Sharma, PW-4 conducted the post mortem of Vineshwari and found the
following anti-mortem injuries:- (1) Abrasion 5 cm. X 1 cm. over Rt. Ramus of jaw
extending neck region. (2) Abrasion 3 cm. X 1 cm. over left Supra Clovicular
region. No injury was found on the private parts and/or thighs nor on chest and
buttocks. However, two vaginal smears were prepared and sent for pathological
examination. Over eternal pericardium larynxes and both the lungs of the deceased,
deposits of blood were found. Except this, the liver, pancreas, spleen and both
kidneys were filled with blood. On interior examination, Larynx, Trachea,
Bronchi and Lungs were found congested. According to Dr. S.K. Sharma, the death
of the deceased took place due to asphyxia as a result ofthrottling.
9.
Dr.
S.R.P. Mishra, PW-6 examined the accused Jugendra and found certain contusions,
abrasions and superfluous injuries on his body.
10.
Balvir
Singh, S.I., PW-7 proved the site plan, recovery memo of underwear of
Vineshwari, panchnama, report to C.M.O. and chargesheet.
11.
The
learned trial Judge appreciating the evidence on record found that there were
discrepancies and contradictions in the testimony of the witnesses; that it was
difficult to believe that the accused was laying upon the deceased in the
presence of Kali Charan and Ganeshi; that the deposition of witnesses that they
had found blood on the spot had not received corroboration from the examination
of Dr. S. K. Sharma, P. W. 4,who had deposed that the blood had not oozed out from
the body of the deceased girl; that the colour of the under garment of the girl
as stated by her father did not tally with the colour described in the recovery
memo; that as per the medical report there was no injury on the private parts of
the deceased; that there was difference in the time mentioned by the witnesses
as regards the lodging of the FIR inasmuch as the investigating officer arrived
at the spot between 1.30 to 2.00 p.m. whereas the FIR was lodged at 2.45 p.m.;
and that the colour of the shirt was not properly stated by the witnesses. Because
of the aforesaid findings, the trial court came to the conclusion that the
prosecution had failed to prove its case beyond reasonable doubt and
accordingly acquitted the accused of thecharge.
12.
The
aforesaid judgment of acquittal came to be challenged before the High Court in
Criminal Appeal No. 2644of 1998 on the ground that the view expressed by the
learned trial Judge was totally perverse since minor discrepancies and
contradictions had been magnified and the real evidence had been ignored. It
was also put forth that the trial court failed to appreciate the fact that the accused
was apprehended at the spot and nothing had been brought on record to dislodge
the same. It was also urged that the view expressed by the trial court was totally
unreasonable and defied logic in the primary sense.
13.
The
High Court perused the evidence on record and opined that unnecessary emphasis
had been laid on minor discrepancies by the trial court and the view expressed
by it was absolutely perverse and remotely nota plausible one. Being of this view,
it over-turned the judgment of acquittal to that conviction and sentenced the accused
to undergo life imprisonment for the offence under Section 302 IPC and to undergo
rigorous imprisonment for ten years for the offence under Section 376 read with
511of IPC with the stipulation that both the sentences shall run concurrently.
14.
We
have heard Mr. Lav Kumar Agrawal, learned counsel for the appellant, and Mr. R.
K. Dash, learned counsel for the State.
15.
It
is contended by Mr. Agrawal that the High Court has not kept in view the
parameters on which the judgment of acquittal is to be interfered with and has
converted one of acquittal to conviction solely by stating that the judgment is
perverse. It is urged by him that the discrepancies and contradictions have
been discussed in detail by the trial court and he has expressed a well
reasoned opinion that the prosecution has failed to bring home the charge, but
the said conclusion has been unsettled by the High Court by stating that the
said discrepancies are minor in nature. It is his further submission that the
ocular evidence has not received any corroboration from the medical evidence and
further the material particulars have been totally overlooked and hence, the judgment
of conviction is sensitively vulnerable.
16.
Mr.
Dash, learned senior counsel appearing for respondent, has canvassed that the learned
trial judge had treated the ordinary discrepancies which are bound to occur when
rustic witnesses have been accentuated as if they are in the realm of high
degree of contradiction and inconsistency. It is submitted by him that when the
judgment of the trial court suffers from perversity of approach especially in relation
to the appreciation of evidence and the view cannot be treated to be a possible
one, no flaw can be found with the judgment of reversal by the High Court.
17.
To
appreciate the submissions raised at the bar and to evaluate the correctness of
the impugned judgment, we think it appropriate to refer to certain authorities in
the field which deal with the parameters for reversing a judgment of acquittal
to that of conviction by the appellatecourt.
18.
In
Jadunath Singh and Others v. State of U.P.[1], a three Judge Bench of this
Court has held thus:- “This Court has consistently taken the view that an appeal
against acquittal the High Court has full power to review at large all the
evidence and to reach the conclusion that upon that evidence the order of
acquittal should be reversed. This power of the appellate court in an appeal
against acquittal was formulated by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
in Sheo Swarup v. King Emperor,[2] and Nur Mohammad v. Emperor[3]. These two decisions
have been consistently referred to in judgments of this Court as laying down
the true scope of the power of an appellate court in hearing criminal appeals: see
Surajpal Singh v. State[4] and Sanwat Singh v. State of Rajasthan[5]. ”
19.
In
Damodar Prasad Chandrika Prasad and Others v. State of Maharashtra [6] it has
been held that once the Appellate Court comes to the conclusion that the view
of the trial court is unreasonable, that itself provides a reason for interference.
The two-Judge Bench referred to the decision in State of Bombay v. Rusy
Mistry,[7] to hold that if the finding shocks the conscience of the Court or
has disregarded the norms of legal process or substantial and grave injustice
has been done, the same can be interfered with.
20.
In
Shivaji Sahebrao Bobade and another v. State of Maharashtra[8], the three-Judge
Bench opined that there are no fetters on the plenary power of the Appellate
Court to review the whole evidence on which the order of acquittal is founded
and, indeed, it has a duty to scrutinise the probative material de novo, informed,
however, by the weighty thought that the rebuttable innocence attributed to the
accused having been converted into an acquittal the homage of our jurisprudence
owes to individual liberty constrains the higher court not to upset the finding
without very convincing reasons and comprehensive consideration. This Court further
proceeded to state that the cherished principles of golden thread to prove beyond
reasonable doubt which runs through the wave of our law should not be stretched
morbidly to embrace every hunch, hesitancy and degree of doubt. Emphasis was
laid on the aspect that a balance has to be struck between chasing chance
possibilities as good enough to set the delinquent free and chopping the logic of
preponderant probability to punish the marginal innocents.
21.
In
State of Karnataka v. K. Gopala Krishna[9], it has been held that where the
findings of the Court below are fully unreasonable or perverse and not based on
the evidence on record or suffer from serious illegality and include ignorance
and misreading of record, the Appellate Court will be justified in setting
aside such an order of acquittal. If two views are reasonably possible and the
view favouring the accused has been accepted by the courts below, that is
sufficient for upholding the order of acquittal. Similar view was reiterated in
Ayodhya Singh v. State of Bihar and others.
22.
In
Anil Kumar v. State of U.P.[11], it has been stated that interference with an order
of acquittal is called for if there are compelling and substantial reasons such
as where the impugned judgment is clearly unreasonable and relevant and convincing
materials have been unjustifiably eliminated.
23.
In
Girija Prasad (dead) by LRs. v. State of M. P.[12], it has been observed that
in an appeal against acquittal, the Appellate Court has every power to
re-appreciate, review and reconsider the evidence as a whole before it. It is,
no doubt, true that there is a presumption of innocence in favour of the
accused and that presumption is reinforced by an order of acquittal recorded by
the trial court, but that is not the end of the matter. It is for Appellate
Court to keep in view the relevant principles of law to re-appreciate and reweigh
as a whole and to come to its own conclusion in accord with the principle of
criminal jurisprudence.
24.
In
State of Goa v. Sanjay Thakran[13], it has been reiterated that the Appellate
Court can peruse the evidence and interfere with the order of acquittal only if
the approach of the lower court is vitiated by some manifest illegality or the
decision is perverse.
25.
In
State of U. P. v. Ajai Kumar[14], the principles stated in State of Rajasthan
v. Sohan lal [15] were reiterated. It is worth noting that in the case of Sohan
Lal, it has been stated thus:- “This Court has repeatedly laid down that as the
first appellate court the High Court, even while dealing with an appeal against
acquittal, was also entitled, and obliged as well, to scan through and if need
be re appreciate the entire evidence, though while choosing to interfere only the
court should find an absolute assurance of the guilt on the basis of the
evidence on record and not merely because the High Court could take one more possible
or a different view only. Except the above, where the matter of the extent and
depth of consideration of the appeal is concerned, no distinctions or differences
in approach are envisaged in dealing with an appeal as such merely because one was
against conviction or the other against an acquittal.
26.
”26.
In Chandrappa v. State of Karnataka[16], this Court held as under: - “42 From
the above decisions, in our considered view, the following general principles
regarding powers of the appellate court while dealing with an appeal against an
order of acquittal emerge: (1) An appellate court has full power to review, re appreciate
and reconsider the evidence upon which the order of acquittal is founded. (2) The
Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 puts no limitation, restriction or condition
on exercise of such power and an appellate court on the evidence before it may reach
its own conclusion, both on questions of fact and of law. (3) Various expressions,
such as, “substantial and compelling reasons”, “good and sufficient grounds”,
“very strong circumstances”, “distorted conclusions”, “glaring mistakes”, etc. are
not intended to curtail extensive powers of an appellate court in an appeal against
acquittal. Such phraseologies are more in the nature of “flourishes of language”
to emphasise the reluctance of an appellate court to interfere with acquittal
than to curtail the power of the court to review the evidence and to come to
its own conclusion. (4) An appellate court, however, must bear in mind that in case
of acquittal, there is double presumption in favour of the accused. Firstly,
the presumption of innocence is available to him under the fundamental
principle of criminal jurisprudence that every person shall be presumed to be
innocent unless he is proved guilty by a competent court of law. Secondly, the accused
having secured his acquittal, the presumption of his innocence is further
reinforced, reaffirmed and strengthened by the trial court. (5) If two
reasonable conclusions are possible on the basis of the evidence on record, the
appellate court should not disturb the finding of acquittal recorded by the
trial court.
27.
”27.
In S. Ganesan v. Rama Raghuraman and others[17], one of us (Dr. B.S. Chauhan, J.),
after referring to the decision in Sunil Kumar Sambhudayal Gupta (Dr.) v. State
of Maharashtra[18], considered various aspects of dealing with a case of
acquittal and after placing reliance upon earlier judgments of this Court,
particularly in Balak Ram v. State of U.P.[19],Budh Singh v. State of U.P.[20],
Rama Krishna v. S. Rami Reddy[21], Aruveluv. State[22] and Babu v. State of
Kerala[23], held that unless there are substantial and compelling
circumstances, the order of acquittal is not required to be reversed in appeal.
Similar view has been reiterated in Ranjitham v. Basvaraj & Ors.[24] and
State of Rajasthan v. Shera Ram @Vishnu Dutta [25].
28.
Keeping
in view the aforesaid well-settled principles, we are required to scrutinize
whether the judgment of the High Court with stands the close scrutiny or
conviction has been recorded because a different view can be taken. First we
shall refer to the ante mortem injuries which were found on the deceased – (i)
abrasion 5 cm x 1 cm over right ramus of jaw extending to the neck and (ii) abrasion
3 cm x 1 cm over left supraclavicular region. On internal examination, larynx, trachea
and bronchi were found congested. Both the lungs were congested. Brain was congested.
Partially digested food was found in the stomach. Small and large intestine
were half full. The doctor who conducted the post mortem has opined that the cause
of death was due to asphyxia as a result ofthrottling.
29.
PW-6
Dr. S.R.P. Mishra had examined the accused and had found four contusions and
two abrasions on his forehead, left ear, neck, left side chest and right
shoulder. The learned trial Judge has given some emphasison these injuries but
the High Court has expressed the view that when the accused was apprehended at
the spot by the witnesses, he had been given a beating for the criminal act and
hence, the minor injuries had nosignificance.
30.
The
question is whether the trial court was justified in coming to hold that there
were discrepancies and contradictions in the evidence of the witnesses and,
therefore, the case of the prosecution did not deserve acceptance. The
discrepancies that have been found have been described while we have dealt with
the trial court judgment. The medical report clearly says that the death was
caused due to asphyxia as a result of throttling. PW-4, the surgeon, who has
conducted the autopsy, stated that the deceased was wearing a shirt. PW-1, the
father, has stated that she was strangulated by a bush shirt. The learned trial
Judge has given much emphasis by drawing a distinction between a shirt and a bush
shirt. The High Court has treated that it is not a material contradiction. In the
FIR, it was clearly mentioned that the accused strangulated the deceased with
the help of her shirt. The medical report supports the same and, therefore, the
nature of the shirt which has been given importance by the learned trial Judge,
in our considered opinion, has been rightly not accepted. The learned trial
Judge has doubted the testimony of Ganeshi, PW-2, that he had not seen the
children taking the bath and further he has also opined that it would not have
been possible for the accused to lay upon the deceased in their presence. In
this regard, the distance has been taken into consideration to discard the testimony.
The High Court has perused the testimony or deposition of PW-2 wherefrom it is evincible
that the spot was at the distance of 100 paces where he was grazing the cattle.
The Investigating Officer has deposed that there was water in about half kilometre
area as there was a crack in the canal as a consequence of which water was
flowing in front of the house of the informant. Thus, the High Court has opined
that the variance with regard to the details of distance cannot be made the
edifice to discard their testimony. The High Court has treated Ganeshi as a
natural and neutral witness and it has also observed that his evidence could
not have been thrown overboard on the ground of absence of precise description
of distance and the fact that he had not seen the children bathing in the
water. That apart, the inference by the trial court is that when they had
arrived on the scene, the accused could not have been laying on the deceased in
their presence. On a perusal of his deposition as well as analysis made by the
learned trial Judge, it is evident that there was some time gap and distance. The
accused was laying on the deceased and throttled her neck with the shirt. The
other witnesses had arrived after five to ten minutes. The High Court has taken
note of the distance, time and the age of the deceased and has found that the reasoning
ascribed by the trial court to disbelieve the version of PW-2 is unacceptable.
31.
The
learned trial Judge has noticed that both Pitambar and Ganeshi had deposed that
they had seen blood on the spot, though the medical report clearly showed that
there was no oozing of blood from any part of the body of the deceased and
further that there was no injury on the private parts of the girl. It is apt to
note here that there was some frothy liquid coming out from the nose of the
deceased. The High Court, while analyzing the said evidence, has observed that
the witnesses though had stated to have seen blood on the spot in their
cross-examination, yet that would not really destroy the version of the prosecution
regard being had to the many other facts which have been proven and further there
was no justifiable reason to discard the testimony of the father and others who
were eyewitnesses to the occurrence.
32.
The
learned trial Judge has taken note of the fact that PW-1 had stated in his
cross-examination that the underwear of the deceased was printed green in
colour while PW-2 had stated that the colour of the underwear was red in colour
and according to the recovery memo, the colour was red, white and yellow. The
High Court has perused the memo, Ext. Ka2,prepared by the Investigating Officer
wherein it has been described that the printed underwear was of red, white, yellow
and black colour. That apart, when the witnesses were deposing almost after a
span of three years, it was not expected of them to remember the exact colour of
the printed underwear. In any case, the High Court has observed that the said discrepancy,
by no stretch of imagination, could be treated as a discrepancy of any
significance.
33.
Another
aspect which has weighed with the learned trial Judge was about the time of the
lodging of the FIR. The said timing has no bearing on the case of the prosecution
inasmuch as rustic and uneducated villagers could not have been precise on the
time concept.
34.
At
this juncture, we may remind ourselves that it is the duty of the court to
shift the chaff from the grain and find out the truth from the testimony of the
witnesses. A testimony of the witness is required to inspire confidence. It
must be creditworthy. In State of U.P. v. M.K. Anthony [26], this Court has
observed that in case of minor discrepancies on trivial matters not touching
the core of the case, hyper technical approach by taking the sentences torn out
of context here or there from the evidence, attaching importance to some technical
error committed by the investigating officer and not going to the root of the matter
would not ordinarily permit rejection of the evidence as a whole.
35.
In
Rammi alias Rameshwar v. State of Madhya Pradesh[27], this Court has held as
follows: - “24. When eye-witness is examined at length it is quite possible for
him to make some discrepancies. No true witness can possibly escape from making
some discrepant details. Perhaps an untrue witness who is well tutored can successfully
make his testimony totally non-discrepant. But Courts should bear in mind that
it is only when discrepancies in the evidence of a witness are so incompatible
with the credibility of his version that the Court is justified in jettisoning
his evidence. But too serious a view to be adopted on mere variations falling in
the narration of an incident (either as between the evidence of two witnesses
or as between two statements of the same witness) is an unrealistic approach
for judicial scrutiny.
36.
”36.
In Appabhai and another v. State of Gujarat[28], this Court has ruled thus: - “The
Court while appreciating the evidence must not attach undue importance to minor
discrepancies. The discrepancies which do not shake the basic version of the prosecution
case may be discarded. The discrepancies which are due to normal errors of perception
or observation should not be given importance. The errors due to lapse of
memory may be given due allowance. The Court by calling into aid its vast
experience of men and matters in different cases must evaluate the entire material
on record by excluding the exaggerated version given by any witness. When a
doubt arises in respect of certain facts alleged by such witness, the proper
course is to ignore that fact only unless it goes into the root of the matter
so as to demolish the entire prosecution story. The witnesses nowadays go on adding
embellishments to their version perhaps for the fear of their testimony being
rejected by the Court. The courts, however, should not disbelieve the evidence
of such witnesses altogether if they are otherwise trustworthy.
37.
”37.
Judged on the aforesaid principles of law, we are of the considered opinion
that the learned trial Judge had given unnecessary importance on absolutely
minor discrepancies which do not go to the root of the matter and the High
Court has correctly treated the analysis to be perverse. Quite apart from that,
it is noticeable from the judgment of the trial court that the learned trial
Judge has proceeded on a wrong footing by saying that the case of the
prosecution was that the accused had committed rape on the deceased whereas on
a perusal of the FIR, it is quite clear that the allegation was that the
accused has pulled the underwear of the girl with the intention to commit rape.
Similar is the testimony of Ganeshi (PW-1) who has stated that the accused was
laying on the girl. It is difficult to understand how the learned trial Judge has
conceived that the case of the prosecution was that the accused had committed
rape.
38.
Thus,
from the aforesaid analysis, there can be no trace of doubt that the view taken
by the learned trial Judge was absolutely unreasonable, perverse and on total
erroneous appreciation of evidence contrary to the settled principles of law. It
can never be treated as a plausible view. In our considered opinion, only a singular
view is possible that the accused had made an attempt to commit rape and he was
witnessed while he was strangulating the child with a shirt. The result was
that a nine year old child breathed her last. The reasoning ascribed by the learned
trial Judge that she did not die because of any injury makes the decision more perverse
rather than reasonable. That apart, nothing has been brought on record to show
that there was any kind of enmity between the family of the deceased and that
of the accused appellant. There is no reason why the father and the other
witnesses would implicate the accused appellant in the crime and would spare
the real culprit. Quite apart from the above, he was apprehended on the spot. The
accused had taken the plea that the deceased had died as she had drowned in the
water. The medical report runs absolutely contrary inasmuch there was no water
in her stomach or in any internal part of the body. There was no motive on the
part of any of the witnesses to falsely involve the accused in the crime. In view
of our aforesaid analysis, we entirely agree with the view expressed by the High
Court.
39.
Before
parting with the case, we may note that the appellant has created a situation
by which a nine year old girl who believed in him as a co-villager and went
with him in total innocence breathed her last before she could get into her
blossom of adolescence. Rape or an attempt to rape is a crime not against an
individual but a crime which destroys the basic equilibrium of the social
atmosphere. The consequential death is more horrendous. It is to be kept in
mind that an offence against the body of a woman lowers her dignity and mars
her reputation. It is said that one’s physical frame is his or her temple. No
one has any right of encroachment. An attempt for the momentary pleasure of the
accused has caused the death of a child and had a devastating effect on her
family and, in the ultimate eventuate, on the collective at large. When a family
suffers in such a manner, the society as a whole is compelled to suffer as it creates
an incurable dent in the fabric of the social milieu. The cry of the collective
has to be answered and respected and that is what exactly the High Court has
done by converting the decision of acquittal to that of conviction and imposed
the sentence as per law.
40.
Consequently,
the appeal, being sans merit, stands dismissed.
..............................................J.
[Dr. B. S. Chauhan]
..............................................J.
[Dipak Misra]
New
Delhi
May
29, 2012
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