Aruna Rodrigues &
Ors. Vs. Union of India & Ors.
[Writ Petition
(Civil) No.260 of 2005]
[Writ Petition
(Civil) No. 115 of 2004 and Contempt Petition (Civil) No. 295 of 2007]
[In W.P.(C)
No.260/2005]
O R D E R
Swatanter Kumar, J.
1.
The
petitioners, who claim to be public spirited individuals possessing requisite
expertise and with the access to information, stated that a grave and hazardous
situation, raising bio safety concerns, is developing in our country due to
release of Genetically Modified Organisms (for short ‘GMOs’). The GMOs are allowed
to be released in the environment without proper scientific examination of bio
safety concerns and affecting both the environment and human health.
Thus, the petitioners
in this Public Interest Litigation, under Article 32 of the Constitution of
India, submit that the intent and substance of the petition is to put in place
a protocol that shall maintain scientific examination of all relevant aspects
of bio safety before such release, if release were to be at all permissible. On
this premise, their prayer in the main writ petition is for the issuance of a
direction or order to the Union of India, not to allow any release of GMOs into
the environment by way of import, manufacture, use or any other manner. The ancillary
prayers seek prescribing a protocol, to which all GMOs released would be subjected
and that the Union of India should frame relevant rules in this regard and
ensure its implementation.
2.
This
Court, vide its order dated 1st May, 2006, directed that till further orders,
field trials of GMOs shall be conducted only with the approval of the Genetic
Engineering Approval Committee (for short ‘GEAC’). I.A. No. 4 was filed, in
which the prayer was for issuance of directions to stop all field trials for all
genetically modified products anywhere and everywhere. The Court, however, declined
to direct stoppage of field trials and instead, vide order dated 22nd September,
2009 directed the GEAC to withhold approvals till further directions are issued
by this Court, after hearing all parties.
Except permitting
field trials in certain specific cases, the orders dated 1st May, 2006 and 22nd
September, 2009 were not substantially modified by the Court. As of 2007,
nearly 91 varieties of plants, i.e., GMOs, were being subjected to open field
tests, though in terms of the orders of this Court, no further open field tests
were permitted nor had the GEAC granted any such approval except with the authorization
of this Court.
This has given rise to
serious controversies before this Court as to whether or not the field tests of
GMOs should be banned, wholly or partially, in the entire country. It is
obvious that such technical matters can hardly be the subject matter of
judicial review. The Court has no expertise to determine such an issue, which,
besides being a scientific question, would have very serious and far-reaching
consequences.
3.
Nevertheless,
this Court, vide its order dated 8th May, 2007, lifted the moratorium on open
field trials, subject to the conditions stated in that order, including a directive
in regard to the maintenance of 200 metres isolation distance while performing field
tests of GMOs. A further clarification was introduced vide order of this Court
dated 8th April, 2008, whereby all concerned were directed to comply with the
specific protocol of Level Of Detection of 0.01 per cent.
4.
The
controversy afore-referred still persisted and further applications were filed.
Amongst others, I.A. No. 32 of 2011 was also filed. The prayers, in all the aforesaid
applications, related to imposition of an absolute ban on GMOs in the country and
appointment of an Expert Committee whose advice might be sought on these issues.
Due to non-adherence to specified protocol and in face of the report of one of the
independent Experts, Dr. P.M. Bhargava, who was appointed to meet with the GEAC
by the orders of this Court dated 30th April, 2009, the Government, on its own,
imposed a complete ban on Bt Brinjal.
5.
In
I.A. No. 32 of 2011, besides making prayers as noticed above, the Minutes of
the meeting of the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Union of India dated
15th March, 2011 where even the petitioners had participated was also annexed. In
these Minutes, the composition of the Expert Committee as well as the terms of
reference was suggested. The learned Additional Solicitor General appearing for
the Union of India had initially taken time to seek instructions, if any, for further
modifications, as suggested by the learned counsel appearing for the petitioner,
to be made to the constitution of the Committee. Later, it was stated before us
that the Government prayed only for constitution of the Committee as well as the
terms of reference, exactly as proposed in its Minutes dated 15th March, 2011,
without any amendments.
6.
We
heard the learned counsel appearing for the different parties at some length. They
all were ad idem on the constitution of the Expert Committee and the terms of reference
as suggested in the Minutes of the Ministry’s meeting dated 15th March, 2011 and
jointly prayed for its implementation. However, then it was submitted on behalf
of the petitioner, respondent and other intervenors that before taking a final
view and submitting its Report to this Court, the Committee may hear them. In
view of the above, we pass the following consented order, primarily and
substantially with reference to the Minutes dated 15th March, 2011: -
1. There shall be the Technical
Expert Committee, the constitution whereof shall be as follows: a. Prof. V.L.
Chopra Specialization/Work Focus:Plant Biotechnology Genetics and Agricultural
Science. Former Member, Planning Commission and Former Member, Science & Advisory
Committee to the PMO, Recepient of several awards including the Padma Bhushan. b.
Dr. Imran Siddiqui Specialization/Work Focus : Plant Development Biology Scientist
& Group Leader, Centre for Cellular & Molecular Biology (CCMB) c. Prof.
P.S. Ramakrishnan Emeritus Prof. JNU Work Focus : Environmental Sciences and
Biodiversity. d. Dr. P.C. Chauhan, D.Phil (Sci) Work Focus : Genetics
toxicology and food safety e. Prof. P.C. Kesavan Distinguished Fellow, MS SRF (Research
Foundation), Emeritus Professor, CSD, IGNOU, New Delhi. Work Focus : Genetics
Toxicology, Radiation Biology and Sustainable Science. f. Dr. B. Sivakumar Former
Director, National Institute of Nutrition (NIN), Hyderabad.
2. The terms of reference
of the said Committee shall be as follows:
a. To review and
recommend the nature of sequencing of risk assessment (environment and health
safety) studies that need to be done for all GM crops before they are released
into the environment.
b. To recommend the
sequencing of these tests in order to specify the point at which environmental
release though Open Field Trials can be permitted.
c. To advise on whether a
proper evaluation of the genetically engineered crop/plants is scientifically
tenable in the green house conditions and whether it is possible to replicate the
conditions for testing under different agro ecological regions and seasons in greenhouse?
d. To advise on whether
specific conditions imposed by the regulatory agencies for Open Field Trials
are adequate. If not, recommend what additional measures/safeguards are required
to prevent potential risks to the environment.
e. Examine the
feasibility of prescribing validated protocols and active testing for
contamination at a level that would preclude any escaped material from causing
an adverse effect on the environment.
f. To advise on whether
institutions/laboratories in India have the state-of-art testing facilities and
professional expertise to conduct various bio safety tests and recommend mechanism
to strengthen the same. If no such institutions are available in India, recommend
setting up an independent testing laboratory/institution.
g. The Expert Committee
would be free to review reports or studies authored by national and
international scientists if it was felt necessary. The petitioners opined that
they would like to formally propose three Expert Reports from Prof. David Andow,
Prof. Jack Heinemann and Dr. Doug Gurian Sherman to be a formal part of the Committee’s
deliberations. The MoEF may similarly nominate which experts they choose in
this exercise.
3. The Court will highly
appreciate if the said Committee submits its final report to the Court within
three months from today.
4. The Committee may
hear the Government, petitioners and any other intervenor in this petition,
who, in the opinion of the Committee, shall help the cause of expeditious and
accurate finalization of its report.
5. In the event and for
any reason whatsoever, the Committee is unable to submit its final report to the
Court within the time stipulated in this order, we direct that the Committee
should instead submit its interim report within the same period to the Court on
the following issue: “Whether there should or should not be any ban, partial or
otherwise, upon conducting of open field tests of the GMOs? In the event open
field trials are permitted, what protocol should be followed and conditions, if
any, that may be imposed by the Court for implementation of open field trials.”
1.
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7.
Let
the matter stand over to 6th August, 2012.
….…………......................CJI.
(S.H. Kapadia)
…….…………......................J.
(A.K. Patnaik)
...….…………......................J.
(Swatanter Kumar)
New
Delhi
May
10, 2012
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