Hardeep Kaur Vs. Malkiat
Kaur
[Civil Appeal No. 2870
of 2012 arising out of SLP (Civil) No. 15574 of 2011]
JUDGMENT
R.M. Lodha, J.
1.
Leave
granted.
2.
The
defendant is in appeal aggrieved by the judgment dated March 9, 2011 of the High
Court of Punjab and Haryana whereby the Single Judge of that Court allowed the second
appeal filed by the respondent - plaintiff; set aside the judgment and decree dated
January 5, 2001 passed by the District Judge, -Sangrur and restored the judgment
and decree dated April 21, 1997 passed by the Civil Judge, Junior Division,
Dhuri.
3.
The
short question that arises for consideration in this appeal by special leave is
whether a second appeal lies only on a substantial question of law and it is
essential for the High Court to formulate a substantial question of law before
interfering with the judgment and decree of the lower appellate court. This question
arises in this way.
The respondent
(hereinafter referred to as `plaintiff') filed a suit for specific performance of
the contract dated May 22, 1993. According to the plaintiff, the appellant
(hereinafter referred to as `defendant') being co-owner having 1/12th share in the
agricultural land admeasuring 183 bighas 19 biswas situate in Ferozepur
Kuthala, Tehsil Dhuri, by an agreement dated May 22, 1993, agreed to sell 15 bighas
4 biswas of land to the plaintiff at the rate of Rs. 15000/- per bigha.
The defendant
received Rs. 1,48,000/- as earnest money. The sale deed was to be executed on or
before March 10, 1994 and the possession of the land was also to be delivered
at the time of registration of the sale deed on receipt of remaining
consideration of Rs. 80,000/-. The defendant got the time for execution of sale
deed extended upto May 10, -1995 with the consent of the plaintiff. However, despite
repeated requests by the plaintiff, she did not execute the sale deed. It is
the plaintiff's case that she had been always ready and willing to perform her
part of the contract, but since the defendant failed to perform her part of the
contract, the suit for specific performance of the contract had to be filed.
4.
The
defendant contested the suit and denied the execution of the agreement of sale dated
May 22, 1993. She also denied having received any earnest money. She stated that
she was illiterate lady and did not know how to write and sign and the subject agreement
was false and fabricated document. On the pleadings of the parties, the trial
court framed the following issues:-
a. Whether the defendant
executed an agreement to sell on 22.5.93 and executed writing dated 10.3.94 on the
back of the agreement and received Rs. 1,48,000/- as earnest money?
b. Whether plaintiff is entitled
to specific performance of the agreement and for possession?
c. Whether the plaintiff
has got no cause of action to file the present suit? 4. Whether the plaintiff is
ready and willing and is still ready and willing to perform her part of
contract?
d. Relief.
5.
On
recording the evidence and thereafter hearing the parties, the trial court
decided issue nos. 1 to 4 in favour of the plaintiff and decreed the
plaintiff's suit on April 21, 1997 by directing the defendant to execute the
sale deed by May 31, 1997, failing which it was declared that plaintiff would
be entitled to get the same executed through court on payment of remaining consideration.
6.
The
defendant challenged the judgment and decree of the trial court in appeal before
the District Judge, Sangrur. The District Judge, Sangrur, on hearing the
parties, although did not interfere with the finding of the trial court in
respect of the execution of agreement dated May 22, 1993, but held that both the
parties had contributed towards frustration of the execution of the sale deed and,
therefore, the plaintiff was not entitled to specific performance of the
agreement. The District Judge, accordingly, modified the decree of the trial
court by directing refund of Rs. 1,48,000/- along with interest at the bank rate
from the date of the agreement until realization.
7.
Being
not satisfied with the judgment and decree dated January 5, 2001 passed by the
District Judge, Sangrur, the plaintiff preferred second appeal before the Punjab
and Haryana High Court. As noted above, the Single Judge allowed the appeal;
set aside the judgment and decree of the first appellate court and restored the
judgment and decree of the trial court.
8.
The
perusal of the judgment of the High Court shows that no substantial question of
law has been framed and yet second appeal was allowed.
9.
Sections
100, 101 and 103 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (for short, `CPC') read
as follows:- "S.-100.- Second appeal.-
i.
Save
as otherwise expressly provided in the body of this Code or by any other law
for the time being in force, an appeal shall lie to the High Court from every decree
passed in appeal by any Court subordinate to the High Court, if the High Court is
satisfied that the case involves a substantial question of law.
ii.
An
appeal may lie under this section from an appellate decree passed ex parte.
iii.
In
an appeal under this section, the memorandum of appeal shall precisely state the
substantial question of law involved in the appeal. –
iv.
Where
the High Court is satisfied that a substantial question of law is involved in any
case, it shall formulate that question.
v.
The
appeal shall be heard on the question so formulated and the respondent shall,
at the hearing of the appeal, be allowed to argue that the case does not
involve such question :
Provided that nothing
in this sub-section shall be deemed to take away or abridge the power of the Court
to hear, for reasons to be recorded, the appeal on any other substantial question
of law, not formulated by it, if it is satisfied that the case involves such
question." "S.101.-Second appeal on no other grounds.- No second
appeal shall lie except on the ground mentioned in section 100." "S.103.-
Power of High Court to determine issues of fact. - In any second appeal, the High
Court may, if the evidence on the record is sufficient, determine any issue
necessary for the disposal of the appeal, -
a. which has not been determined
by the lower Appellate Court or both by the Court of first instance and the lower
Appellate Court, or
b. which has been
wrongly determined by such Court or Courts by reason of a decision on such question
of law as is referred to in section 100."
10.
The
jurisdiction of the High Court in hearing a second appeal under Section 100 CPC
has come up for consideration before this Court on numerous occasion. In long line
of cases, this Court has reiterated that the High Court has a duty to formulate
-the substantial question/s of law before hearing the second appeal. As a matter
of law, the High Court is required to formulate substantial question of law
involved in the second appeal at the initial stage if it is satisfied that the matter
deserves to be admitted and the second appeal has to be heard and decided on
such substantial question of law.
The two decisions of this
Court in this regard are: Kshitish Chandra Purkait v. Santosh Kumar Purkait and
Others1, and Dnyanoba Bhaurao Shemade v. Maroti Bhaurao Marnor2. It needs to be
clarified immediately that in view of sub-section (5) of Section 100, at the
time of hearing of second appeal, it is open to the High Court to re-formulate substantial
question/s of law or formulate fresh substantial question/s of law or hold that
no substantial question of law is involved. This Court has repeatedly said that
the judgment rendered by the High Court under Section 100 CPC without following
the procedure contained therein cannot be sustained.
That the High Court cannot
proceed to hear the second appeal without formulating a substantial question of
law in light of the provisions contained in Section 100 CPC has been reiterated
in -1 (1997) 5 SCC 4382 (1999) 2 SCC 471 Panchugopal Barua and Others v. Umesh Chandra
Goswami and Others;3, Sheel Chand v. Prakash Chand4; Kanai Lal Garari and Others
v. Murari Ganguly and Others5; Ishwar Dass Jain (Dead) through L.Rs. v. Sohan Lal
(Dead) by L.Rs.6; Roop Singh (Dead) through L.Rs. v. Ram Singh (Dead) through L.Rs.;7
Santosh Hazari v. Purushottam Tiwari (Deceased) by L.Rs.8; Chadat Singh v. Bahadur
Ram and Others9; Sasikumar and Others v. 3 (1997) 4 SCC 7134 (1998) 6 SCC 6835 (1999)
6 SCC 356 (2000) 1 SCC 4347 (2000) 3 SCC 7088 (2001) 3 SCC 1799 (2004) 6 SCC
359 Kunnath Chellappan Nair and Others10; C.A. Sulaiman and Others v. State Bank
of Travancore, Alwayee and Others11; Bokka Subba Rao v. Kukkala Balakrishna and
Others12; Narayanan Rajendran and Another v. Lekshmy Sarojini and Others13 and Municipal
Committee, Hoshiarpur v. Punjab State Electricity Board and Others14.
11.
Some
of the above decisions and the provisions contained in Sections 100, 101 and 103
CPC were considered in a -10 (2005) 12 SCC 58811 (2006) 6 SCC 39212 (2008) 3
SCC 9913 (2009) 5 SCC 26414 (2010) 13 SCC 216 recent decision of this Court in
Umerkhan v. Bismillabi alias Babulal Shaikh and Others.15. One of us (R.M. Lodha,J.)
speaking for the Bench in Umerkhan15 stated the legal position with regard to the
jurisdiction of the High Court in hearing a second appeal in paragraphs 11 and 12
of the Report (page 687) thus: "11. In our view, the very jurisdiction of the
High Court in hearing a second appeal is founded on the formulation of a substantial
question of law.
The judgment of the High
Court is rendered patently illegal, if a second appeal is heard and judgment and
decree appealed against is reversed without formulating a substantial question of
law. The second appellate jurisdiction of the High Court under Section 100 is not
akin to the appellate jurisdiction under Section 96 of the Code; it is restricted
to such substantial question or questions of law that may arise from the judgment
and decree appealed against. As a matter of law, a second appeal is
entertainable by the High Court only upon its satisfaction that a substantial question
of law is involved in the matter and its formulation thereof.
Section 100 of the Code
provides that the second appeal shall be heard on the question so formulated.
It is, however, open to the High Court to reframe substantial question of law
or frame substantial question of law afresh or hold that no substantial question
of law is involved at the time of hearing the second appeal but reversal of the
judgment 15 (2011) 9 SCC 684 and decree passed in appeal by a court subordinate
to it in exercise of jurisdiction under Section 100 of the Code is impermissible
without formulating substantial question of law and a decision on such
question". (emphasis supplied) -
12.
This
Court has been bringing to the notice of the High Courts the constraints of Section
100 of the Code and the mandate of the law contained in Section 101 that no
second appeal shall lie except on the ground mentioned in Section 100, yet it
appears that the fundamental legal position concerning jurisdiction of the High
Court in second appeal is ignored and overlooked time and again. The present
appeal is unfortunately one of such matters where the High Court interfered with
the judgment and decree of the first appellate court in total disregard of the
above legal position."
The above principle
of law concerning jurisdiction of the High Court under Section 100 CPC laid
down in Umerkhan15 has been reiterated in a subsequent decision in Shiv Cotex v.
Tirgun Auto Plast Private Limited and Others. 16. This 16 (2011) 9 SCC 678Court
through one of us (R.M. Lodha,J.) observed in paragraph 11 of the Report (page
681) as follows:- "The judgment of the High Court is gravely flawed and cannot
be sustained for more than one reason.
In the first place,
the High Court, while deciding the second appeal, failed to adhere to the
necessary requirement of Section 100 CPC and interfered with the concurrent judgment
and decree of the courts below without formulating any substantial question of
law. The formulation of substantial question of law is a must before the second
appeal is heard and finally disposed of by the High Court.
This Court has reiterated
and restated the legal position time out of number that formulation of substantial
question of law is a condition - precedent for entertaining and deciding a
second appeal......".12. The relevant discussion in the judgment by the
High Court reads as follows: "After hearing learned counsel for the parties
and going through the records of the case, this appeal deserves acceptance and
the judgment and decree passed by the trial court deserves to be restored for the
reasons to be given hereinafter.
In this case, the defendant-respondent
could not produce any evidence on record to show that the said agreement to
sell was forged or a fabricated document or it was the result of fraud or misrepresentation.
The plaintiff- appellant proved on record that she had always been ready and
willing to perform her part of the agreement. In fact, filing of the suit by
the plaintiff-appellant itself showed that she was ready and willing to perform
her part of the agreement. The defendant-respondent had denied her signatures on
the agreement to sell (Exhibit P.1) and the endorsement (Exhibit P.3) made on the
back of the agreement, vide which the date of execution of the sale deed was
extended from 10.3.1994 to 10.5.1995 by claiming that she did not know how to write
and sign. However, there is evidence of Telu Ram (P.W.4), produced by the
plaintiff.
Telu Ram (P.W.4) had
brought the original file No. 2110 concerning the defendant-respondent Hardeep Kaur
whereby she had taken loan. On the application (Exhibit P.5) for taking loan, on
the receipt of payment of loan amount (Exhibit P.6) and on the other documents
pertaining to the sanction of loan (Exhibits P.7 to P.12), the defendant had put
her signatures. It, thus, belied the stand of the defendant that she usually
thumb marked the documents and had not signed the agreement to sell (Exhibit P.1)
and the endorsement (Exhibit P.3). -Both these documents i.e.,
Exhibit P.1 and P.3
prove in certain terms that the defendant had agreed to sell the land measuring
15 Bighas 4 Biswas to the plaintiff for Rs. 2,38,000/-. Major part of the sale consideration
i.e., Rs. 1,48,000/- had already been paid at the time of execution of the agreement
to sell (Exhibit P.1). The remaining amount of sale consideration of Rs. 80,000/-
was deposited by the plaintiff in the trial court.
It shows that the
plaintiff has always been ready and willing to perform her part of the
agreement. Under the circumstances, the lower appellate court was not justified
in confining the relief of the plaintiff to the return of earnest money only. Under
the circumstances, this appeal succeeds. The same is, accordingly, allowed. The
judgment and decree passed by the lower appellate court are set aside and those
of the trial court are restored. However, there shall be no order as to
costs."
13.
Apparently,
the High Court has ignored and overlooked the mandatory requirement of the second
appellate jurisdiction as provided in Section 100 CPC and that vitiates its
decision as no substantial question of law has been framed and yet the judgment
and decree of the first appellate court has been reversed.
However, Mr. Neeraj
Kumar Jain, learned senior counsel for the respondent, submitted that though no
substantial question of law has been expressly framed by the High Court while
accepting the second appeal, but the above discussion by the High Court clearly
shows that the High Court considered the questions whether the plaintiff was entitled
to the grant of decree of specific performance of the contract once execution
of agreement has been duly proved and the plaintiff was always ready and
willing to perform her part of the contract and whether the first appellate court
has correctly exercised the discretion in terms of Section 20 of the Specific Relief
Act, 1963 while refusing the decree for specific performance of the contract as
was ordered by the trial court. In this regard, he relied upon a decision of
this Court in M.S.V. Raja and Another v. Seeni Thevar and Others.
14.
In
paragraph 18 (pages 659-660) of the Report in M.S.V. Raja17 this Court observed
as follows: "We are unable to accept the argument of the learned Senior Counsel
for the appellants that the impugned judgment cannot be sustained as no substantial
question of law was formulated as required under Section 100 CPC. In para 22 of
the judgment the High Court has dealt with substantial questions of law. Whether
a finding recorded by both the courts below with no evidence to support it was
itself considered as a substantial question of law by the High Court.
It is further stated that
the other questions considered and dealt with by the learned Judge were also
substantial questions of law. Having regard to the questions that were considered
and decided by the High Court, it cannot be said that substantial questions of law
did not arise for consideration and they were not formulated. Maybe,
substantial questions of law were - (2001) 6 SCC 652 not specifically and separately
formulated. In this view, we do not find any merit in the argument of the
learned counsel in this regard."
15.
In
M.S.V. Raja17 this Court found that the High Court in paragraph 22 of the
judgment under consideration therein had dealt with substantial questions of law.
The Court further observed that the finding recorded by both the courts below
with no evidence to support it was itself considered as a substantial question
of law by the High Court. It was further observed that the other questions
considered and dealt with by the learned Judge were substantial questions of law.
Having regard to the questions that were considered and decided by the High Court,
it was held by this Court that it could not be said that the substantial
questions of law did not arise for consideration and they were not formulated.
The sentence `maybe substantial
questions of law were not specifically and separately formulated' in M.S.V.
Raja17 must be understood in the above context and peculiarity of the case
under consideration. The law consistently stated by this Court that formulation
of substantial question of law is a sine qua non for exercise of jurisdiction under
Section 100 CPC admits of no ambiguity and permits no departure. -
16.
In
the present case, the High Court has allowed the second appeal and set aside
the judgment and decree of the first appellate court without formulating any substantial
question of law, which is impermissible and that renders the judgment of the
High Court unsustainable.
17.
Consequently,
the appeal is allowed and the impugned judgment of the High Court is set aside.
The second appeal (R.S.A. No. 1679 of 2001 - Malkiat Kaur vs. Hardeep Kaur) is restored
to the file of the High Court for fresh consideration in accordance with law. No
order as to costs.
.............................J.
(R.M. Lodha)
.............................J.
(H. L. Gokhale)
NEW
DELHI
MARCH
16, 2012.
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