Ashok Kumar Todi Vs Kishwar
Jahan & Ors
J U D G M E N T
P.Sathasivam,J.
1.
Leave
granted.
2.
These
appeals are directed against the common judgment and final order dated 18.05.2010
passed by the Division Bench of the High Court of Calcutta in M.A.T. Nos. 703,
895, 704, 713, 714 and 744 of 2008 whereby the CBI was directed to start investigation
afresh in accordance with law treating the complaint dated 21.09.2007 filed by Rukbanur
Rahman, brother of Rizwanur Rahman - the deceased, as F.I.R. and to register a
case of murder.
3.
Brief
facts:
a. One Rizwanur Rahman-the
deceased, a Computer Graphics Engineer fell in love with a girl, namely, Priyanka
Todi, daughter of Ashok Kumar Todi. On 18.08.2007, Rizwanur Rahman married Priyanka
Todi under the Special Marriage Act, 1954 in the marriage registration office. On
31.08.2007, Priyanka Todi left her father's house and started living in her
husband's home at Tiljala within the jurisdiction of Karaya Police Station, Kolkata.
The couple informed the Police Commissioner, Deputy Commissioner of Police(South),
the Superintendent of Police, 24 Parganas (S), the Officer-in-charge, Karaya Police
Station and the Officer-in-charge, Bidhan Nagar Police Station about their marriage
by a letter dated 31.08.2007 along with a copy of the Marriage Registration Certificate.
On the same day, Priyanka Todi informed her father about her marriage with the
deceased and also of the fact of her residing with her husband in her in-law's house.
On the very same day,
in the evening, around 6.30 p.m., Ashok Kumar Todi-Priyanka Todi's father, Anil
Saraogi -maternal uncle of Priyanka Todi and Pradip Todi - brother of Ashok Kumar
Todi went to the house of the deceased and persuaded him and his family members
to send Priyanka Todi back to their house but Priyanka Todi did not agree to
their request. On the same night, Ashok Kumar Todi lodged a complaint at Karaya
Police Station and consequently two police officers went to the residence of the
deceased to create mental pressure on him. On 01.09.2007, early in the morning,
Ashok Kumar Todi and Anil Saraogi threatened the deceased that if Priyanka Todi
did not return back to her parents' house, they would face the dire consequences.
On the same day, Pradip
Todi lodged a complaint with Deputy Commissioner of Police (Detective Department)
alleging that Priyanka Todi has been taken away by the deceased by deceitful means
with intent to marry her. On various dates, the Deputy Commissioner of Police (DD)
called Priyanka Todi and her husband at his office and asked Priyanka Todi to
go back to her parents' house, but she refused to accept the proposal. On 08.09.2007,
Pradip Todi made another application to police that Priyanka Todi has been detained
forcibly by the deceased. On the action of the complaint, the sub-Inspector went
to the residence of the deceased and summoned the couple to Police Headquarter,
Lal Bazar, Kolkata and the custody of Priyanka Todi was handed over to her uncle
Anil Saraogi with condition that she will return to her husband's house after
one week.
a.
b. On 21.09.2007, the dead
body of Rizwanur Rahman was found on the railway tracks between Dum Dum and Bidhan
Nagar Road Stations with injuries and the head smashed. On the same day,
Rukbanur Rahman-the brother of the deceased, lodged a written complaint with Karaya
Police Station suspecting the hands of Ashok Kumar Todi behind the unnatural
death of his brother and the same was registered as UD Case No. 183 of 2007. The
body of the deceased was sent for post mortem. The post mortem report revealed that
the death was due to 10 injuries on the body and consistent with the injuries caused
by train running at moderate speed. On 24.09.2007, the case was taken over by the
Criminal Investigation Department (in short "the CID"). The CID
carried out investigation and examined various witnesses including Ashok Kumar
Todi and his family members.
c. The mother and brother
of the deceased filed Writ Petition No. 21563(W) of 2007 before the Calcutta
High Court. The learned single Judge of the High Court, after hearing the
parties, by an interim order dated 16.10.2007 directed the CBI to investigate into
the cause of death of the deceased and to file a report in a sealed cover before
the Court within two months. Pursuant to the abovesaid direction, the CBI
registered case bearing No. RC.8(S)/2007-SIU-I/CBI/SCR.1/New Delhi under Section
120-B read with Sections 302 and 506 of the Indian Penal Code (in short
"the IPC") against Ashok Kumar Todi and others. On 08.01.2008, the CBI
filed report before the learned single Judge which indicates that the deceased
committed suicide by laying before the train and sought permission to file charge
sheet against
Ashok Kumar Todi, his
brother Pradeep Todi, Anil Sarogi, S.M. Mohiuddin @ Pappu, Ajoy Kumar, Sukanti Chakraborty
and Krishnendu Das under Section 120-B read with Sections 306 and 506 IPC. (d) After
considering the case, the learned single Judge of the High Court, by final
order dated 14.08.2008, granted liberty to the CBI to proceed in accordance with
law for filing charge sheet before a competent court under Section 173(2) of the
Code of Criminal Procedure (hereinafter referred to as "the Code"). Liberty
was also reserved to the CBI to conduct further investigation before it actually
files the charge sheet. Pursuant to that order, CBI continued with the investigation
and filed a charge sheet being No. 07/08 dated 20.09.2008 under Section 120-B read
with Sections 306 and 506 IPC in the court of Chief Metropolitan Magistrate,
Bank Shell Court, Kolkata.
In the said charge
sheet, Ashok Kumar Todi, Pradeep Todi, Anil Saraogi, Sukanti Chakraborti and
Krishnendu Das, S.M. Mohiuddin @ Pappu, Ajoy Kumar were arrayed as accused. Subsequent
to the filing of the charge sheet, all the accused persons surrendered before
the Court of Metropolitan Magistrate and were taken into custody, and
subsequently, all the accused persons were released on bail on different dates.
(e) Aggrieved by the judgment and order dated 14.08.2008 passed by the learned single
Judge, Ashok Kumar Todi and others filed their respective appeals before the
Division Bench of the High Court of Calcutta.
The Division Bench of
the High Court heard all the appeals together and by impugned judgment and
order dated 18.05.2010 set aside the judgment and order dated 14.08.2008 passed
by the learned single Judge and directed the CBI to start investigation afresh in
accordance with law by treating the complaint dated 21.09.2007 filed by the brother
of the deceased as F.I.R. and to register a case of murder and further directed
to complete the investigation preferably within a period of four months from the
date of the order. Aggrieved by the impugned judgment and order dated
18.05.2010, Ashok Kumar Todi filed S.L.P.(Crl.) No. 5005 of 2010, the mother and
brother of the deceased filed S.L.P.(C) Nos. 29951-29956 of 2010 and the C.B.I.
filed S.L.P.(Crl.) Nos. 7008-7013 of 2010 before this Court. Hence these
appeals by special leave.
1.
2.
3.
Heard
Mr. Gopal Subramanium, learned Solicitor General for the CBI, Mr. U.U. Lalit, learned
senior counsel for Ashok Kumar Todi, Mr. Kalyan Bandopadhyay, learned senior
counsel for mother and brother of Rizwanur Rahman - the deceased and Mr. Tara
Chand Sharma, learned counsel for the State of West Bengal. In addition, we
also heard other counsel in respect of certain directions/observations about the
departmental action to be initiated against the State Police Officers by the
State Government.
4.
Mrs.
Kiswar Jahan and Rukbanur Rahman-mother and borther of the deceased filed Writ Petition
No. 21563 of 2007 before the High Court at Calcutta praying for directions
against the State of West Bengal and their officers that the investigation in connection
with the unnatural death of Rizwanur Rahman being UD Case No. 183 of 2007 be
handed over to CBI and that the CBI should submit a report on such
investigation before the High Court and upon such investigation appropriate orders
be passed.
Apart from the above relief,
they also prayed for certain directions for taking action against the officers of
the State Police Department Before considering the final order in the said writ
petition, it is useful to refer to the interim direction of the learned single
Judge dated 16.10.2007. By pointing out mandates of Sections 154(3) and 156(1) of
the Code and the Police Regulations of Calcutta, it was submitted before the learned
single Judge that the authorities, particularly, the Deputy Commissioner of Police,
Detective Department was interested in protraction of the case and not in its
investigation. It was also highlighted that several other officers had
unauthorisedly intervened in the matter.
It was the grievance of
the writ petitioners that in spite of the fact that Rizwanur Rahman and
Priyanka Todi married voluntarily and by their free will on 18.08.2007, under the
Special Marriage Act, 1954, in the Marriage Registration Office, because of the
influence of Ashok Kumar Todi-father of Priyanka Todi, higher authorities in
the police department without following the judgment of this Court which directs
the administration/authorities to see that spouses of inter-religious marriages
are not harassed or subjected to threats, instead of allowing investigation to take
its course in accordance with the provisions of law, the Commissioner of Police
had made comments, widely reported, that the reaction of the parents to the marriage
was natural and death was due to suicide. It was also projected before the
learned single Judge that the police authorities were beneficiaries of undue
favours at the instance of Ashok Kumar Todi. It was asserted that no fair
investigation by the CID is possible in a manner where the allegation is against
the highest brass of the Calcutta Police.
In those circumstances
and by placing reliance on various materials/instances about the interference
by the police authorities on various occasions in the marital life of Rizwanur
Rahman and Priyanka Todi, the writ petitioners prayed for a fair investigation
by the CBI under the directions of the High Court.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Learned
Advocate General who appeared for the State of West Bengal before the High Court
resisted the prayer in the writ petition and contended that the writ petition is
not maintainable and further argued that mere allegations of threat is not a
cognizable offence and there was no complaint before the police except the letter
dated 18.09.2007 by one Sadiq Hussain which did not mature. It was further argued
that the provisions of Section 154(1) of the Code are not attracted.
It was pointed out by
learned Advocate General that the appropriate remedy under the statute would have
been a complaint before the Magistrate and not a petition under Article 226 of
the Constitution before the High Court since the petitioners must demonstrate that
they have legal and personal right which has been violated. Moreover, it was
pointed out that the CID is carrying on an enquiry though not an investigation into
the cause of unnatural death. Further, there is no violation of fundamental rights
of the writ petitioners under Articles 19 and 21 of the Constitution.
6.
After
recording the finding that the deceased can no longer seek redressal for any
injury caused to him and it is only his near relatives, who are mother and
brother, can make a prayer by filing the petition under Article 226 of the Constitution,
after adverting to the marriage on 18.08.2007 and various instances on which the
police officers intervened in their personal life, threatened them and after
satisfying that prima facie the investigation carried out by the State CID is not
in accordance with the provisions of the Code, the learned single Judge of the
High Court passed an interim order directing the CBI to investigate into the cause
of unnatural death of Rizwanur Rahman and to file a report in a sealed cover
within a period of two months from the date of service of the copy of the said
order.
7.
Pursuant
to the interim direction dated 16.10.2007, an FIR was registered on 19.10.2007.
In the said FIR, apart from the required details, various directions given in the
order of the High Court dated 16.10.2007 were incorporated. The Superintendent of
Police, CBI after finding that the facts stated in the complaint coupled with
the directions of the High Court vide its order dated 16.10.2007, prima facie disclosed
commission of offence punishable under Section 120-B IPC read with Sections 302
and 506 IPC and substantive offences thereof against Ashok Kumar Todi and others,
registered a regular case and started investigation.
8.
Pursuant
to the interim direction of the High Court, the CBI filed its report and prayed
for leave of the Court to file charge-sheet before the competent Court having jurisdiction.
Based on the said report as well as the leave sought for in the writ petition, after
hearing the arguments of either side, the learned single Judge framed the following
issues for determination:
i.
Should
the writ petition fail owing to the petitioners not taking recourse to efficacious
alternative remedy provided by the Code?
ii.
Should
the writ petition fail because it does not disclose any cause of action,
because adjudication of the issues would involve resolving hotly disputed facts
and because of defective verification of pleadings, as contended by Mr. Pal?
iii.
Whether
`Kolkata Police's inaction' vis-`-vis the complaint lodged by the couple and `Kolkata
Police in action' vis-`-vis complaints of Pradeep Todi impugned herein justified?
Is respondent no. 3 responsible in any manner?
iv.
Did
any of the city police officers (respondent Nos. 5,7,8 & 9 act ultra vires
in discharge of official duties?
v.
Whether
investigation conducted by the State Police agencies was in accordance with
law?
vi.
Whether
the facts and circumstances presented before the Court called for entrusting the
CBI with investigation of cause of death of Rizwanur Rahman?
vii.
Whether
the CBI acted ultra vires in registering an FIR for alleged offence of murder and
conducted investigation on the basis thereof in a manner not authorized by law?
viii.
Are
the parties entitled to have a copy of the report of the CBI filed in Court?
ix.
Is
the CBI justified in expressing views in relation to recommending to the State initiation
of disciplinary proceedings for major penalty against some of the respondents.
x.
Whether
the CBI should be allowed to proceed further on the basis of materials
collected by it in course of investigation?
xi.
To
what relief, if any, are the petitioners entitled?
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2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
After
analysis and having full-fledged hearing, the learned single Judge arrived at
the following conclusion:
i.
When
an individual perceives a threat to his life and limb and seeks enforcement of his
right to life, interference of the writ court may be more intrusive but to lay down
as a matter of rule that a writ petition must be entertained whenever right guaranteed
by Article 21 is sought to be enforced despite availability of an alternative remedy
would itself result in impinging on exercise of judicial description by the
writ court.
ii.
A
man is born free and has the right to stay free unless he indulges in unlawful activities
which, if proved, may result in penal consequences depriving him of such right.
The Constitution guaranteed this right to Rizwanur Rahman. By marrying Priyanka
Todi, he did not commit any crime. Evidence on record is considered sufficient to
demolish the allegation leveled against him by Pradeep Todi. He had, therefore,
the absolute right to live a life which is decent, complete, fulfilling and
worth living. The objection that hotly disputed facts are involved which
necessarily cannot be adjudicated by the Writ Court is equally unmeritorious.
iii.
The
third respondent therein - Commissioner of Police, Kolkata, acted irresponsibly
and instead of diffusing tension, he added fuel to fire.
iv.
By
summoning Rizwanur Rahman without registering any cognizable case against him on
the basis of the complaints of Pradeep Todi and/or by invading Rizwanur's previous
right to life despite being well and truly aware that Priyanka Todi had married
him on her own without pressure exerted from any quarter, respondents 5, 7, 8
and 9 therein jointly and severally are guilty of exceeding police powers conferred
on them and thereby have acted ultra vires the Constitution.
v.
(v)
vi.
While
passing the interim order on 16.10.2007, the learned single Judge duly considered
the materials presented and on finding that the investigation by the State CID was
not proper, therefore, the CBI was directed to investigate the cause of death of
Rizwanur Rahman.
vii.
In
the facts and circumstances which fall for consideration on 16.10.2007, the Court
is of the considered view that entrusting the CBI with investigation of cause of
unnatural death of Rizwanur Rahman cannot be said to be improper or unwarranted
and the Court was justified in directing CBI investigation. The CBI was
justified in recording an FIR before it proceeded to conduct investigation.
viii.
So
long as the investigation is not closed by way of filing of a Final report under
Section 173(2) of the Code, persons who might be shown as accused in the FIR have
no right to claim copy of the report containing materials which have been collected
against them and, particularly, in view of the fact that report filed before
the High Court is not a final report but is one in aid of the final report.
ix.
On
the basis of the materials collected, it was beyond the jurisdiction of the CBI
to make a recommendation for initiation of major penalty proceedings against some
of the police officers without obtaining leave from the Court.
x.
There
is no reason as to why CBI should not be allowed to proceed further.
xi.
Interest
of justice would be best served if liberty is reserved unto the State to proceed
in accordance with law. Accordingly, it is observed that the State may initiate
such action as it deems fit and proper against any of or all the respondents in
accordance with law.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
The
abovesaid order of the learned single Judge was taken up by way of appeal before
the Division Bench by Ashok Kumar Todi, Pradip Todi, Anil Saraogi, Kishwar
Jahan and others and State of West Bengal. The Division Bench, after going through
the order of the learned single Judge as well as the rival contentions of all the
parties, determined the following questions namely, :
a. Whether, the learned single
Judge was justified in passing the order impugned?
b. Whether in addition to
the order impugned, the Court should have passed direction for indicting the two
police officers in the criminal proceedings on the basis of the allegations made
in the writ application?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
The
Division Bench, after finding that a direction for investigation by the CBI should
not be granted on mere asking for, in the absence of any prohibitory or injunction
order, preventing the State CID from further investigation commented on the conduct
of the State police in not perusing the investigation, concluded that:
i.
Interim
order dated 16.10.2007 of the learned single Judge did not authorize the CBI to
investigate in terms of Chapter XII of the Code in place of the State CID.
ii.
The
order of the learned single Judge directing investigation and, consequently, the
report submitted by the CBI and permitting the CBI to submit such report in the
form of charge-sheet in the Court are quashed.
iii.
The
investigation conducted by the CBI cannot be treated to be an investigation within
the meaning of the Code. Recommendation of the CBI to take disciplinary
measures against the Police Officers by virtue of the interim order of the
learned single Judge are quashed.
iv.
For
violation of Article 21, a writ Court cannot conclusively decide, whether violation
amounts to penal laws, ignoring the provisions of the Code for trial of such
offences. The Court can give special protection to the accused in such trial and
the procedure of such trial is different from the one provided for the disposal
of a writ application. In view of the same, the aggrieved person is not entitled
to file an application under Article 226 of the Constitution asking the High
Court to decide the issue.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
After
observing and arriving at such conclusion, ultimately, the Division Bench, by
the impugned order, set aside the order of the learned single Judge and on the
basis of its own finding recorded that it is a fit case for investigation by the
CBI, directed the CBI to start investigation afresh in accordance with law treating
the complaint dated 21.09.2007 filed by writ petitioner No. 2 (Rukbanur Rahman)
as an FIR and to register a case of murder.
13.
On
analysis of the orders of the learned single Judge and the Division Bench as well
as the issues raised and various contentions by the counsel for either side,
following points arose for determination in these appeals:
i.
whether
the order of the learned single Judge appointing CBI to enquire into the unnatural
death of Rizwanur Rahman and further direction giving liberty to the CBI to
proceed in accordance with law for filing charge sheet before the competent
court under Section 173(2) of the Code and to take further investigation before
it actually files the charge-sheet on any point it may consider necessary in
the interest of justice is acceptable and sustainable? or;
ii.
whether
the decision of the Division Bench, setting aside the order of the learned single
Judge, directing the CBI to start investigation afresh by treating the complaint
of the writ petitioner No. 2 therein-Rukbanur Rahman dated 21.09.2007 as FIR and
to register a case of murder is sustainable?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Since
the mother and brother of the deceased-Rizwanur Rahman had a doubt about his unnatural
death and they were not satisfied with the investigation by the State CID as
well as due to mounting pressure by higher officials of the State Police Department,
they prayed for an appropriate direction at the hands of the High Court for
investigation by the CBI. In State of West Bengal and Others vs. Committee for Protection
of Democratic Rights, West Bengal and Others (2010) 3 SCC 571, the issue which
was referred for the opinion of the Constitution Bench was whether the High
Court, in exercise of its jurisdiction under Article 226 of the Constitution of
India, can direct the CBI established under the Delhi Special Police Establishment
Act, 1946 (for short "the Special Police Act") to investigate a
cognizable offence, which is alleged to have taken place within the territorial
jurisdiction of a State, without the consent of the State Government. The
Constitution Bench, after adverting to the required factual details, rival
contentions and the relevant constitutional provisions has concluded:-
In the final analysis,
our answer to the question referred is that a direction by the High Court, in
exercise of its jurisdiction under Article 226 of the Constitution, to CBI to investigate
a cognizable offence alleged to have been committed within the territory of a
State without the consent of that State will neither impinge upon the federal
structure of the Constitution nor violate the doctrine of separation of power
and shall be valid in law. Being the protectors of civil liberties of the
citizens, this Court and the High Courts have not only the power and
jurisdiction but also an obligation to protect the fundamental rights, guaranteed
by Part III in general and under Article 21 of the Constitution in particular,
zealously and vigilantly."After saying so, the Constitution Bench has
clarified that this extraordinary power must be exercised sparingly, cautiously
and in exceptional situations where it becomes necessary to provide credibility
and instill confidence in investigations or where the incident may have national
and international ramifications or where such an order may be necessary for
doing complete justice and enforcing the fundamental rights.
15.
In
view of the above judgment, it is unnecessary to delve into the issue further
about appointment of special agency like CBI for investigation under the orders
of the High Court. In fact, in view of the above decision, almost all the counsel
appearing on either side have no quarrel about the issue and their present grievance
is whether the order of the learned single Judge is to be implemented or the impugned
order of the Division Bench is to be applied?
16.
On
the legality of the order of the learned single Judge in directing CBI to
investigate and submit a report instead of the State CID, we are of the view that
the learned single Judge assigned acceptable reasons. It was highlighted by learned
senior counsel for the mother and brother of the deceased that in spite of Sections
154(3) and 156(1) of the Code and the Police Regulations of Calcutta, the authorities,
particularly, the Deputy Commissioner of Police, Detective Department was
interested in protraction of the case and was not taking any interest in its investigation.
The Deputy Commissioner
of Police, Detective Department, and Addl. Dy. Commissioner, Headquarters had unauthorisedly
intervened in the matter. Since there was no allegation of abduction against the
deceased, the said officers made several attempts to mediate between the deceased
and his in-laws. Relevant materials were shown that the officer-in-charge of the
Karaya Police Station had visited the residence of the deceased, the
intervention by Deputy Commissioner of Police, Detective Department, in the
conjugal life of the deceased was uncalled for. It was also highlighted that without
taking into account the earlier decisions of this Court directing the
administration/authorities to see that spouses of inter-religious marriages are
not harassed or subjected to threats, the Commissioner of Police had made comments,
widely reported, that the reaction of the parents to the marriage was natural and
death was due to suicide.
The learned senior
counsel has also highlighted unholy nexus between the top brass of the Police with
father-in-law of the deceased. By placing such acceptable materials, the writ petitioners
expressed doubt about fair investigation under the CID and demonstrated that
investigation by the CBI under the orders of the court is necessary, since justice
should not only be done but seen to be done. Inasmuch as the grievance of the
mother and brother of the deceased are acceptable, the learned single Judge, by
interim order dated 16.10.2007, directed the CBI to investigate into the cause of
unnatural death of Rizwanur Rahman and file a report before it.Interference by
the police in conjugal life
17.
In
the earlier paragraphs, we have already adverted to certain factual details about
the marriage of Rizwanur Rahman with Priyanka Todi. They themselves highlighted
how they married and informed the same to the authorities concerned. The
materials placed show that Rizwanur Rahman fell in love with Priyanka Todi, the
daughter of Ashok Kumar Todi, and married her on 18.08.2007 under the Special
Marriage Act, 1954. They also registered their marriage before the notified
authority and obtained the certificate for the same. Pursuant to the same,
Priyanka Todi left her father's house on 31.08.2007 and went to live in her
husband's house at Tijala Lane within the jurisdiction of Karaya Police
Station, Kolkata.
She informed her father
about their marriage and also informed the Police Commissioner as well as Dy.
Commissioner of Police (South), Superintendent of Police, 24 Parganas (S), the
Officer-in-charge, Karaya Police Station and the Officer-in-charge, Bidhan Nagar
Police Station. On a complaint made by Pradip Todi, Priyanka Todi and Rizwanur
Rahman were summoned to Police HQ., Lalbazar, Kolkata on 08.09.2007 and the
custody of Priyanka Todi was handed over to Anil Saraogi - her maternal uncle with
condition that she will return to her husband after one week. Thereafter, the 26dead
body of Rizwanur Rahman was found on 21.09.2007 on the railway tracks between
Dum Dum and Bidhan Nagar Road Stations with injuries and his head smashed. We have
also noted the details furnished by the mother and brother of the deceased about
the interference by the various police officers in their marital efforts.
In this regard, it is
useful to refer to the law laid down by this Court in practice and procedure in
a matter involving freedom of conscience and expression in terms of right to marry
person of one's choice outside one's caste. The following observation and
direction in Lata Singh vs. State of U.P. & Anr., (2006) 5 SCC 475 is
relevant:
The caste system is a
curse on the nation and the sooner it is destroyed the better. In fact, it is dividing
the nation at a time when we have to be united to face the challenges before the
nation unitedly. Hence, inter-caste marriages are in fact in the national interest
as they will result in destroying the caste system. However, disturbing news are
coming from several parts of the country that young men and women who undergo inter-caste
marriage, are threatened with violence, or violence is actually committed on
them. In our opinion, such acts of violence or threats or harassment are wholly
illegal and those who commit them must be severely punished.
This is a free and democratic
country, and once a person becomes a major he or she can marry whosoever he/she
likes. If the parents of the boy or girl do not approve of such inter-caste or inter-
religious marriage the maximum they can do is that they can cut-off social
relations with the son or the daughter, but they cannot give threats or commit or
instigate acts of violence and cannot harass the person who undergoes such inter-
caste or inter-religious marriage. We, therefore, direct that the administration/police
authorities throughout the country will see to it that if any boy or girl who is
a major undergoes inter-caste or inter-religious marriage with a woman or man
who is a major, the couple is not harassed by anyone nor subjected to threats or
acts of violence, and anyone who gives such threats or harasses or commits acts
of violence either himself or at his instigation, is taken to task by
instituting criminal proceedings by the police against such persons and further
stern action is taken against such persons as provided by law.
Even as early as in 1990,
this Court has held that everyone associated with enforcement of law is expected
to follow the directions and failure shall be seriously viewed and drastically
dealt with. We also reiterate that the directions of this Court are not intended
to be brushed aside and overlooked or ignored. Meticulous compliance is the
only way to respond to directions of this Court. In the light of the direction in
Lata Singh's case (supra), it is the duty of all persons in the
administration/police authorities throughout the country that if any boy or
girl who is major undergoes inter-caste or inter-religious marriage, their
marital life should not be disturbed or harassed and if anyone gives such threat
or commits acts of violence or instigates, it is the responsibility of the officers
concerned to take stern action against such persons as provided by law.
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18.
In
the light of the directions of this Court, it is unfortunate and of the fact that
both Rizwanur Rahman and Priyanka Todi married on their own will, who were
majors, and the marriage was duly registered under the notified authority, the
police officials have no role in their conjugal affairs and the law enforcing authorities
have no right to interfere with their married life and, in fact, they are duty
bound to prevent others who interfere in their married life.
19.
As
rightly observed by the learned Single Judge, the officers of the Police Department
were not justified in interfering with the married life of Rizwanur Rahman and
Priyanka Todi. The learned single Judge, by giving adequate reasons, directed the
investigation by the CBI which we concur.The reasonings of the Division Bench
20.
The
Division Bench, after analyzing the case has correctly determined the following
question for consideration: The question involved in the writ application was
whether it had been established from the materials on record that there was
genuine apprehension in the mind of the writ petitioners that there might not be
fair investigation at the instance of the CID in respect of the unnatural death
of Rizwanur Rahman because of the alleged involvement of the high police
officials of the Kolkata Police in the post marital dispute between Todis and the
deceased on the one hand and with his wife on the other, justifying investigation
by the CBI.
21.
While
answering those issues, the Division Bench of the High Court committed several infirmities
which we point out hereunder. With regard to the interim order dated 16.10.2007
passed by the learned single Judge appointing the CBI to investigate and report,
the Division Bench has observed that the learned single Judge has not injuncted
or restrained the State CID from proceeding with the investigation in
accordance with the Code.
The Division Bench has
also commented that in the absence of any direction by the learned single Judge
for handing over the papers relating to the investigation done so far by the
CID to the CBI, the CID ought to have completed the investigation on its own. We
are unable to accept this conclusion. When the learned single Judge on satisfying
himself based on the materials, particularly, the conduct of the State Police and
the apprehension of the mother and brother of the deceased about getting fair justice
at the hands of the State CID directed investigation by the CBI, there cannot be
any parallel investigation by the State CID.
In the same way, we
are unable to accept the conclusion of the Division Bench that the learned single
Judge simply appointed the CBI as His Lordships "Special Officer" to
investigate into the cause of unnatural death of the deceased and to submit a
report in a sealed cover. The said finding of the High Court is not borne out of
the records of the case including the order dated 16.10.2007 passed by the learned
single Judge. Neither the Code authorizes the appointment of CBI officers as "Special
Officer" nor the prayers made in the writ petition prayed for appointment of
the CBI to act as "Special Officer" of the Court.
As a matter of fact, the
order dated 16.10.2007 of the learned single Judge does not mention that the
CBI was being appointed as "Special Officer" of the Court. In the interim
order, the learned single Judge decided the question whether investigation by the
CID was just, fair and proper or whether such investigation should be conducted
by the CBI. Merely because no injunction was passed against the CID from
continuing with the investigation in the matter or no order was passed directing
the CID to handover all the papers relating to investigation conducted by them
to the CBI, does not mean that CID was free to continue with their investigation.
On the other hand, the order dated 16.10.2007 makes it clear that the learned single
Judge was prima facie satisfied that the case in question necessitated
investigation by the CBI. Thus, the finding of the Division Bench that the learned
single Judge appointed CBI as its "Special Officer" is patently against
all canons of justice, equity and fair play in action.
22.
The
Division Bench of the High Court also committed an error in holding the order
appointing CBI to investigate for the purpose of submitting report to the
learned single Judge and not to investigate for the alleged offence in accordance
with law in place of State CID and hence conclusion of such investigation by
the CBI cannot form the basis of charge-sheet in the criminal trial. The Division
Bench has also not considered the judgment dated 14.08.2008 passed by the
learned single Judge in terms whereof, the Court permitted the CBI to proceed
in accordance with law for filing charge sheet before the competent Court under
Section 173(2) of the Code and was also granted liberty to conduct further investigation
before it actually files the charge sheet at any point it may consider necessary
in the interest of justice. Neither the learned single Judge directed the CBI
to submit the report as charge sheet, as has been held erroneously by the learned
Division Bench nor the CBI was stopped from conducting further investigation in
the matter before it actually filed the charge sheet at any point it may consider
necessary in the interest of justice. It is evident that CBI at interim order
stage was directed to investigate the case and at the final order stage was directed
to submit charge sheet after making further investigation.
23.
Section
2(h) of the Code defines investigation which reads as under: "(h) "investigation"
includes all the proceedings under this Code for the collection of evidence conducted
by a police officer or by any person (other than a Magistrate) who is authorized
by a Magistrate in this behalf" Under the scheme of the Code,
investigation commences with lodgment of information relating to the commission
of an offence. If it is a cognizable offence, the officer-in-charge of the
police station, to whom the information is supplied orally has a statutory duty
to reduce it to writing and get the signature of the informant.
He shall enter the
substance of the information, whether given in writing or reduced to writing as
aforesaid, in a book prescribed by the State in that behalf. The officer-in-charge
has no escape from doing so if the offence mentioned therein is a cognizable
offence and whether or not such offence was committed within the limits of that
police station. But when the offence is non-cognizable, the officer-in-charge
of the police station has no obligation to record it if the offence was not committed
within the limits of his police station. Investigation thereafter would
commence and the investigating officer has to go step by step.
The Code contemplates
the following steps to be carried out during such investigation: (1) Proceeding
to the spot; (2) ascertainment of the facts and circumstances of the case; (3) discovery
and arrest of the suspected offender; (4) collection of evidence relating to the
commission of the offence which may consist of -- (a) the examination of various
persons (including the accused) and the reduction of their statements into writing,
if the officer thinks fit, (b) the search of places or seizure of things
considered necessary for the investigation and to be produced at the trial; and
(5) formation of the opinion as to whether on the material collected there is a
case to place the accused before a Magistrate for trial and, if so, to take
necessary steps for the same by the filing of a charge-sheet under Section 173.
[Vide H.N. Rishbud & Anr. v. State of Delhi, AIR 1955 SC 196, State of M.P.
v. Mubarak Ali, AIR 1959 SC 707 and Navinchandra N. Majithia vs. State of Meghalaya
and Ors., (2000) 8 SCC 323)]
24.
When
the final report is laid after conclusion of the investigation, the Court has the
power to consider the same and issue notice to the complainant to be heard in case
the conclusions in the final report are not in concurrence with the allegations
made by them. Though the investigation was conducted by the CBI, the provisions
under Chapter XII of the Code would apply to such investigation. The police
referred to in the Chapter, for the purpose of investigation, would apply to
the officer/officers of the Delhi Police Establishment Act. On completion of the
investigation, the report has to be filed by the CBI in the manner provided in
Section 173(2) of the Code. [Vide Hemant Dhasmana vs. Central Bureau of Investigation
and Another, (2001) 7 SCC 536]
25.
In
view of the same, the Division Bench failed to appreciate the order dated
16.10.2007 passed by the learned single Judge directing the CBI to investigate into
cause of unnatural death of Rizwanur Rehman. We have already noted that as per
Section 2(h) of the Code investigation includes all the proceedings under this Code
for collection of evidence conducted by a police officer. The direction to conduct
investigation requires registration of an FIR preceding investigation and, therefore
had to be treated as casting an obligation on the CBI to first register an FIR and
thereafter proceed to find out the cause of death, whether suicidal or
homicidal. In order to find out whether the death of Rizwanur Rahman was suicidal
or homicidal, investigation could have been done only after registration of an FIR.
Therefore, CBI was justified in recording FIR on 19.10.2007 in terms of the
order dated 16.10.2007 passed by the learned Single Judge.
26.
The
inquiry/investigation under Section 174 read with Section 175 of the Code may
continue till the outcome of the cause of the death. Depending upon the cause
of death, police has to either close the matter or register an FIR. In the case
on hand, as per the post mortem report dated 22.09.2007, the cause of death of Rizwanur
Rahman was due to the effect of ten injuries on the body and which were anti mortem
in nature. In such circumstances, the proceedings under Section 174 of the Code
were not permissible beyond 22.09.2007 and registration of an FIR was natural outcome
to ascertain whether the death was homicidal or suicidal. Accordingly, in terms
of order dated 16.10.2007, CBI registered an FIR on 19.10.2007 under Section 120-B
read with Sections 302 and 506 IPC. The contrary observations made about the
orders of the learned single Judge cannot be sustained.
Inasmuch as the
direction of the learned single Judge is in accordance with law and the CBI investigated
the case in terms of the said order and submitted report based on which it was
permitted to file a report before an appropriate Court and also adduced liberty
to reinvestigate the issue if not arise, the Division Bench has erred in directing
the CBI to start investigation afresh in accordance with law by treating the complaint
of Rukbanur Rahman-brother of the deceased dated 21.09.2007 as FIR and to
register a case of murder. As rightly pointed out by the learned Solicitor General,
all this had already been done by CBI three years back. There is no need to register
another FIR when in respect of the same offence an FIR had already been registered.
Once an FIR had been registered lawfully and investigation had been conducted
leading to filing of charge sheet before the competent court of law for the
trial of accused persons, absolutely, there was no justifiable reason for the
Division Bench to direct re-registration of the same by lodging another FIR after
three years and proceed with the investigation which had already been concluded
by the CBI.
27.
The
Division Bench of the High Court has failed to note that the fresh
investigation into the same allegation would be a futile exercise and no purpose
would be served by investigating the case afresh, more particularly, when there
is no adverse comment on the investigation carried out by the CBI. The de novo investigation
by lodging another FIR would result in delay of justice since the Division
Bench has ordered to conduct the same investigation under the same sections
started three years back by the same agency, namely, the CBI. For all these
reasons, we are unable to sustain the reasonings of the Division Bench for a
fresh investigation by the CBI.
28.
Coming
to the directions passed by the High Court about the conduct of the officers
and taking action against them on the departmental side, we clarify that the concerned
department is free to take appropriate action in accordance with the
statute/rules/various orders applicable to them, after affording reasonable
opportunity of hearing. It should not be taken as neither the High Court nor
this Court concluded the issue about the allegations made against them. However,
we agree with the observation of the learned single Judge in respect of the conduct
of the officers in interfering with the conjugal affairs of the couple even without
any formal complaint against any one of them.
29.
In
the light of the above discussion, we conclude:
a. The learned single Judge
of the High Court is fully justified in passing interim order on 16.10.2007 appointing
the CBI to investigate into the unnatural death of Rizwanur Rahman and submit a
report;
b. The learned single Judge's
final order dated 14.08.2008 accepting the report and granting opportunity to
the CBI to proceed in accordance with law for filing charge sheet before the Competent
Court under Section 173(2) of the Code is accepted.
c. All the reasonings
recorded by the Division Bench of the High Court in the order dated 18.05.2010 are
unacceptable and hereby set aside;
d. Pursuant to the
orders of the learned single Judge, after investigation, CBI has filed charge sheet
on 20.09.2008 under Section 120-B read with Sections 306 and 506 IPC. In view
of the same and as per the statement of Mr. Lalit, Ashok Kumar Todi was in
custody for 45 days and on the orders of this Court, he was ordered to be
released and also of the fact that all other accused were enlarged, no further custody
is required. However, we make it clear that CBI is free to move an application before
the court concerned for appropriate direction, if their presence is required;
e. Any action against the
officers of the State Police Department, as suggested by the learned single Judge,
shall be in accordance with law and service conditions applicable to them and after
affording opportunity to them.
30.
All
the appeals are disposed of on the above terms.
................................................J.
(P. SATHASIVAM)
...............................................J.
(DR. B.S. CHAUHAN)
NEW
DELHI;
MARCH
1, 2011. 41
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