Babubhai
Jamnadas Patel Vs. State of Gujarat & Ors. [2009] INSC 1525 (2 September
2009)
Judgment
CRIMINAL
APPELLATE JURISDICTION CRIMINAL APPEAL NOS.1678-1679 OF 2009 (Arising out of
S.L.P.(Crl.)Nos.1878-1879 of 2009) Babubhai Jamnadas Patel ... Appellant State
of Gujarat & Ors. ... Respondents WITH CRIMINAL APPEAL NO...1680/2009 @
SLP(CRL.)NO.888/09
ALTAMAS
KABIR, J.
1.
Leave granted.
2.
These appeals are directed against the judgment and interim orders
dated 5th December, 2008 and 23rd January, 2009, passed by the Gujarat High
Court in Special Criminal Application No.1855 of 2008 and 2 order dated 16th
January, 2009, passed in Misc. Application No.15014 of 2008 in the said
application. The order dated 5th December, 2008, merely records the fact that
the learned Government Pleader and the Additional Public Prosecutor had placed
on record a copy of the order dated 1.12.2008 passed by the office of the
Police Commissioner intimating the Senior Police Inspector, Sabarmati Police
Station, that investigation of Karanj Police Station, F.I.R. No.254 of 2008,
under Sections 420, 465, 466, 467 and 120-B of the Indian Penal Code,
1860, had been handed over to the Assistant Commissioner
of Police, "C" Division, Ahmedabad City. By the said order, the High
Court also directed the Assistant Commissioner of Police, "C"
Division, Ahmedabad City, to file a progress report of the investigation
undertaken in the aforesaid F.I.R. dated 24th December, 2008. It was also
indicated that in the event final report was ready, the same 3 was not to be
submitted without prior intimation to Court.
3.
On 23rd January, 2009, the learned Additional Public Prosecutor
placed an "Action Taken Report" of even date before the Court. In the
said report, the officer concerned had stated that the investigation was being
conducted according to the procedure followed. Based upon the said report, the
Additional Public Prosecutor was directed to convey to the Officer present in
the Court to incorporate the details of the action taken by him from the date
of the receipt of the letter dated 5.12.2008 which, according to him, was
received by him on 12.12.2008. The learned Additional Public Prosecutor was
also directed to place on record the steps taken by the Police Authorities in
respect of Item No.13 mentioned in the Action Taken Report dated 11.11.2008
filed under the signature of Shri M.P. Joshi, Senior Police Inspector, 4
Sabarmati Police Station, Ahmedabad City. The matter was also adjourned till
30th January, 2009.
4.
The said three orders are the subject matter of the appeals under
consideration.
5.
The lands comprised in Block No.84 of Village Ambali, Taluka
Dascroi, were owned and occupied by several persons, including the respondents
herein.
According
to the appellant, the original land owners wanted to sell the lands to one
Kalaji Nathaji, who used to work as a broker in land transactions. Kalaji
Nathaji got in touch with the appellant and informed him about the proposed
transfer of the lands in question. On receipt of such information, the
appellant expressed his willingness to purchase the said lands. For the purpose
of changing the user of the land and to arrange for the sale subject to such
conversion, Kalaji Nathaji prepared a Power of Attorney of the original land
owners in favour of the appellant and 5 several persons who were not made
parties to the said Deeds.
6.
Upon execution of the said Power of Attorney, a registered Sale
Deed was executed for the undivided share of the original land owners in favour
of one Godavariben Chunnilal Thakkar. It may be pointed out that none of the
shares belonging to the respondents herein was sold by registered deeds of
sale. On the other hand, the land forming the subject matter of the present
proceeding was included along with other plots of land in the Draft Town
Planning Scheme No. 212. According to the appellant, various farmers joined
hands for the purpose of developing the property and they also jointly applied
to the Competent Authority and on the basis thereof the lands in question were
sold to form F.P.No.63 and out of a total area of 74,764 sq.mts., 52,335
sq.mts. were allotted for the aforesaid purpose.
7.
On 18.10.2005, the Respondent No.2 and several other persons
executed a notarized Agreement for Sale and a Supplementary Agreement in favour
of the appellant's son in respect of their undivided share in the said lands. A
joint Power of Attorney was also executed in favour of another son of the appellant.
Soon, thereafter, construction work was commenced on the said final plot as per
the sanctioned plans. According to the appellant, more than three years after
the date of commencement of the construction, the respondents and several other
persons commenced various litigations against the appellant.
8.
On 14th May, 2008, various people, including the Respondent No.2,
filed Special Civil Application No.7572 of 2008 before the High Court in
respect of civil disputes between the parties and the matter is still pending.
Thereafter, on 2nd June, 2008, the State of Gujarat filed Special 7 Criminal
Application No.1061 of 2008 before the High Court for a writ in the nature of
Mandamus for a direction to the police authorities of Sarkhej Police Station,
Ahmedabad, to register the complaint of the appellant under Section 154(3) of
the Criminal Procedure Code.
9.
F.I.R.No.187 of 2008 having been lodged on 11th August, 2008, the
High Court disposed of the Special Criminal Application filed by the respondent
on 12th August, 2008. Subsequently, on 25th September, 2008, the respondents
filed Special Criminal Application No.1855 of 2008 before the High Court
praying for transfer of F.I.R. No.187 of 2008, registered with Sarkhej Police
Station, Ahmedabad, to the Central Bureau of Investigation.
The said
prayer was ultimately given up. The High Court issued notice in the said writ
petition and directed the concerned Investigating Authority to submit the
Action Taken Report with respect to the 8 investigation carried out in respect
of F.I.R. No.187 of 2008 referred to hereinabove.
10.
By virtue of various other orders passed in the proceedings, the
High Court asked for a status report of the investigation conducted in the
matter. Subsequently, the F.I.R. in question came to be transferred from
Sarkhej Police Station to the Sabarmati Police Station, Ahmedabad. Two days
thereafter, a prayer was made for transfer of the investigation to the C.I.D.
(Crime) which was asked to submit periodical reports, so that the investigation
could remain under the control of the High Court to dispel any impression that
the investigation was not being conducted properly by the police authorities.
On 14th November, 2008, the Superintendent of Police, Ahmedabad (Rural), filed
an affidavit, but on the prayer made by the Public Prosecutor, the matter was
adjourned to enable him to take instructions as to whether the affidavits 9
filed by the Superintendent of Police (Rural) should be withdrawn or not.
11.
On 5th December, 2008, the High Court passed one of the impugned
orders recording the fact that both the learned Government Pleader and also the
learned Public Prosecutor were placing on record a copy of the order dated 1st
December, 2008, passed by the Office of the Police Commissioner informing the
Senior Police Officer, Sabarmati Police Station, that investigation of Karanj
Police Station C.I.R.No.254/2008 under Sections 420, 465, 466, 467 and 120-B of
the Indian
Penal Code had been handed over to the Assistant
Commissioner of Police, `C' Division, Ahmedabad City. The High Court directed
the said officer to file a Progress Report of the investigation in respect of
the said F.I.R. by 24th December, 2008. The investigating authorities were also
directed not to submit the 10 final report, if ready, without prior intimation
to the Court.
12.
On 30th December, 2008, by an oral direction given to the Public
Prosecutor by the High Court, the investigation was stayed till 17.1.2009. On
16th January, 2009, the High Court passed an order directing the Investigating
Officer that all materials/documents that were felt to be of importance in the
case were to be collected and a report to that effect was required to be filed
on the next date of hearing, i.e., 23.1.2009.
13.
On 23.1.2009, the learned Additional Public Prosecutor submitted
the Action Taken Report of even date. In that report, the Investigating
Officer, who was an officer of the rank of Assistant Police Commissioner, `C'
Division, Ahmedabad City, narrated the steps taken till then and what remained
to be done by way of further investigation in the matter. The Additional Public
11 Prosecutor was directed to convey to the Investigating Officer who was
present in the Court, that steps should be taken to incorporate the details of
the action taken by him from the date of receipt of letter dated 5.12.2008. The
learned Public Prosecutor was also directed to place on record the steps taken
by the police authorities with a specific item in the Action Taken Report dated
11.11.2008 filed under the signature of Mr. M.B. Joshi, Senior Police
Inspector, Sabarmati Police Station, Ahmedabad City.
14.
Appearing in support of the appeals, Mr. R.F. Nariman, learned
Senior Advocate, submitted that from the orders dated 5.12.2008 and 23.01.2009,
passed by the Gujarat High Court, it would be evident that the High Court had,
in fact, taken over the investigation by directing both the manner and mode in
which the investigation was to be conducted and the course which such
investigation 12 was required to take. It was submitted that the impugned
orders, together with the order dated 16.1.2009, would actually indicate that
the High Court wanted to retain control over the investigation which has only
served to hamper the investigation and cause severe prejudice to the appellant.
Mr. Nariman submitted that on several occasions, the affidavits filed by
Investigating Agency were rejected with directions to file fresh affidavits
causing a good deal of pressure on the Investigating Agency. Reference was made
to various decisions of this Court, wherein a view had been expressed that the
High Court should not direct the Investigating Agency to submit a report in
accordance with the Court's own views. Mr. Nariman submitted that it had been
categorically observed that the High Court would be exceeding its jurisdiction
under Article 226 of the Constitution of India in interfering with criminal
investigation in passing such orders.
15.
In this regard, Mr. Nariman referred to the decision of this Court
in Director, Central Bureau represented by its member K. Nandini, Advocate
& Ors. [(1995) 3 SCC 601], where the point urged by Mr. Nariman was
directly in issue. Considering the Division Bench judgment of the Kerala High
Court, in which reference was made to the material disclosed in the course of
investigation, this Court observed that having regard to the provisions of
Sections 162 and 172 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, the Division Bench
should have refrained from disclosing in its order, material contained in
police diaries and statements, especially when the investigation in the very
case was in progress. It was also observed that the High Court should also have
refrained from making any comments on the manner in which the investigation was
being 14 conducted by the Central Bureau of Investigation.
This
Court went on to further observe as follows :
"Any
observations which may amount to interference in the investigation, should not
be made. Ordinarily the Court should refrain from interfering at a premature
stage of the investigation as that may derail the investigation and demoralise
the investigation. Of late, the tendency to interfere in the investigation is
on the increase and Courts should be wary of its possible consequences. We say
no more."
16.
Mr. Nariman submitted that the aforesaid observation was
sufficient to indicate that investigation into an alleged offence is the
responsibility of the investigating agency which should not be interfered with
by the Courts, except for compelling reasons.
17.
Reference was also made to the decision of this Maharashtra &
Ors. [(2003) 2 SCC 649], by which several criminal appeals were disposed of on
20th 15 December, 2002. One of the issues which was considered in the said
appeals was whether the Court had the power to direct the Investigating Agency
to submit a report in accordance with the view taken by the Court. While
considering the provisions of Sections 156(3), 169, 173 and 190 Cr.P.C., this
Court held that while investigation is in progress, the Court cannot direct the
Investigating Agency to submit a report in accord with the Court's own view. In
the facts and circumstances of the said case, this Court observed that it was
open to the Magistrate, to whom the report is submitted by the Investigating
Agency after a full and complete investigation, to either accept the same or to
order a further inquiry. As far as the High Court is concerned, it could give
directions for prompt investigation, but it could not direct the Investigating
Agency to submit a report that is in accord with its views and that would
amount to unwarranted interference with the 16 investigation of the case by
inhibiting the exercise of statutory power by the Investigating Agency. In the
said case, this Court also set aside the direction given by the High Court that
not only should the case be investigated, but a charge-sheet must be submitted.
This Court held that whether a charge-sheet should be submitted or not was the
concern of the Investigating Agency and the High Court had exceeded its
jurisdiction in directing the same to be filed.
18.
Mr. Nariman urged that the same question, as enumerated
hereinabove, is also involved in SLP(Crl.)No.888 of 2009.
19.
Referring to the order of the High Court dated 21st October, 2008,
Mr. Nariman urged that the same would clearly demonstrate the manner in which
the investigation was being interfered with by the High Court. Mr. Nariman
submitted that the procedure adopted by the High Court in dealing with the 17
matter was not contemplated under the provisions of the Criminal Procedure Code
and while setting aside the order, the High Court should be requested to
refrain from doing any act or passing any order which would have the effect of
interfering with the investigation.
20.
In reply to Mr. Nariman's submissions, Mr. Dushyant Dave, learned
Senior Advocate appearing for the respondents, submitted that the powers of the
High Court under Articles 226 and 227 of the Constitution of India were
sufficiently wide to enable the High Court to direct a public authority to
perform its duties in accordance with law when it is brought to its notice that
the said functions were not being discharged by the said public authority.
21.
Mr. Dave submitted that through judicial pronouncements it has
been well settled that ordinarily the investigating authorities should be 18
left to perform their duties, as provided for under the statute, but in the
event, the said authority failed to perform such duties, as they were required
to perform, the Courts could direct, the investigating authorities to do so.
22.
Mr. Dave referred to the decision of this Court in S.N. Sharma vs.
Bipen Kumar Tiwari & Ors. [(1970) 1 SCC 653], which was a decision under
the old Code, wherein it was observed that though the Code of Criminal
Procedure gave to the police unfettered power to investigate all cases where
they suspected that a cognizable offence had been committed, in appropriate
cases an aggrieved person could always seek a remedy by invoking the power of
the High Court under Article 226 of the Constitution under which, if the High
Court was convinced that the power of investigation had been exercised by a
police officer mala fide, the High Court could always issue a writ of Mandamus
to 19 restrain the police officer from misusing his powers. Mr. Dave submitted
that this Court has uniformly held that the Courts should not normally
interfere with the investigative process unless it was established that the
investigating agency had remained inactive for whatever reason.
23.
Mr. Dave, then, referred to the decision of Administration &
Anr. [(1988) Supp. SCC 482], wherein, since a charge-sheet had already been
submitted by the investigating agency, a direction had to be given to the
Magistrate to exercise his powers under Section 173(8) Cr.P.C. to direct the
Central Bureau of Investigation to make a proper and thorough investigation in
an independent and objective manner and to submit an additional charge-sheet,
if any, in accordance with law. Mr.
Dave
pointed out that the said decision starts with the observation that the case in
hand was an 20 unfortunate case which tended to shake the credibility of police
investigation and undermined the faith of the common man in the Delhi Police
which was supposed to protect the life and liberty of the citizen and to
maintain law and order.
24.
Yet another decision of this Court referred to by Mr. Dave in this
regard is the decision in State [(1996) 3 SCC 682], where also directions were
given by the High Court for investigation by the Central Bureau of
Investigation which was upheld by this Court with the further direction that
the investigation by the CBI would be under the over- all control and
supervision of the Chief Justice of the High Court.
25.
To further bolster his submissions, Mr. Dave also referred to the
decision of this Court in [(1998) 1 SCC 226], popularly known as "Hawala
21 case", in which it was held that in the absence of appropriate
legislation and even executive orders in matters of public interest and
urgency, the Supreme Court, in exercise of its powers under Article 142 of the
Constitution, can issue orders and directions to fill the gap for enforcement
of fundamental rights and doing complete justice between the parties.
26.
Reference was also made to the decisions of Mallick & Ors.
[(1998) 8 SCC 43]; (2) Nirmal Singh Kahlon vs. State of Punjab & Ors.
[(2009) 1 SCC India & Ors. [(1992) 1 SCC 397]; and (4) Comptroller and
Auditor General of India, Gian Anr. [(1986) 2 SCC 679], wherein in the
circumstances of each case, this Court directed the Central Bureau of
Investigation to conduct fresh 22 investigation in order to do complete justice
to the parties.
27.
Mr. Dave referred to various orders passed by the Gujarat High
Court in similar matters, wherein similar orders were passed with regard to the
investigations and submissions of the Action Taken Report, which have been
annexed to the Special Leave Petitions.
28.
The State of Gujarat has chosen not to file any affidavit, but has
supported the submissions made by Mr. Dave.
29.
Responding to the decisions cited by Mr. Dave, Mr. Nariman
submitted that while in the decisions cited by Mr. Dave certain special
circumstances existed, in which directions had to be given by the High Court to
the investigating agencies, there is nothing extraordinary as to the facts of
these 23 cases which necessitated the monitoring of the cases by the High
Court.
30.
Mr. Nariman submitted that the dispute in the present cases
related to the allotment of houses in the Shivalik (Ambali) Cooperative Housing
Society Limited and the dispute was of a purely civil nature in respect of
which suits were also pending and did not require any such directions for the
purpose of investigation into the complaint made.
31.
The area of dispute ultimately narrows down to the question as to
whether the Courts can monitor investigations in respect of offences alleged to
have been committed when the investigation had already been commenced by the
investigating agency.
There is
little doubt that normally investigation of offences is the function of the
investigating agencies and the Courts do not ordinarily interfere with the
same. But, at the same time the High Court is vested with such powers, though
the same 24 are invoked only in cases where extraordinary facts are involved,
necessitating such monitoring by the Courts.
32.
In the circumstances, we are only required to see whether such an
extraordinary fact situation exists in this case which warranted such a course
of action to be adopted by the High Court.
33.
Though Mr. Nariman has in unequivocal terms denied that such
extraordinary circumstances exist in this case, which requires monitoring by
the High Court, it cannot be denied that the progress of the investigation has
been tardy and slow. It is in such circumstances that the investigation had to
be handed over to the Assistant Commissioner of Police, `C' Division, Ahmedabad
City, with a further direction upon the said Assistant Commissioner of Police
to file a progress report of the investigation undertaken in respect of the
First Information Report dated 24th December, 2008.
34.
Having regard to the factual circumstances in which the incident
had occurred, the Court adopted the procedure for keeping a watch over the
investigation in order to prevent a miscarriage of justice.
35.
In cases where it has been brought to the notice of the Courts
that investigation into an offence was not being carried on in the manner in
which it should have been carried on, directions have been given by the Courts
to the investigating agencies to conduct the investigation according to certain
guidelines, as otherwise the very purpose of the investigation could become
fruitless. The decisions cited by Mr. Nariman do not militate against the
concept of the Court's power, where necessary, to direct the authorities to
conduct themselves in a particular way. Once it is proved that there are no
other circumstances except those which were projected, the need for such
monitoring 26 diminished. However, there is nothing in the decisions cited by
Mr. Nariman to even remotely suggest that if the investigation was being
stalled, for whatever reason, the Courts were powerless to pass appropriate
orders to ensure that the investigation was proceeded with and justice was done
to the parties.
36.
The said position has been reiterated in the various decisions
cited by Mr. Dave, particularly in the case of Kashmeri Devi (supra), wherein a
direction had to be given to the Magistrate to exercise powers under Section
173(8) Cr.P.C. to direct the C.B.I. to make a proper and thorough investigation
in an independent and objective manner and to submit an additional
charge-sheet, if any, in accordance with law.
37.
The Courts, and in particular the High Courts and the Supreme
Court, are the sentinels of justice and have been vested with extraordinary
powers of 27 judicial review and supervision to ensure that the rights of the
citizens are duly protected. The Courts have to maintain a constant vigil against
the inaction of the authorities in discharging their duties and obligations in
the interest of the citizens for whom they exist. This Court, as also the High
Courts, have had to issue appropriate writs and directions from time to time to
ensure that the authorities performed at least such duties as they were
required to perform under the various statutes and orders passed by the
administration.
As for
example, in the instant case, the High Court had to repeatedly intervene and
pass orders to ensure that the investigation was being conducted diligently.
Periodical status reports were required in that regard. In fact, the High Court
had to direct the Additional Public Prosecutor to ask the Investigating Officer
to incorporate the details of the action taken by him from the date of receipt
of the letter dated 5th December, 2008. There is little 28 doubt that only
after the High Court began monitoring the progress of the investigation that
the Investigating Authorities began to deal with the matter with some amount of
seriousness.
38.
We are unable to agree with Mr. Nariman that the High Court in the
name of investigation directed both the manner and mode in which the
investigation was to be conducted or the direction in which the investigation
was to proceed. It is because of the tardy progress of the investigation that
the High Court had to step in at the instance of the respondents herein. It was
at the instance of the State of Gujarat, which filed Special Criminal
Application No.1061 of 2008 on 2nd June, 2008, before the High Court, that a
direction was issued to the Investigating Authorities to register the complaint
on 11th August, 2008, by way of F.I.R. No.187 of 2008.
39.
The various decisions cited by Mr. Dave endorse the view that when
required not only could the High Court or this Court direct the Investigating
Agencies to conduct the investigation in a fair and unbiased manner, but that
in exercise of its powers under Article 142 of the Constitution, the Supreme
Court could also issue directions for enforcement of fundamental rights and to
ensure that complete justice was done to the parties. In fact, in Kashmere
Devi's case (supra), this Court had directed the Magistrate to exercise powers
under Section 173(8) Cr.P.C. to direct the C.B.I. to make a proper and thorough
investigation in an independent and objective manner and to submit an
additional charge-sheet, if circumstances so required, in accordance with law.
40.
There is, therefore, no doubt that in appropriate cases, the
Courts may monitor an investigation into an offence when it is satisfied 30
that either the investigation is not being proceeded with or is being
influenced by interested persons.
41.
We are, therefore, not inclined to interfere with the orders of
the High Court impugned in these appeals and we direct the Investigating
Authorities to proceed in the manner indicated by the High Court in its
impugned orders. The appeals are, accordingly, dismissed.
...................J (ALTAMAS KABIR)
...................J (CYRIAC JOSEPH)
New Delhi
Dated: 02.09.2009.
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