Sanichar Sahni Vs.
State of Bihar [2009] INSC 1114 (26 May 2009)
Judgment
Reportable IN THE
SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. 772
OF 2008 Sanichar Sahni .... Appellant Versus The State of Bihar .... Respondent
Dr. B.S. Chauhan, J.
1.
This
appeal has been filed against the judgment and order passed by the High Court
of Patna in Criminal Appeal No.328 of 2003 affirming the judgment and order of
the trial court dated 30th May, 2003 and order of sentence dated 2nd June, 2003
passed in Sessions Trial No.122 of 2002.
2.
The
facts and circumstances giving rise to this appeal are that a First Information
Report was lodged on 12.10.2001 against Munilal Sahni, Biswanath Sahni, brother
and father of the appellant respectively. Golu Paswan and Kishore Thakur under
Sections 394/302/34 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (in short 2
"IPC") and Section 27 of the Arms Act for the murder of deceased
Bhola Chaudhary. During the course of investigation, it came to light that the
appellant had conspired with his father and brother to finish Bhola Chaudhary.
Charge sheet was filed against Munilal Sahni, Biswanath Sahni and the
appellant. At the time of framing of the charge on 21.11.2002, the appellant
was charged only under Section 120-B IPC alone and the co-accused Munilal Sahni
was charged under Sections 302/34, 394 and 412 of the IPC and Section 27 of the
IPC. Accused Bishwanath Sahni was charged under Section 302/34 IPC. None of the
co-accused was charged for conspiracy under Section 120-B IPC. The appellant
was not charged with any other offence except under Section 120-B IPC though
the specific case of the prosecution was that the appellant hatched the
criminal conspiracy with his father and brother to eliminate Bhola Chaudhary. On
conclusion of the trial, the appellant was convicted vide judgment and order
dated 30.5.2003 under Section 120-B IPC and was sentenced to undergo rigorous
imprisonment for life. Accused Bishwanath Sahni was convicted under Section
302/34 IPC and sentenced to R.I. for life. Accused Munilal Sahni was convicted
under Sections 302, 394 and 412 of 3 the IPC and sentenced to undergo R.I. for
life under Section 302, R.I. for seven years under Section 394 and R.I. for
three years under Section 412 IPC. He was further convicted under Section 27 of
the Arms Act and sentenced to undergo R.I. for one year.
3.
Being
aggrieved, all the convicted persons including the present appellant filed
appeal which has been decided by the impugned judgment and order dated
13.12.2007 by which the High Court acquitted Bishwanath Sahni, giving benefit
of doubt. Appeal of the present appellant and Munilal Sahni was dismissed.
4.
Munilal
Sahni challenged the judgment and order of the High Court and his special leave
petition has been dismissed by this Court. Hence, the present appeal by
appellant, Sanichar Sahni.
5.
Mr.
A.P. Sahay, learned counsel appearing for the appellant has submitted that
there was no evidence for hatching the conspiracy so far as the appellant is
concerned. The appellant had falsely been implicated in this case and no charge
of conspiracy under Section 120B IPC had been framed against any of the co-
accused and hence it is not permissible in law to convict the appellant under
the said charge as he has also not been charged for 4 any other offence. No
person can conspire with himself. Therefore, the appeal deserves to be allowed.
6.
On
the other hand, Shri Chandan Kumar, learned counsel appearing for the State of
Bihar has vehemently opposed the submission made by the counsel for the
appellant submitting that there was sufficient evidence against the appellant
for collecting "Rangdari" from the deceased Bhola Chaudhary. However
he could not pay at one time, when the appellant was in jail for committing some
other offence. Appellant came from jail to the Court and his father and brother
met him there. The appellant conspired with them to eliminate Bhola Chaudhary.
If there has been some defect in framing of the charge, unless the appellant
shows what prejudice has been caused to him, judgment and order of conviction
passed by the courts below should not be interfered with on such
technicalities. The appeal has no merit and is liable to be dismissed.
7.
We
have considered the rival submissions made by learned counsel for the parties
and perused the record. Admittedly, the appellant had been charged under
Section 120-B IPC and under no other provision of law. The other co-accused had
been charged 5 under different provisions but none of them had been charged
under Section 120B IPC. So far as the evidence on record is concerned, two
witnesses were examined on the point of conspiracy, namely, Ashok Paswan PW.2,
and Ashok Kumar Verma PW.5.
Learned counsel for
the parties had taken us to the depositions thereof. Both the said witnesses
had fully supported the prosecution case so far as point of conspiracy to
eliminate Bhola Chaudhary is concerned. It is strange that in the
cross-examination of Ashok Paswan PW.2, the defence did not make even a
suggestion that he had been deposing falsely to implicate the appellant. When
the statement of the appellant under Section 313 of the Code of Criminal
Procedure (in short "Cr.P.C.") was recorded on 5.4.2003 and was asked
about conspiracy, he simply replied that he had not conspired and he would
produce the defence witnesses in this regard. We fail to understand as where
was the question of adducing evidence after recording of the statement of the
accused under Section 313 Cr.P.C.
8.
As
per the trial court judgment the money bag containing Rs.11,000/- looted from
the deceased Bhola Chaudhary was recovered from accused Munilal Sahni, the
brother of the appellant 6 and it was established before the trial court that
the appellant had been demanding "Rangdari" from the deceased on
telephone. The Trial Court believed Ashok Paswan PW.2 and Ashok Kumar Verma
PW.5, so far as the conspiracy part is concerned as they had stated that in
their presence the appellant had directed his father and brother that if Bhola
Chaudhary deceased would not pay amount he should be finished. Both the
witnesses had given satisfactory explanation for being present in Hazipur Court
at the relevant point of time. The documentary evidence had been produced to
the satisfaction of the court to corroborate their evidence that the appellant
was present in the Court on 12.10.2001 to appear in Sessions Trial No.116/2001.
It was also satisfactorily proved that appellant had talked with co-accused,
his brother and father in between the place court Hajat and the court. The
trial court found no reason to disbelieve the depositions of Ashok Paswan PW.2
and Ashok Kumar Verma PW.5. The Trial Court came to the conclusion that
appellant Sanichar Sahni hatched the conspiracy and directed his brother and
father to finish Bhola Chaudhary in case the money was not paid by him and
consequently, Bhola Chaudhary was murdered by the co-accused on 12.10.2001 at
8.45 P.M.
9.
In
appeal, the High Court dealt with the issue of conspiracy elaborately and found
the evidence of Ashok Paswan PW.2 and Ashok Kumar Verma PW.5 fully trustworthy
and came to the conclusion that Bhola Chaudhary was murdered by the co-accused
in conspiracy for non-fulfillment of demand of "Rangdari". The High
Court held that both the said witnesses were present on that date i.e.
12.10.2001 in the court premises Hazipur and the appellant Sanichar Sahni was
also produced in the Court in custody and he met his father and brother and it
was in their presence that he had asked the co-accused to finish Bhola
Chaudhary if "Rangdari" was not paid.
10.
The
above concurrent findings of fact recorded by the courts below regarding the
conspiracy and murder of Bhola Chaudhary by the co-accused do not require to be
interfered with as there is nothing on record to show that the said findings
are perverse.
11.
So
far as the issue of framing charge under Section 120-B against the appellant
and non-framing the charge of conspiracy against other co-accused is concerned,
the High Court had taken up the issue but in view of the sufficient material on
record to prove 8 the guilt, did not consider it proper to deal with it
elaborately. The High Court has held as under:
"So far as
legality of conviction of appellant Sanichar Sahni is concerned, we have no
doubt in our mind that the evidence as discussed above is sufficient to fasten
liability upon him for making conspiracy to commit murder of victim Bhola
Chaudhary. The Court below has rightly convicted this appellant under Section
120B IPC."
12.
Learned
counsel Mr. A.P. Sahay, appearing for the appellant has placed reliance upon
the judgment of this Court in Topandas v. State of Bombay A.I.R. 1956 S.C. 33
wherein it has been held that in a case of conspiracy there ought to be two or
more persons who must be parties to an agreement and it is trite to say that
one person alone can never be held guilty for criminal conspiracy for the
simple reason that one cannot conspire with oneself. However, in the said case
four persons were charged for having committed the offence under Section 120-B
IPC and out of them three were acquitted of the charges, remaining one could
not be convicted to be guilty of the offence of criminal conspiracy. Same view
has been 9 SC 1326, wherein this Court held that the offence of conspiracy
cannot survive the acquittal of the alleged co-conspirators. In that case also
if the other co-accused were to be acquitted of all the charges, this Court
held that the appellant Fakhruddin could not be convicted unless there was a
proof that he had conspired with person or persons other than his co-accused.
Both the above referred to cases had been where all co-accused had been
acquitted of the charges of conspiracy. Thus the said cases referred to and
relied upon by the learned counsel for the appellant are of no assistance as
the facts involved in the instant case are quite distinguishable. At the most
it can be held that the charge had not been framed properly. It is also not the
case where the appellant can take the plea that he was not aware as what was
the charge against him and what defence he could lead. There had been evidence
of hatching the conspiracy of impeccable character. On the point of conspiracy
the courts below have recorded the finding against the appellant.
13.
In
State of A.P. v. Thakkidiram Reddy, (1998) 6 SCC 554, this Court considered the
issue of not framing the proper charges.
In that case averment
had been raised that charges have not been 10 framed against the accused
persons in accordance with Section 211 Cr.P.C.. In that case the charge had
been framed under Section 148 IPC, though it was alleged that they were the
members of an unlawful assembly, it was not mentioned what its common object
was. Besides, it was contended, a charge under Section 302 IPC simpliciter was
framed against all the accused persons and not with the aid of Section 149 IPC
for which they were convicted by the trial court. This Court repealed the
contention observing as under:
"10. Sub-section
(1) of Section 464 of the Code of Criminal Procedure 1973 ("Code" for
short) expressly provides that no finding, sentence or order by; a court of
competent jurisdiction shall be deemed invalid merely on the ground that no
charge was framed or on the ground of any error, omission or irregularity in
the charge including any misjoinder of charges, unless in the opinion of the
court of appeal, confirmation or revision, a failure of justice has in fact
(emphasis supplied) been occasioned thereby. Sub-section (2) of the said
section lays down the procedure that the court of appeal, confirmation or
revision has to follow in case it is of the opinion that a failure of justice
has in fact been occasioned. The other section relevant for our purposes is
Section 465 of the Code; and it lays down that no finding, sentence or order
passed by a court of competent jurisdiction shall be reversed or altered by a
court of appeal, confirmation or revision on account of any error, omission or
irregularity in the proceedings, unless in the opinion of that court, a failure
of justice has in fact been occasioned. It further provides, inter alia, that
in 11 determining whether any error, omission or irregularity in any
proceeding under this Code has occasioned a failure of justice, the Court shall
have regard to the fact whether the objection could and should have been raised
at an earlier stage in the proceedings."
The Court further
held that in judging a question of prejudice, as of guilt, court must act with
a broad vision and look to the substance and not to technicalities, and its
main concern should be to see whether the accused had a fair trial, whether he
knew what he was being tried for, whether the main facts sought to be
established against him were explained to him fairly and clearly and whether he
was given a full and fair chance to defend himself. In the said case this Court
ultimately came to the conclusion that in spite of defect in framing of charge,
as no prejudice had been caused to the convicts, no interference was required.
14.
A
Constitution Bench of this Court in Willie (William) Slaney, v. State of M.P.,
AIR 1956 SC 116, considered the issue of non- framing of charges properly and
conviction of an accused for the offences for which he has not been charged and
reached the conclusion as under:- "In such a situation, the absence of a
charge under one or other of the various heads of criminal liability for the
offence cannot be said to be fatal by itself, and before a 12 conviction for
the substantive offence, without a charge, can be set aside, prejudice will
have to be made out. ....
..... .... If it is
so grave that prejudice will necessarily be implied or imported, it may be
described as an illegality.
If the seriousness of
the omission is of a lesser degree, it will be an irregularity and prejudice by
way of failure of justice will have to be established".
15.
This
Court in Gurpreet Singh v. State of Punjab, (2005) 12 SCC 615 referred to and
relied upon its earlier judgments in Willie (William) Slaney, (supra) and State
of A.P. v. Thakkidiram Reddy, (supra) and held that unless there is failure of
justice and thereby the cause of the accused has been prejudiced, no
interference is required if the conviction can be upheld on the evidence led
against the accused. The Court should not interfere unless it is established
that the accused persons were in any way prejudiced due to the errors and
omissions in framing the charges against him.
16.
A
similar view has been reiterated by this Court in Ramji Singh v. State of Bihar
(2001) 9 SCC 528.
17.
Therefore,
the law on the issue can be summarized to the effect that unless the convict is
able to establish that defect in 13 framing the charges has caused real
prejudice to him and that he was not informed as what was the real case against
him and that he could not defend himself properly, no interference is required
on mere technicalities. Conviction order in fact is to be tested on the
touchstone of prejudice theory.
18.
In
the instant case learned counsel for the appellant, Mr. Sahay could not point
out as to what prejudice has been caused to the appellant. Charge has been
framed against the appellant under Section 120-B IPC. He never raised any
grievance against the same at the time of framing of the charge or during the
course of the trial or by filing any petition for quashing the charge. The
issue was not agitated before the High Court also. On this very issue of
conspiracy, the prosecution led evidence of impeccable character of two
witnesses, namely, Ashok Paswan PW.2 and Ashok Kumar Verma PW.5. The appellant
was given full opportunity to defend himself only on this very point of
conspiracy as there was no other allegation against him. He was asked specific
question by the trial court on the point of conspiracy while recording his
statement under Section 313 Cr.P.C. Therefore, it cannot be held even by any
14 stretch of imagination that any prejudice has been caused to the appellant
on this very issue.
19.
Thus,
in view of the above, we do not find any force in this appeal. The appeal is,
accordingly, dismissed.
.........................................J.
(Dr. Mukundakam Sharma)
.........................................J.
(Dr. B.S. Chauhan)
New
Delhi;
26th
May, 2009.
15 Digital Proforma
1. Case No. :
Criminal Appeal No. 772 of 2008
2. Date of decision :
26.5.2009
3. Cause Title :
Sanichar Sahni vs.
The State of Bihar
4. Coram : Hon'ble
Dr. Justice Mukundakam Sharma Hon'ble Dr. Justice B.S. Chauhan
5. Date of C.A.V. :
20.5.2009
6. Judgment delivered
Hon'ble Dr. Justice B.S. Chauhan by :
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