Abdul
Rahim & Ors. Vs. Sk.Abdul Zabar & Ors. [2009] INSC 497 (6 March 2009)
Judgment
IN THE
SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION CIVIL APPEAL NO. 1573 OF
2009 [Arising out of Special Leave Petition (Civil) No. 24819 of 2008] ABDUL
RAHIM & ORS. ... APPELLANTS VERSUS
S.B.
Sinha, J.
1.
Leave granted
2.
Interpretation and/or application of the Islamic Law on Gift
vis-`-vis handing over of possession of the property gifted is the question
involved in this appeal. It arises out of a judgment and order dated 30.6.2008
passed by the High Court of Orissa at Cuttack in First Appeal No. 197 of 1982
whereby and whereunder the First Appeal filed by the respondent No.1 -
plaintiff's has been allowed decreeing the suit. 2 3. Indisputably, the
properties in question belonged to one Haji Sk. Abdullah. He had two sons and
four daughters. Respondent No.1 - plaintiff was his elder son; whereas Abdul
Razak (`Razak') (since deceased), father of appellants, was the younger son.
His daughters were married. He gifted some lands in favour of his daughters in
1960. They in turn relinquished their rights in his properties. He executed a
registered deed of gift in favour of Razak on or about 21.2.1973. The property
gifted was a house. Adjoining thereby was a small patch of land which belonged
to the State. The State had granted a temporary lease in favour of Haji Sk.
Abdullah. It was being used for ingress to and egress from the said house. It
is also not in dispute that he executed various documents in the year 1975
transferring his properties in favour of respondent No.1, his sons as also the
sons of Razak, appellants herein.
The
recitals in the said deed of gift dated 21.2.1973 read as under:
"Description
- I, the donor purchased the schedule land from Sk. Abdul Azizi Ahmedi on
14.10.1958 by registered deed No. 11399 and since the date of purchase I have
been possessing as owner thereof.
Since I
have become old, you the donee being my younger son, you along with your wife
have been looking after me with utmost care and besides also you both are
paying utmost regards to me and so, satisfied with you I decided to gift you
the schedule land which is my self-acquired property and being in good health
and mind, I am 3 transferring the schedule land valued at rupees four thousand
approximately to you by way of gift and executing this deed of gift and having
done so.
I declare
that from to-day onwards you, and your children by succession will enjoy and
possess the same and pay rent to Anchal and obtain rent- receipts in your name
and whenever necessity arises you can transfer the same to which I will have no
objection. In case I object, it will not be accepted by any court of law and
this deed will remain valid and effective.
Dated
21st February, 1973."
4. In the
year 1975, Haji Sk. Abdullah filed an application before the Tahsildar, Bhadrak
for mutation of Razak's name in respect of the suit land in the revenue records
marked as Case No. 93 of 1975, stating:
"I,
the present applicant Hazi Seikh Abdullah aged 85 years, s/o Sk. Abdul Gafur,
at Sankarpur, Bhadrak, Dt. Balasore, do hereby state that on account of old age
I am unable to walk. Being satisfied with the services and help rendered by my
son Abdul Razak I have gifted the following lands to him by a registered gift
deed No. 1647 dated 21.2.73 and so, I have no claim over the said properties.
Therefore,
name of my son Abdul Razak may be entered in the tenancy ledger in place of my
name and rent may be collected from him."
5.
Indisputably, Razak also filed T.L. Case No. 7 of 1976 for grant of temporary
lease in respect of the said small patch of Govt. land which along 4 with the
suit land formed a compact area. The deed of gift was also produced in the said
proceedings. Respondent No.1 objected to the prayers made by the appellant. By
an order dated 6.4.1977, Tahasildar, Bhadrak while holding that the objection
raised by the respondent No.1 was without any merit, recommended renewal of the
licence in favour of Razak.
6.
Respondent No. 1 filed a suit being O.S. No. 112 of 1980 on or about 2.9.1980
in the court of Subordinate Judge, Bhadrakh inter alia praying for a
declaration that the said deed of gift dated 21.2.1973 was illegal, void and
inoperative.
Two
issues arose therein for consideration of the learned trial judge:
(1)
Whether the suit was barred by limitation; and (2) Whether Haji Sk. Abdullah
had handed over the possession of the properties in question in favour of Razak
Indisputably, during pendency of the suit, Razak died and his legal heirs,
appellants herein, were substituted in his place.
The trial
court dismissed the suit opining that the cause of action for filing the suit
having arisen on 6.4.1977, the suit was instituted beyond the period of
limitation as prescribed by Article 59 of the Schedule appended to the Limitation Act, 1963. It was furthermore held that as Razak had been 5
collecting the house rent from the tenants for the suit lands in his own
capacity and not as an agent of his father and also having regard to the order
of mutation in his favour, the deed of gift dated 21.2.1973 was valid in law.
7.
Respondent No. 1 preferred an appeal thereagainst. The High Court allowed the
said appeal inter alia holding that as Razak had been realising rent from the
tenants even prior to the date of death of his father and as there was no
material brought on record to show that Haji Sk. Abdullah had divested himself
of the title of the said property and Razak was in possession thereof. The High
Court furthermore opined that the respondent No. 1 came to know of the fact of
execution of the deed of gift in favour of Razak only in the year 1980.
8. Mr.
R.K. Dash, learned Senior Counsel appearing on behalf of the appellants would
submit that the High Court committed a manifest error in passing the impugned
judgment insofar as it failed to take into consideration that the premises
having been let out to the tenants, handing over constructive possession
thereof sub-served the requirements of law.
9. Mr.
Bharat Sangal, learned counsel appearing on behalf of the respondents, on the
other hand, would submit:
6 i)
Respondent No.1 has not been able to prove any overt act on the part of the
donor to establish that possession of the premises was in fact delivered to the
donee.
ii) As
the rents were being collected from the tenants even prior to the execution of
the deed of gift, collection of rent by itself would not establish delivery of
possession.
iii) The
order of mutation having been passed in respect of a separate strip of land and
being not the subject matter of the deed of gift, the same was not relevant for
determination of the issue.
iv) The
plaintiff having stated on oath that he had not filed any objection in the said
mutation proceedings and having come to learn about the execution of the deed
of gift only in the year 1980, the suit must be held to have been filed within
the prescribed period of limitation.
10. A
gift indisputably becomes complete when a person transfers with immediate
effect the ownership of his movable or immovable property to another person,
and that other person himself or someone else with his consent takes possession
of the property gifted. Under Mohammadan Law it is a contract which takes
effect through offer and acceptance.
7 The
conditions to make a valid and complete gift under the Mohammadan Law are as
under:
(a) The
donor should be sane and major and must be the owner of the property which he
is gifting.
(b) The
thing gifted should be in existence at the time of hiba.
(c) If
the thing gifted is divisible, it should be separated and made distinct.
(d) The
thing gifted should be such property to benefit from which is lawful under the
Shariat.
(e) The
thing gifted should not be accompanied by things not gifted; i.e. should be
free from things which have not been gifted.
(f) The
thing gifted should come in the possession of the donee himself, or of his
representative, guardian or executor.
It is
also well settled that if by reason of a valid gift the thing gifted has gone
out of the donee's ownership, the same cannot be revoked.
8 The
donor may lawfully make a gift of a property in the possession of a lessee or a
mortgagee. For effecting a valid gift, the delivery of constructive possession
of the property to the donee would serve the purpose. Even a gift of a property
in possession of trespasser is permissible in law provided the donor either
obtains and gives possession of the property to the donee or does all that he
can to put it within the power of the donee to obtain possession.
11. We
may notice the definition of gift as contained in various text books:
In
Mulla's Principles of Mohammadan Law the `HIBA' is defined as a transfer of
property made immediately without any exchange by one person to another and
accepted by or on behalf of later.
A.A.
Faizee in his `Outlines of Mohammedan Law' defined `Gift' in the following
terms:
"A
man may lawfully make a gift of his property to another during his lifetime, or
he may give it away to someone after his death by will. The first is called a
disposition inter vivos; the second a testamentary disposition. Mohammadan Law
permits both kinds of transfers, but while a disposition inter-vivos is
unfettered as to quantum, a testamentary disposition is limited to one-third of
the net estate. Mohammadan Law allows a man to give away the whole of his
property during his 9 life time, but only one-third of it can be bequeathed by
will."
Syed
Ameer Ali in his `Commentary on Mohammedan Law' has amplified the definition of
Hiba in the following terms:
"In
other words the "Hiba" is a voluntary gift without consideration of a
property or the substance of a thing by one person to anther so as to
constitute the donee, the proprietor of the subject matter of the gift. It
requires for its validity three conditions viz., (a) a manifestation of the
wish to give on the part of the Donor (b) the acceptance of the Donee either
impliedly or constructively and (c) taking possession of the subject matter of
gift by the donee either actually or constructively."
12. In
Maqbool Alam Khan vs. Mst. Khodaija & ors. [(1966) 3 SCR 479], it was held:
"The
Prophet has said: "A gift is not valid without seisin". The Rule of
law is:
"Gifts
are rendered valid by tender, acceptance and seisin.--Tender and acceptance are
necessary because a gift is a contract, and tender and acceptance are requisite
in the formation of all contracts; and seisin is necessary in order to
establish a right of property in the gift, because a right of property,
according to our doctors, is not established in the thing given merely by means
of the contract, without seisin." [See Hamilton's Hedaya (Grady's Edn.),
p. 482] Previously, the Rule of law was thought to be so strict that it was
said that land in the possession of a usurper (or wrongdoer) or of a lessee or
a mortgagee cannot be given away, see Dorrul 10 Mokhtar, Book on Gift, p. 635
cited in Mullic Abdool Guffoor v. Muleka. But the view now prevails that there
can be a valid gift of property in the possession of a lessee or a mortgagee
and a gift may be sufficiently made by delivering constructive possession of
the property to the donee. Some authorities still take the view that a property
in the possession of a usurper cannot be given away, but this view appears to
us to be too rigid. The donor may lawfully make a gift of a property in the
possession of a trespasser. Such a gift is valid, provided the donor either
obtains and gives possession of the property to the donee or does all that he
can to put it within the power of the donee to obtain possession."
[See also
Mullic Abdool Guffoor vs. Muleka [ILR 1884 (10) Calcutta 1112]
13. Faiz
Badruddin Tyabji in his `Muslim Law - The Personal Law of Muslims in India and
Pakistan' states the law thus:
"395.
(1) The declaration and acceptance of a gift do not transfer the ownership of
the subject of gift, until the donor transfers to the donee such seisin or
possession as the subject of the gift permits, viz. until the donor (a) puts it
within the power of the donee to take possession of the subject of gift, if he
so chooses, or (b) does everything that, according to the nature of the
property forming the subject of the gift, is necessary to be done for
transferring ownership of the property, and rendering the gift complete and
binding upon himself.
(2) Imam
Malik holds that the right to the subject of gift relates back to the time of
the declaration."
11
Transfer of possession under the Muslim Law is necessary for transferring complete
ownership. The learned author states:
"Transfer
of possession in hiba is not merely a matter of form, nor something merely
supplying evidence of the intention to make a gift. The necessity for the
transfer of possession is expressly insisted upon as part of the substantive
law, since transfer of possession effectuates that which the gift is intended
to bring about, viz. the transfer of the ownership of the property from the
donor to the donee. It may be said that transfer of possession is no more a
matter of form than the necessity for consideration for the validity of a
contract is a matter of form. The law does not ask, Did the donor really intend
to give the subject of gift, i.e. did he really intend to transfer the
ownership of the subject of gift from himself to the donee? What the law asks
is, Has the donor actually given away? or Has the ownership been actually
transferred from the donor to the donee? In regard to contracts it has been
well expressed:
"It
is often difficult to determine whether what is said amounts only to a
willingness to treat about a matter, or is an absolute contract; and the
adoption of a form removes the difficulty. So that what may have been
considered a mere matter of form becomes incorporated in substantive law. What has
to be determined is not whether the donor had finally resolved to make a gift,
but whether he had actually transferred away the property--and even where the
transfer is for consideration, possession has, in most systems of law, an
important bearing on the rights of the parties and others claiming through
them: since (under Muslim law) the owner's right ceases on his death, and
devolves upon his heirs, it follows that where the owner dies without
transferring the property to another, the person to whom a voluntary transfer
was 12 intended to be made, has no claim against the heirs."
14.
Indisputably, the deed of gift is a registered one. It contains a clear and
unambiguous declaration of total divestment of property. A registered document
carries with it a presumption that it was validly executed. It is for the party
questioning the genuineness of the transaction to show that in law the
transaction was not valid. We have noticed hereinbefore that Razak had been
receiving rent from the tenants. In fact, the respondent No. 1 in his suit
claimed a decree for apportionment of rent. We would presume that Razak had
been collecting rent from the tenants during the life time of his father. The
agency to collect rent, however, came to end as soon as an order of mutation
was passed in his favour. Apart from the fact that the Razak was allowed to continue
to collect rent which having regard to the declaration made in the deed of gift
must be held to be on his own behalf and not on behalf of the donor.
15.
Constructive possession of the suit premises must be held to have been handed
over by the donor as he had himself prayed for mutation of Razak's name in the
revenue record. The High Court, in our opinion, misconstrued the order of the
Revenue Authority. It having failed to take into consideration the import and
purport of the donor's application before 13 the Tahasildar committed a
manifest error in holding that the order of mutation on that basis was not
decisive. Respondent No.1 while examining himself as a witness (P.W.2)
furthermore categorically admitted:
"My
father applied in that case for recording the lease hold land in favour of D.1.
Despite my objection the D.1 was accepted as lessee in place of my father in
1976. Ext. D-4 is the Vakalatnama I executed in favour of Sri N.C. Mohapatra,
Advocate. Ext.D-5 is the petition of adjournment filed in that lease case on my
side. I could not follow the proceeding in T.L. 7/76. It is not a fact that I
knew about the gift to D.1. from 1976."
In a case
of this nature, thus, the transfer of constructive possession would sub-serve
the requirements of law.
In Munni
Bai & anr. vs. Abdul Gani [AIR 1959 Madhya Pradesh 225], it was held:
"(6)
However, delivery of possession can be made in such manner as the subject of
the gift is susceptible of : see Sadik Hussain Khan v. Hashim Ali Khan, 43 Ind
App 212 at p. 221 : (AIR 1916 PC 27). In a case of gift of the equity of
redemption when the mortgage is usufructuary, there can be no delivery of
physical possession of the property. In these circumstances, execution of Ex.
P-1 by Mst. Dhapli, by which, after making an oral declaration of gift, she
recognized the respondent as owner of the house and delivered the document to
him in token thereof, is sufficient delivery of possession."
14 16. A
learned single judge of the Orissa High Court in Abu Khan vs. Moriam Bibi [1974
(40) Cuttack Law Times 1306] held:
"....Delivery
of possession may be either actual or constructive. `Possession has been
defined in section 394 of the Muslim Law by Tyabji. The definition runs thus:-
"A person is said to be in possession of a thing, or of immovable
property, when he is so placed with reference to it that he can exercise
exclusive control over it, for the purpose of deriving from it such benefit as
it is capable of rendering, or as is usually derived from it."
Thus,
possession can be shown not only by acts of enjoyment of the land itself but
also by ascertaining as to in whom the actual control of the thing is to be
attributed or the advantages of possession is to be credited, even though some
other person is in apparent occupation of the land.
In one
case, it would be actual possession and in the other case, it would be
constructive possession."
In that
case, handing over of the deed of gift coupled with the declaration made in the
document was held to be sufficient for constituting a valid gift.
(See also
Valia Peedikakkandi Katheessa Umma & ors. vs. Pathakkalan Narayanath
Kunhamu [AIR 1964 SC 275] 15 We agree with the ratio laid down therein.
17. We,
therefore, are of the opinion that the High Court committed a serious error in opining
that the possession had not been handed over to Razak by the donor.
18.
Limitation for filing a suit in a case of this nature is governed by Article 59
of the Schedule appended to the Limitation Act,
which reads as under:
"Description
of Suit Period of Time from which period Limitation begins to run 59 To cancel
or set aside Three years When the facts entitling the an instrument or
plaintiff to have the decree or for the instrument or decree rescission of a
cancelled or set aside or the contract. contract rescinded first become known
to him."
Respondent
No.1 in his suit prayed for cancellation of and setting aside of the deed of
gift dated 21.2.1973. He became aware of the deed of gift in the proceedings
before the Tahasildar. He had filed objections on the Razak's application for
grant of lease in his name in respect of the small patch of lands which was
being used for ingress to and egress from the property in question. In that
proceeding itself, the donor himself had prayed for mutation of Razak's name in
respect of the property in question.
19. A
suit for cancellation of transaction whether on the ground of being void or
voidable would be governed by Article 59 of the Limitation Act.
The suit,
therefore, should have been filed within a period of three years from the date
of knowledge of the fact that the transaction which according to the plaintiff
was void or voidable had taken place. The suit having not been filed within a
period of three years, the suit has rightly been held to be barred by limitation.
In Md.
Noorul Hoda vs. Bibi Raifunnisa & ors. [1996 (7) SCC 767], this Court held:
"....There
is no dispute that Article 59 would apply to set aside the instrument, decree
or contract between the inter se parties. The question is whether in case of
person claiming title through the party to the decree or instrument or having
knowledge of the instrument or decree or contract and seeking to avoid the
decree by a specific declaration, whether Article 59 gets attracted? As stated
earlier, Article 59 is a general provision. In a suit to set aside or cancel an
instrument, a contract or a decree on the ground of fraud, Article 59 is
attracted. The starting point of limitation is the date of knowledge of the
alleged fraud. When the plaintiff seeks to establish his title to the property
which cannot be established without avoiding the decree or an instrument that
stands as an insurmountable obstacle in his way which otherwise binds him,
though not a party, the plaintiff necessarily has to seek a declaration and
have that decree, instrument or contract cancelled or set aside or rescinded.
Section 31 of the Specific
Relief Act, 1963 regulates suits for 17 cancellation
of an instrument which lays down that any person against whom a written
instrument is void or voidable and who has a reasonable apprehension that such
instrument, if left outstanding, may cause him serious injury, can sue to have
it adjudged void or voidable and the court may in its discretion so adjudge it
and order it to be delivered or cancelled. It would thus be clear that the word
`person' in Section 31 of the Specific Relief Act is wide enough to encompass a person seeking derivative title from his
seller. It would, therefore, be clear that if he seeks avoidance of the
instrument, decree or contract and seeks a declaration to have the decrees set
aside or cancelled he is necessarily bound to lay the suit within three years
from the date when the facts entitling the plaintiff to have the decree set
aside, first became known to him."
{See also
Sneh Gupta vs. Devi Sarup & Ors. [2009 (2) SCALE 765]} 20. For the reasons
aforementioned, the impugned judgment is set aside.
The
appeal is allowed with costs. Counsel's fee assessed at Rs.25,000/-.
.....................................J. [S.B. Sinha]
.....................................J. [Asok Kumar Ganguly]
.....................................J. [R.M. Lodha]
New Delhi;
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