Kamalavva
& ANR. Vs. State of Karnataka [2009] INSC 1311 (29 July 2009)
Judgment
CRIMINAL
APPELLATE JURISDICTION CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. 1136 OF 2002 Kamalavva & Anr.
.... Appellants Versus State of Karnataka .... Respondent
Dr.
MUKUNDAKAM SHARMA, J.
1.
The present appeal arises out of the judgment and final order
passed by the High Court of Karnataka at Bangalore whereby and whereunder the
High Court set aside the judgment and order of acquittal passed by the I Addl.
Sessions Judge, Belgaum under Section 302 read with Section 34 of the Indian
Penal Code, 1860 (in short `the IPC'). However, the High Court maintained the
order of acquittal passed by the trial court under Section 498-A IPC.
2.
In order to appreciate the contentions advanced by the parties and
legal issues involved, it is necessary to state brief facts of the case :
Deceased
Shoba was the daughter of the sister of Somappa Irappa Hunji (PW-1). As the
mother of the deceased Shoba was suffering from typhoid fever after six months
of the birth of Shoba, Shoba was being maintained and looked after by PW-1.
Shoba studied upto VII standard.
Subsequently,
PW-1 arranged the marriage of deceased Shoba with one Prakash (PW-5) as per
their customs when she was 18 years old. PW - 1 gave certain articles and Rs.
5,000/- at the time of her marriage. For about 6 months after the marriage both
Shoba and her husband were living happily.
Thereafter,
Kamalavva (A-1) who is the mother-in-law of the deceased Shoba and Siddawwa
(A-2) who is the sister-in-law of A-1 started illtreating Shoba by asking her
to bring more money as dowry and also by alleging that Shoba was not attending
the household work etc.
3.
On 09.04.1995 at about 6.00 p.m. a person from Hannikeri village
where Shoba was then residing with her husband informed PW-1 that 2 Shoba had
sustained burn injuries and was admitted to Civil Hospital at Belgaum. On
receipt of this information, PW-1 along with his wife Tangewwa (PW-2), his son
Ishwar (PW-3), and others went to the hospital at about 10.30 p.m. and found
that Shoba had sustained burn injuries and then they came to know from Shoba
that A-1 had poured petrol over her and A-2 had set fire to her as a result of
which she had sustained burn injuries. The neighbours came to the spot and put
off the fire and she was taken to the hospital by her husband Prakash (PW-5).
While admitting her at the hospital, the Resident Medical Officer sent a
requisition to the outpost of APMC Police Station, Belgaum located at Civil
Hospital, Belgaum on 09.04.1995 at about 4.00 p.m. to the effect that the Shoba
had been admitted to the hospital with burn injuries and her condition was
serious and, therefore, her dying declaration should be recorded. On receiving
the said request PW-15 sent a requistition to the Tehsildar requesting him for
recording the dying declaration of the deceased Shoba. The said Tehsildar, who
is also the Taluk Executive Magistrate, recorded the dying declaration of the
deceased Shoba on 09.04.1995 at the District Hospital, Belgaum. The said Taluk Executive
Magistrate was also examined in the trial as PW-17 who has deposed extensively
on the 3 recording of the aforesaid dying declaration. The said dying
declaration was in the question-answer form. The following question was put to
the deceased Shoba as question No. 5 to which the answer was given by the
deceased in the following manner :
"Question
- 5 Who is responsible for the assault on you or for your present condition ?
Answer In the afternoon, my mother-in-law and sister-in- law poured Petrol on
me and have lit fire."
In
response to another question, she had correctly given the names and addresses
of her mother-in-law (A-1) and sister-in-law of her mother-in-law (A-2) who had
poured petrol on her and lit the fire. Subsequently, Shoba died on 11.04.1995
at 7.00 p.m. Thereafter, the police converted the case which was registered
against both the Accused Nos. 1 and 2 to a case for the offences punishable
under Section 498-A, 302 read with Section 34 IPC.
Thereafter,
Piroji Jotiba Ghatagennavar, DSP (PW-20) took up further investigation and
after completing the investigation filed a charge sheet against the accused
persons. As the offences alleged against the accused persons were exclusively
triable by the Court of Sessions, the learned Magistrate committed the case to
the Court of Sessions at Belgaum in S.C. No. 4/96 on the file of the I Addl.
Sessions Judge, Belgaum.
4.
The learned Sessions Judge framed charges against the accused
persons for the offences punishable under Section 498-A, 302 read with Section
34 IPC. The accused persons denied the allegations made against them and
claimed to be tried. During the trial, the prosecution examined in all 20
witnesses and documents produced were exhibited as Exs. P-1 to P-24 and M.Os. 1
to 4. The accused persons did not lead any evidence in their defence. After
examining the witnesses and hearing rival arguments, the learned Sessions Judge
by his judgment dated 20.02.1998 acquitted both the accused persons holding
that the prosecution had failed to establish the charges against the accused
persons.
5.
Aggrieved by the judgment and order of the trial court the State
of Karnataka preferred the appeal being Criminal Appeal No. 533 of 1998 in the
High Court of Karnataka at Bangalore. The High Court by its impugned judgment
and order dated 20.08.2002 allowed the appeal and partly set aside the judgment
of the trial court. By the said judgment both the accused persons were
convicted under Section 302 read with Section 34 of IPC and sentenced to
undergo rigorous imprisonment for life and also to pay a fine of Rs. 500/- each
in 5 default to undergo rigorous imprisonment for two months. However, the High
Court maintained the order of acquittal under Section 498-A of IPC.
6.
The learned counsel appearing for the appellants forcefully
submitted that the High Court committed an error of fact and also of law in
convicting the appellants for offence punishable under Section 302 read with
Section 34 of IPC. It was submitted that there was inordinate delay in lodging
the FIR and there is no proper explanation for the same. The LTI of the
deceased was also not attested and the person recording the same did not come
forward to give evidence. It was further submitted that as the upper limb of
the deceased was burnt, the possibility of her putting LTI was highly
improbable.
7.
It was contended that the dying declaration although was a
recorded dying declaration but it suffers from many infirmities and therefore
the same should not have been acted upon and should have been rejected as not
reliable by the courts below. It was submitted that the dying declaration was
not properly recorded as the PW-17 who recorded the dying declaration was not
the regular Taluka Executive Magistrate of Belgaum, and he was only 6 in-charge
and that the signature of the deceased was also not attested. It was further
contended that as the said dying declaration did not have any certificate of
the doctor attached to it certifying that the deceased was in a fit condition
to make a statement, the aforesaid dying declaration should have been
discarded. It was also submitted that there was a long delay in recording the
FIR by the police having jurisdiction to record such statement and to
investigate.
8.
On the other hand, learned counsel appearing for the State refuted
the above submissions and supported the judgment of the High Court.
9.
In the light of the aforesaid submissions of the counsel appearing
for the parties, the main issues that arise for our consideration are twofold;
(i) Delay, if any in lodging the FIR and its effect on the prosecution case and
(ii) Whether the dying declaration referred to and relied upon by the High
Court is reliable, trustworthy and could be acted upon ?
10.
So far as the first issue with regard to the delay in filing the
FIR is concerned, true and correct position that emerges on a careful reading
of the entire evidence on record before the Court is that immediately after
admission of the patient (the deceased) into the hospital, the Resident 7
Medical Officer of the Civil Hospital, Belgaum sent a requisition to the police
outpost located at the hospital itself requesting for getting the dying
declaration of the patient recorded as her condition was serious. The police in
the outpost in terms of the said request sent a requisition to the Taluka
Executive Magistrate who in terms of the request got the dying declaration
recorded on 09.04.1995 itself at the District Hospital, Belgaum. On 10.04.1995,
the statement of the patient (the deceased) was recorded at the District Hospital,
Belgaum by the police wherein she specifically stated that her mother-in-law
took the petrol that had been kept in the house for the purpose of putting to
the engine used for sprinkling medicine and also lit the fire on her. She also
stated that the sister-in-law of the mother-in-law instigated her to kill her
i.e. the deceased Shoba. The patient died on 11.04.1995. PW-13 who was
initially the investigating officer being the SHO at Nesargi Police Station was
examined in this connection, who stated that on 12.04.1995 he received a Crime
bearing No. 31 of 1995 from APMC Police Station which was registered as an
offence punishable under Section 498-A, 109 read with Section 34 IPC. He also
stated that since the said patient namely, the deceased Shoba later on died he
registered the same on 12.04.1995 in Crime No. 33 of 1995 for offence under
Section 498-A, 302, 109 and 34 IPC. He was also cross-examined and he stated
that as per 8 the FIR of APMC the said case was registered on 10.04.1995 at
1.00 p.m.
He also
stated that all the papers were handed over on 12.04.1995. In view of the
aforesaid evidence, a submission was made that there was a delay in filing the
FIR in as much as although the alleged incident of burning had taken place on
09.04.1995 the same came to be recorded in the form of a formal FIR only on
12.04.1995. On going through the records and its proper examination we are
unable to accept the said contention for the simple reason that information was
received about the incident of burning at the police outpost of APMC Police
Station located in the hospital itself on 09.04.1995 when requisition was sent
for recording the dying declaration pursuant to which the dying declaration was
recorded on 09.04.1995. On 10.04.1995, a statement was taken from the deceased
by the police officer himself. Consequently, it is established that the formal
FIR came to be recorded on 12.04.1995 although the incident was reported on
09.04.1995 on the basis of which the police started the investigation by
sending a requisition to the Taluka Executive Magistrate which was followed up
by recording of the statement of the deceased by the police. Delay, therefore,
in recording the formal FIR stands explained.
11.
The next and the most vital issue which was raised is regarding
the admissibility of the dying declaration stated to have been made by the
deceased before her death. Before dealing with the factual aspect of the dying
declaration, it would be necessary to know the exact legal position which has
been laid down and reiterated by this Court time and again.
12.
The question as to admissibility of a dying declaration came up
before this Court in several cases. In Laxman v. State of Maharashtra (2002) 6
SCC 710, wherein also a question regarding the admissibility of the dying
declaration was raised. The Constitution Bench held that the Court must decide
that the declarant was in a fit state of mind to make the declaration, but
where the eye witnesses' evidence including the evidence of a Magistrate who
had recorded the dying declaration to that effect was available, mere absence
of doctor's certification as to the fitness of the declarant's state of mind,
would not ipso facto render the dying declaration unacceptable. It was further
held that the evidentiary value of such dying declaration would depend upon the
facts and circumstances of the each particular case.
13.
In paragraph 3 of the said judgment, this Court discussed the
juristic theory regarding acceptability of a dying declaration in the following
manner:- "3. The juristic theory regarding acceptability of a dying
declaration is that such declaration is made in extremity, when the party is at
the point of death and when every hope of this world is gone, when every motive
to falsehood is silenced, and the man is induced by the most powerful consideration
to speak only the truth. Notwithstanding the same, great caution must be
exercised in considering the weight to be given to this species of evidence on
account of the existence of many circumstances which may affect their truth.
The situation in which a man is on the deathed is so solemn and serene, is the
reason in law to accept the veracity of his statement....."
14.
The Constitution Bench in that case also referred to an earlier
decision of this Court in Koli Chunilal Savji v . State of Gujarat (1998) 9 SCC
303, wherein it was held that the ultimate test with regard to the
admissibility of a dying declaration is whether the dying declaration can be
held to be a truthful one and voluntarily given. In the said decision it was
also held that before recording the declaration, the officer concerned must
find that the declarant was in a fit condition to make the statement. The
aforesaid ratio of the said decision was affirmed by the Constitution Bench in
Laxman case (supra).
15.
In Vikas and Others v. State of Maharashtra reported in (2008) 2
SCC 516 wherein this Court elaborately discussed the previous relevant decision
governing the legality of dying declaration and observed in para 45 as follows
:
"45.
The Court, referring to earlier case law, summed up principles governing dying
declaration as under:
(Paniben
case4, SCC pp. 480-81, para 18) "18. (i) There is neither rule of law nor
of prudence that dying declaration cannot be acted upon without corroboration.
(ii) If
the court is satisfied that the dying declaration is true and voluntary it can
base conviction on it, without corroboration.
(iii)
This Court has to scrutinise the dying declaration carefully and must ensure
that the declaration is not the result of tutoring, prompting or imagination. The
deceased had opportunity to observe and identify the assailants and was in a
fit state to make the declaration.
(iv)
Where dying declaration is suspicious it should not be acted upon without
corroborative evidence.
(v) Where
the deceased was unconscious and could never make any dying declaration the
evidence with regard to it is to be rejected.
(vi) A
dying declaration which suffers from infirmity cannot form the basis of
conviction.
(vii)
Merely because a dying declaration does not contain the details as to the
occurrence, it is not to be rejected.
(viii)
Equally, merely because it is a brief statement, it is not to be discarded. On
the contrary, the shortness of the statement itself guarantees truth.
12 (ix)
Normally the court in order to satisfy whether the deceased was in a fit mental
condition to make the dying declaration looks up to the medical opinion. But
where the eyewitness has said that the deceased was in a fit and conscious
state to make this dying declaration, the medical opinion cannot prevail.
(x) Where
the prosecution version differs from the version as given in the dying
declaration, the said declaration cannot be acted upon."
16.
After referring to the decision of this Court in Khushal Rao v.
State of Gujarat reported in AIR 1958 SC 22, this Court in Vikas & Ors.
(supra) reiterated the legal position that where a dying declaration is
recorded by a competent Magistrate, it would stand on a much higher footing
inasmuch as a competent Magistrate has no axe to grind against the person named
in the dying declaration of the victim and in absence of circumstances showing
anything to the contrary, he should not be disbelieved by the court.
17.
In the case of Nallapati Sivaiah v. Sub-Divisional Officer,
Guntur, A.P. reported in AIR 2008 SC 19, in paragraph 18 it was stated thus;
"18.
It is equally well settled and needs no restatement at our hands that dying
declaration can form the sole basis for conviction. But at the same time due
care and caution must be exercised in considering weight to be given to dying
declaration in as much as there could be any number of circumstances which may
affect the truth. This Court in more than one decision cautioned that the
courts 13 have always to be on guard to see that the dying declaration was not
the result of either tutoring or prompting or a product of imagination. It is
the duty of the courts to find that the deceased was in a fit state of mind to
make the dying declaration. In order to satisfy itself that the deceased was in
a fit mental condition to make the dying declaration, the courts have to look
for the medical opinion."
18.
In the aforesaid decision this Court while referring to the
decision of the Constitution Bench in Laxman case reiterated that there is no
requirement of law that the dying declaration must necessarily contain a
certification by the doctor that the patient was in a fit state of mind especially
when the dying declaration was recorded by a Magistrate. It was also held in
the said decision that it is the testimony of the Magistrate that the declarant
was fit to make statement gains the importance and reliance can be placed upon
declaration even in the absence of the doctor's certificate provided the court
ultimately holds the same to be voluntary and truthful.
19.
In the backdrop of the aforesaid legal principles laid down by
this Court, we will now examine the admissibility of the dying declaration in
the case in hand.
20.
PW-17 (Tahsildar) has stated that he was asked by the police to
record the dying declaration of the deceased Shoba who was undergoing treatment
in the hospital. He proceeded to the hospital and recorded the statement in the
presence of Dr. M.S. Sangolli (PW-18) which was marked as Ext. P.17.
The
aforesaid statement was recorded in the form of questions and answers.
From the
nature of the answers the deceased has given, it cannot be said that she has
not understood the questions and has not given proper answers.
Therefore,
it is not difficult to conclude that the mental capacity of the deceased was sound
and she was capable of giving answers to the questions put forth by PW-17. The
aforesaid dying declaration was recorded by PW- 17 in the presence of PW-18 who
is a doctor attached to the same hospital.
He has
categorically stated in his evidence that the doctor had given the certificate
to the effect that the injured was in a position to give the declaration. P.W.
18 also signed Ext. P. 17 (Dying Declaration). The thumb impression of the
deceased Shoba was also taken on Ext. P.17. The doctor (PW-18) who was present
at the time of recording the dying declaration has also attached a certificate
to the effect that the said dying declaration was recorded in his presence.
21.
In view of the aforesaid clear and unambiguous factual position we
are of the considered opinion that the High Court was totally justified in
relying upon the dying declaration recorded by the Taluka Executive Magistrate
(PW-17) The technical objection raised by the counsel for the appellant
regarding the unavailability of doctor's certification and endorsement as to
mental fitness of the deceased, is liable to be rejected in as much as the same
has been held by this Court in numerous decisions as a mere rule of prudence
and not the ultimate test as to whether or not the said dying declaration was
truthful or voluntary.
22.
PW-17, who recorded the dying declaration had in his deposition
categorically stated that the deceased while making the aforesaid statement was
conscious and in a fit mental condition to make such a statement. PW- 17 being
a Public Officer, we find no reason as to why he will implicate a person
falsely. Accordingly, the aforesaid dying declaration could be relied upon as
the same was truthfully recorded and the said statement gave a vivid account of
the manner in which the incident had taken place. The same also corroborates in
all respect with the statement given by the deceased to the police on
10.04.1995. The said statement was also recorded by the police officer of the
rank of ASI and the deceased also put her LTI in it. In our 16 considered
opinion, the dying declaration is reliable and trustworthy and gives an
accurate version of the manner in which the incident had taken place.
23.
In view of the aforesaid discussion and taking an overall view of
all the facts and circumstances of the case and also the evidence on record, we
find no ground to interfere with the order of conviction and sentence recorded
by the High Court holding the appellants guilty of the offence under Section
302 read with Section 34 of IPC. The present appeal therefore deserves to be
dismissed which we hereby do. The order of conviction and sentence recorded
against the appellants by the High Court is, therefore, upheld.
.......................................J. [Dalveer Bhandari]
....................................J.
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