Rajesh Kumar Vs.
State of H.P. [2008] INSC 1696 (3 October 2008)
Judgment
IN THE SUPREME COURT
OF INDIA CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. 639 OF 2001 Rajesh
Kumar ..Appellant Versus State of H.P. ..Respondent
Dr. ARIJIT PASAYAT,
J.
1.
1
Challenge in this appeal is to the judgment of the Division Bench of the
Himachal Pradesh High Court holding the appellant and one Surjit Singh guilty
of offence punishable under Section 302 read with Section 34 of the Indian
Penal Code, 1860 (in short the `IPC') and each sentenced to imprisonment for
life and to pay a fine of Rs.5,000/- with default stipulation. By order dated
19.2.2001, the Special Leave Petition was dismissed qua Surjit Singh.
2.
Prosecution
version leading to the trial is as follows:
Both the accused are
brothers. They and Ravinder Kumar (hereinafter referred to as the `deceased')
were the residents of Village Nangal Jarialan, Tehsil Amb District Una. On
17.01.1998, the deceased had gone to Nangal Jarialan market for purchasing some
articles where he met Adesh Kumar (PW-14) and Raghubir Singh (PW-15).
PW-14 told them that
he wanted to go to some secluded place away from the market for excreting.
PW-15 and deceased accompanied PW-14 on his scooter who drove it towards the
rivulet. He stopped the scooter at the road side and went towards the shrubs in
the nallah. The deceased and PW-15 remained standing near the scooter waiting
for the arrival of PW-14 who returned after some time. In the meanwhile, both
the accused happened to pass through the place on a tractor bearing
registration No.PB-07-D-6173. They saw the deceased standing on the road side.
They stopped the tractor and pounced upon the deceased by wielding a 'Drat' and
`Danda'. Surjit Singh hit the deceased on the head with the 'Drat' and Rajesh
Kumar assaulted with 'Danda' and gave blows on other parts of the body. The
deceased started wailing whereas PWs.14 and 15 were bewildered. PW-14 was able
to over power Rajesh Kumar and in the process the deceased managed to get
himself freed from the clutches of the accused. He ran towards the field in
order to save his life with bleeding injuries. But he could manage to go up to
a distance of few feet, and fell down and became unconscious.
Both the accused fled
away from the scene of the occurrence on the tractor before other persons could
reach at the scene of occurrence. On hearing about the incident Shri Harnam
Singh (PW-16), President, Gram Panchayat, Nangal Jarialan, came at the spot
with numerous other persons. PW-14 informed the police at Police Station,
Gagret about the incident. He also brought Dr. Baldev (PW-20) a private medical
practitioner from the village who examined the deceased and advised that the
deceased be immediately taken to the hospital. The deceased was thereafter taken
to Civil Hospital, Gagret.
The mother of the
deceased Smt. Jamna Devi (PW-1) after being informed about the incident,
reached at Civil Hospital, Gagret at about mid night. The deceased succumbed to
his injuries on the same day. Dr.
Bhardwaj (PW-11) medically
examined the deceased on the same day at about 8.40 P.M., in Primary Health
Centre, Gagret. He noticed that the deceased was unconscious and was not
responding. He found the following injuries on the person of the deceased;
1. An incised wound
on the scalp present on the occipital and parietal area 5 cms. Long. The
margins were regular and smooth. There was no fresh bleeding oozing out of the
wound. This wound was 2cms. Deep.
2. Bruise mark 2 cm x
2 cm present on the mastoid area of right pinna.
3. Lacerated wound on
left hand between the index finger and fourth finger. It was not bleeding.
4. Two lacerated
injuries on the right leg. One injury was 1 cm x 1/2 cm with irregular margins.
It was irregular margins.
It was present 8 cms
below patella of right leg. Second injury was 1 cm x 2 cm with irregular
margins present 6 cms below the first one.
5. Lacerated wound
2cms. long skin deep present on the left forearm on the dorsal aspect of the
hand.
3 Dr. N.K.Bhardwaj
advised shifting of the deceased to District Hospital, Una for X-ray and
further treatment. He had stitched the wound on the head of the deceased and
due to stitching the margins of the wound had become irregular. He issued
medico legal certificate Ex. PF/1. According to the opinion of Dr. Bhardwaj the
injury on the head of the deceased was sufficient to cause his death in
ordinary course of the nature. Dr. Bhardwaj also opined that the injury on the
head of the deceased could be caused by 'Drat' and other injuries found on the
body of the deceased could have been inflicted by bamboo stick.
Shri Kailash Chand
(PW-22) who at the relevant time was posted as Station House Officer, Police
Station, Gagret recorded the information received by him from PW-11 Dr. N.K.
Bhardwaj in daily diary register, a copy of which was marked Ext. PQ. He
immediately rushed to the hospital and recorded the statement (Ext. PJ) of
PW-14 which was sent to Police Station, Gagret for registration of the case, on
the basis of which First Information Report No.12/98 came to be registered. The
F.I.R. later on transferred to Police Station, Amb marked (Ext. PT) because
during the investigation the place where the occurrence took place was found
within the jurisdiction of Police Station, Amb. The post mortem of the dead body
of Ravinder Kumar was conducted by Dr. S.P. Kanwar (PW13), Medical Officer,
District Hospital, Una who found the following injuries on his body;
1. There was a
lacerated wound 6 cm x 2 cm x bone deep on the vault of the skull. It was on
the occipito-parietal region transversely placed. It was situated 6" from
the left pinna and 5 1/2 from the right pinna and 9 1/2" posterior to the
4 root of the nose. Underlying bone of the skull had sustained depressed
fracture of the wound.
2. There was contused
lacerated wound 2 cm x 1 cm x 1.5 cm on anterior aspect of the right leg,
6" above the medial malleolus.
3. An abrasion 3 cm x
1 cm on the middle of the right leg on the anterio medial aspect. It was
reddish brown in colour.
4. A contused
lacerated wound 3 cm x 2 cm x 1 cm on the cleft between the 4th & 5th
fingers of the left hand.
5. There were
multiple abrasions on the medial aspect of the left fore-arms and wrist, which
were reddish in colour.
6. There was contused
lacerated wound 1cm x 0.5 cm x 0.5 cm. on the proximal 1/3rd of the right
forearm on the medial aspect.
After investigation
charge sheet was placed. Since the accused persons denied their involvement in
the offence, trial was held.
Twenty three
witnesses were produced to further the prosecution version. The trial court
held that the evidence of the eye witnesses, more particularly PWs 14 & 15,
clearly established that common intention of the accused persons was to cause
death of the accused.
Accordingly
conviction was recorded. Before the High Court it was submitted that the
evidence of PWs 14 & 15 do not inspire confidence.
In any event so far
as the present appellant is concerned Section 34 IPC has no application. The
High Court did not find any substance in the aforesaid stand and dismissed the
appeal. Both Surjit Singh and the present appellant filed special leave
petition. Special Leave petition was dismissed so far as the Surjit Singh is
concerned, as noted above.
3.
In
support of the appeal Mr. Shiva Pujan Singh learned counsel for the appellant
submitted that the prosecution version even if accepted in its totality does
not make out a case for application of Section 302 IPC read with Section 34
IPC.
4.
Learned
counsel for the State on the other hand submitted that the conduct of the
accused before and after the occurrence clearly shows the existence of common
intention for the murder of the deceased.
5.
It
is to be noted that according to the prosecution case Surjit Singh was armed with
drat and appellant with danda and Surjit Singh hit the deceased with the drat.
So far as the appellant is concerned he was carrying a lathi and had assaulted
on non-vital parts of the body. The Doctor had noticed five injuries except the
incised wound on the scalp which are attributable to the assault done by danda
on non vital parts. The Doctor's evidence was to the effect that the injury No.
1 was the fatal one. Though the aforesaid aspect cannot always be the
determinative of question as to whether Section 34 IPC has application, yet in
the present case we find that PW 14 took away the lathi from the appellant and
threw it out. Thereafter the only role played according to the prosecution
witnesses is that he was running. He did not pick up the lathi which had been
thrown up by PW 14 and the prosecution witnesses have accepted that he did
nothing thereafter except running. In that view of the matter there is
substance in the plea of learned counsel for the appellant that Section 34 has
no application so far as Section 302 is concerned.
6.
Section
34 has been enacted on the principle of joint liability in the doing of a
criminal act. The Section is only a rule of evidence and does not create a
substantive offence. The distinctive feature of the Section is the element of
participation in action. The liability of one person for an offence committed
by another in the course of criminal act perpetrated by several persons arises
under Section 34 if such criminal act is done in furtherance of a common
intention of the persons who join in committing the crime. Direct proof of
common intention is seldom available and, therefore, such intention can only be
inferred from the circumstances appearing from the proved facts of the case and
the proved circumstances. In order to bring home the charge of common
intention, the prosecution has to establish by evidence, whether direct or
circumstantial, that there was plan or meeting of mind of all the accused
persons to commit the offence for which they are charged with the aid of
Section 34, be it pre-arranged or on the spur of moment; but it must
necessarily be before the commission of the crime. The true contents of the
Section are that if two or more persons intentionally do an act jointly, the
position in law is just the same as if each of them has done it individually by
himself. As observed in Ashok Kumar v. State of Punjab (AIR 1977 SC 109), the
existence of a common intention amongst the participants in a crime is the
essential element for application of this Section. It is not necessary that the
acts of the several persons charged with commission of an offence jointly must
be the same or identically similar. The acts may be different in character, but
must have been actuated by one and the same common intention in order to
attract the provision.
7.
As
it originally stood, Section 34 was in the following terms:
"When a criminal
act is done by several persons, each of such persons is liable for that act in
the same manner as if the act was done by him alone."
8.
In
1870, it was amended by the insertion of the words "in furtherance of the
common intention of all" after the word "persons" and before the
word "each", so as to make the object of Section 34 clear. This
position was noted in Mahbub Shah v. Emperor (AIR 1945 Privy Council 118).
9.
The
Section does not say "the common intention of all", nor does it say
"and intention common to all". Under the provisions of Section 34 the
essence of the liability is to be found in the existence of a common intention
animating the accused leading to the doing of a criminal act in furtherance of
such intention. As a result of the application of principles enunciated in
Section 34, when an accused is convicted under Section 302 read with Section
34, in law it means that the accused is liable for the act which caused death
of the deceased in the same manner as if it was done by him alone. The
provision is intended to meet a case in which it may be difficult to
distinguish between acts of individual members of a party who act in
furtherance of the common intention of all or to prove exactly what part was
taken by each of them. As was observed in Ch. Pulla Reddy and Ors. v. State of
Andhra Pradesh (AIR 1993 SC 1899), Section 34 is applicable even if no injury
has been caused by the particular accused himself. For applying Section 34 it
is not necessary to show some overt act on the part of the accused.
10.
The
above position was highlighted recently in Anil Sharma and Others v. State of
Jharkhand [2004 (5) SCC 679], in Harbans Kaur v. State of Haryana [2005(9) SCC
195] and Amit Singh Bhikamsingh Thakur v. State of Maharashtra [2007(2) SCC
310].
11.
There
is no proposition in law that relatives are to be treated as untruthful
witnesses. On the contrary, reason has to be shown when a plea of partiality is
raised to show that the witnesses had reason to shield actual culprit and
falsely implicate the accused. No evidence has been led in this regard.
12.
The
appellant has to be convicted on the basis of injuries inflicted by him.
According to us the appropriate conviction would be under Section 326 IPC and
custodial sentence of three years would meet the ends of justice.
13.
The
appellant who has been released on bail shall surrender to custody forthwith to
serve remainder of sentence, if any.
14.
The
appeal is allowed to the aforesaid extent.
.........
.......................J. (Dr. ARIJIT PASAYAT)
..........................J
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