Cochin University of Science & Technology & ANR Vs. Thomas P. John & Ors [2008] INSC 806 (6 May 2008)
B.N. AGRAWAL & HARJIT SINGH BEDI & G.S. SINGHVI
REPORTABLE CIVIL APPEAL NO.4159 OF 2003 With C.A. No. 6418/2003 HARJIT SINGH
BEDI,J.
1. These appeals by special leave arise out of the following facts:
2. In the Undergraduate 4 years B. Tech. Cost-Sharing Engineering Course of
eight semesters started in the year 1995 by the appellant university, 10% seats
were reserved for Non- Resident Indian Students (hereinafter called "NRI
students").
As per the prospectus such students were required to make a deposit of US
$5000 at the time of their admission towards 'development charges' and to pay
in addition a fee of Rs.20,000/- per semester whereas all the other categories
of students were required to pay a uniform fee of Rs.20,000/- per semester.
From the academic year 1996-97, however, the University increased the fee for
NRI students to US $4000 per annum whereas the other students continued to pay
fee at the rate of Rs.20,000 per semester. This practice was continued for
three admission years, i.e. 1996-97, 1997-98 and 1998-99, but from the year
1999-2000 the provisions made in the year 1995- 96 i.e. confining the payment
of fee to a one time payment US $5,000 and Rs.20,000/-per semester were
restored. The respondents herein who had been admitted to the course in
question during the years 1997-98 and 1998-99 filed representations claiming
that they had been adversely treated by the appellant University and that they
were entitled to claim parity vis-`-vis the fee structure for NRI students as
from the years 1999-2000 onwards. As the representations bore no result, 34 of
the 56 NRI students who had been admitted to the course during the two years,
filed two writ petitions before the Kerala High Court. On notice, a counter
affidavit was filed by the Registrar on behalf of the appellant University
pointing out that the NRI students had not been admitted to the course on the
basis of merit and that the B. Tech. programme conducted at the Centre was a
self-financing and unaided one being run exclusively with funds collected by
way of fees. The fact as to the increase and the changes made from time to time
in the fee structure were broadly admitted but it was pleaded that the
Syndicate of the University had reduced the fee for the batch entering the
course for the year 1999-2000 before the admission process had commenced and
that the writ petitioners could not claim an automatic reduction in the fee and
it was essential that the fee structure designed for a particular batch should
be allowed to continue as to make a change midway would lead to a complete
break down of the finances of the University. The Division Bench of the High
Court observed that two questions arose for consideration:
(1) Is the action of the University in charging fee at different rates from
the students on the basis of the batches in which they were admitted arbitrary
and unfair ? (2) Are the petitioners estopped from challenging the impugned
action? and then went on to examine each point under specific heads.
While dealing with the question No.1, the Court observed that there appeared
to be no rationale for subjecting the writ petitioners to a higher rate of fee
than the rate fixed in the years 1995-96 and 1999-2000 onwards more
particularly as in the written statement filed on behalf of the University no
basis for a differential treatment had been disclosed and the averment that a
reduction in the fee would lead to financial stress in the conduct of the
courses had not been substantiated by facts and figures. The Court also
observed that even assuming that the university had the right to fix the rate
of fee, a duty was still cast on it to act fairly, and being a statutory body,
its decision was to be based on reasonable facts and if a classification
between the different categories of students was pleaded, it must satisfy the
test of having a rational basis.
3. On question No.2, the Court held that though the University had issued a
prospectus disclosing the fee structure, it would not bind the respondents even
on the principle of estoppel, as estoppel was a principle of equity and as it
appeared that the fundamental right of the writ petitioner under Article 14 of
the Constitution had been violated, the same could not be waived even by their
own action. The ultimate direction was accordingly rendered on 2nd April 2003
as under:
"In view of the above, the writ petitions are allowed. The University
is directed to refund the extra fee charged from the petitioners. It may be
noticed in this connection that initially the levy of an additional fee had
been stayed by this Court. However, on a subsequent date, the order of stay was
vacated. At that time an undertaking was given by the University that in case the
writ petition is allowed, the disputed amount of fee shall be refunded. The
University shall do so within two weeks from the date of receipt of a certified
copy of this order. In case of failure to refund within the time as aforesaid,
it shall be liable to pay the amount along with interest at the rate of 10%
from the date of deposit till the date of refund. The University is also
directed to declare the result of the petitioners forthwith."
4. It is against this judgment and order of the Division Bench that the
present appeals have been filed by way of Special Leave. This matter first came
up for hearing on 9th May 2003 on which date leave was granted and pending
proceedings the order for refund was stayed. We have also been told that this
Court had directed the respondent students as an interim measure to pay the
entire fee as per the fee structure under which they had been admitted and it
is the conceded position that all the students have in fact deposited the
amounts in question.
5. Mr. T.L.V.Iyer, the learned senior counsel appearing for the University
has seriously controverted the conclusions of the High Court and has pointed
out that it was open to a self financing institution to fix its own fees and
interference in this exercise by the Court was not called for. He has submitted
that there was adequate material on record to show that the University was in
need of funds as the course set up was a new one and the necessary
infrastructure and facilities had yet to be developed which justified a substantial
fee on those who could best afford it. The learned counsel has placed reliance
for this submission on T.M.A.Pai Foundation vs. State of Karnataka (2002) 8 SCC
481, Islamic Academy of Education & Anr. vs.
State of Karnataka & Ors. (2003) 6 SCC 697, P.A.Inamdar &
Ors. vs. State of Maharashtra & Ors. (2005) 6 SCC 537. On the second
question, posed by the High Court, Mr. Iyer has submitted that it would be a
very dangerous doctrine to lay down, that a student having accepted admission
under a particular fee structure could turn around and say at a later stage
that the fee which was called upon to pay was excessive and that he was liable
to pay such fee which was leviable on students admitted in subsequent years. It
has been highlighted and in this situation that there would be complete
uncertaintly in the quantum of funds available and that it would be well nigh
impossible for any educational institution to chalk out its own parameters for
development. It has finally been submitted that having taken admissions under a
certain fee regime the NRI students were estopped from challenging the same in
Court. In support of this argument, the learned counsel has relied upon Om
Prakash Shukla vs. Akhilesh Kr.Shukla &
Ors. (1986) Supp. SCC 285 and Standard Chartered Bank vs.
Andhra Bank Financial Services Ltd. & Ors. (2006) 6 SCC 94.
6. Mr. Rao, the learned senior counsel for the respondents has, however,
supported the judgment of the Division Bench and has submitted that though the
right of the University to fix a fee was undeniable, but the quantum was
required to be reasonable and also supported by relevant material to justify
the levy. He has pointed out the stand of the university had been a vacillating
one, as before the High Court the plea taken was that the funds available from
the NRI students were required for infrastructure development whereas a
complete somersault had been made in the affidavit filed in this Court by
pleading that it had been observed, that during the admissions made in the year
1997-98 and 1998-99 meritorious NRI students had not sought admission on
account of the high fee and it was in that eventuality that the University had
decided to re-introduce the fee structure for the year 1995-96, so as to
attract NRI students from a wider base. It has been submitted by Mr. Rao that
the quantum of the fees and the manner of its imposition suggested that the
fees was, in fact, a capitation fee, the levy of which was completely barred by
several judgments of this Court and in this connection has placed reliance on
T.M.A.Pai Foundation & Ors. (supra). It has been pleaded that as per the
budget estimates shown in the affidavit filed by the university in this Court (
from the year 1996-97 to 1999- 2000) it was clear that there were substantial reserves
with the University during the years 1997-98 (academic years) which did not
warrant an increase in the fee. It has finally been argued that in the light of
the judgments aforequoted, the fee structure for the year 1995-96, and 1996-97
had been determined by a committee and as such any deviation therefrom by the
University was unjustified. For this pleading on facts Mr. Rao has referred us
to Civil Appeal No. 6143/2003.
7. At the very outset, it must be observed that the dispute pertains only to
two years and as of today there appears to be no difficulty, as the fee
structure is now devised by committees set up under the orders of the Supreme
Court in the aftermath of the judgment in T.M.A.Pai's case (supra). We are also
of the opinion that the matter relating to the fixation of a fee is a part of
the administration of an educational institution and it would impose a heavy
onus on such an institution to be called upon to justify the levy of a fee with
mathematical precision.
The Supreme Court has laid down several broad principles with regard to the
fixation of fees and as of today, those principles are being adopted by the
committees set up for the purpose. It must be understood at the outset that an
educational institution chalks out its own programme year wise on the basis of
the projected receipts and expenditure and for the court to interfere in this
purely administrative matter would be impinging excessively on this right. From
this, however, it should not be understood that the educational institution has
a carte blanche to fix any fee that it likes but substantial autonomy must be
left to it. Mr. Rao has very candidly admitted that it was undoubtedly open to
an educational institution to fix its fee but subject to certain broad
principles.
We have accordingly gone through the affidavits filed by the appellant
University and they reveal that the University had set up the new course in the
year 1995-96 for which funds were required for infrastructure development, the
development of a faculty, which would mean making provision for adequate salary
for the teaching and supporting staff so as to attract the best minds. It has
also been emphasized in the second affidavit that the fees had been first
increased and subsequently reduced as experience had shown that the amount of
US $ 5000 per year was excessive and left out consideration a large number of
NRI students who could not afford the fee and in order to make the course
available to a larger segment amongst this category, the fee had been reduced.
We are of the opinion that no contradiction or fault can be found with the
University in taking these two stances in the two affidavits as they supplement
each other and make out a justification for the initial increase in the fee and
subsequent downward revision.
8. We have also gone through the judgments cited by the learned counsel. In
T.M.A.Pai case (supra) several questions as to the rights of minority
institutions to manage their own affairs were taken up one of the significant
questions being the right to determine and levy fee. Question 5(c) and its
answer are reproduced below:
Q.5(c) Whether the statutory provisions which regulate the facets of
administration like control over educational agencies, control over governing
bodies, conditions of affiliation including recognition/ withdrawal thereof,
and appointment of staff, employees, teachers and principles including their
service conditions an regulation of fees, etc. would interfere with the right
of administration of minorities? A. So far as the statutory provisions
regulating the facets of administration are concerned, in case of an unaided
minority educational institution, the regulatory measure of control should be
minimal and the conditions of recognition as well as the conditions of
affiliation to a university or board have to be complied with, but in the
matter of day-to-day management, like the appointment of staff, teaching and
non-teaching, and administrative control over them, the management should have
the freedom and there should not be any external controlling agency. However, a
rational procedure for the selection of teaching staff and for taking
disciplinary action has to be evolved by the management itself.
For redressing the grievances of employees of aided and unaided institutions
who are subjected to punishment or termination from service, a mechanism will
have to be evolved, and in our opinion, appropriate tribunals could be
constituted, and till then, such tribunals could be presided over by a judicial
officer of the rank of District Judge.
The State or other controlling authorities, however, can always prescribe
the minimum qualification, experience and other conditions bearing on the merit
of an individual for being appointed as a teacher or a principal of any
educational institution.
Regulations can be framed governing service conditions for teaching and
other staff for whom aid is provided by the State, without interfering with the
overall administrative control of the management over the staff.
Fees to be charged by unaided institutions cannot be regulated but no
institution should charge capitation fee."
9. It was further held that though no capitation fee or profiteering was
permissible but "reasonable surplus to cost (sic) expansion and
augmentation( sic) facilities do not, however, amount to profiteering".
This judgment came up for consideration in the Islamic Academy case (supra)
primarily at the instance of unaided professional educational institutions,
both minority and non-minority. Several questions were posed before the Court
and question No.1 was whether the educational institutions were entitled to fix
their own fee structure. This question was answered as under:
"So far as the first question is concerned, in our view the majority
judgment is very clear. There can be no fixing of a rigid fee structure by the
Government. Each institute must have the freedom to fix its own fee structure
taking into consideration the need to generate funds to run the institution and
to provide facilities necessary for the benefit of the students. They must also
be able to generate surplus which must be used for the betterment and growth of
that educational institution. In paragraph 56 of the judgment it has been
categorically laid down that the decision on the fees to be charged must necessarily
be left to the private educational institutions that do not seek and which are
not dependent upon any funds from the Government.
Each institute will be entitled to have its own fee structure. The fee
structure for each institute must be fixed keeping in mind the infrastructure
and facilities available, the investments made, salaries paid to the teachers
and staff, future plans for expansion and/or betterment of the institution etc.
Of course there can be no profiteering and capitation fees cannot be charged.
It thus needs to be emphasized that as per the majority judgment imparting of
education is essentially charitable in nature. Thus the surplus/profit that can
be generated must be only for the benefit/use of that educational institution.
Profits/surplus cannot be diverted for any other use or purpose and cannot be
used for personal gain or for any other business or enterprise."
10. It was as a consequence of the directions issued in this case that a
committee headed by a retired Judge was set up in each State to examine the fee
structure which would be applicable both to aided and non-aided educational
institutions with a further direction that the recommendations made by the
committee were to remain binding for 3 years. Both the aforesaid judgments came
up for consideration in P.A.Inamdar's case (supra) and it was observed that
though a limited number of seats not exceeding 15% may be made available to
NRIs depending upon the discretion of the management, two essential conditions
were to be kept in mind; (1) the seats would be utilized for the benefit of
bonafide NRIs and their children or wards and that within this quota merit
would not be given a complete go-by and (2) further that the amount of money
"in whatever form collected by such NRIs, should be utilized for the
benefiting students such as from economically weaker sections of the society,
whom, on well-defined criteria, the educational institution may admit on
subsidized payment of fee."
11. A reading of the aforesaid judgments would reveal that the broad
principle is that an educational institution must be left to its own devices in
the matter of fixation of fee though profiteering or the imposition of
capitation fee is to be ruled out and that some amount towards surplus funds
available to an institution must be permitted and visualized but it has also
been laid down by inference that if the broad principles with regard to
fixation of fee are adopted, an educational institution cannot be called upon
to explain the receipts and the expenses as before a Chartered Accountant. We
find that the observations of the Division Bench of the High Court that no
rational basis for the fixation of a higher fee for two years had been
furnished, lays down an onus on the educational institution, which would be
difficult for it to discharge with accuracy. It bears repetition that the
University had set up the self-financing B.Tech. Course in the year 1995 and no
grant in aid was available during this period or later and it had to make
arrangements for its own funds. We have also examined the budget estimates,
receipts and expenditure from the year 1996- 97 to 1999-2000. We do find that
there is a surplus in the hands of institution but in the facts that a new
course was being initiated which would require huge investments, the surplus
was not unconscionable so as to require interference.
Moreover, the University had made its budget estimates keeping in view the
proposed receipts and if the fee levied by it and accepted by the students was
permitted to be cut down mid term on the premise that the University had not
been able to explain each and every item to justify the levy, it would perhaps
be impossible for it to function effectively.
12. We are also of the opinion that it would be well nigh impossible for an
educational institution to have an effective administration and to maintain
high educational standards, if a downward revision during the pendency of a
course would be automatically made applicable to students admitted earlier
under a different fee structure. A periodic revision is also visualized in the
directions of the Supreme Court in Islamic Academy's case (supra) wherein it
has been provided that the fee structure fixed by a committee headed by a
retired Judge would be operable for 3 years. In the present case, we find that
the NRI students took admission on certain specific conditions and the
University has a right to insist that those conditions are observed. To our
mind, therefore, it would not be open to the students to contend that
notwithstanding that they had been admitted on a certain fee structure they
were entitled to claim as a matter of right, a reduction in fee to bring them
at par with students admitted later under a lower fee structure. The argument
of estoppel in such a case would, thus, be available to an educational
institution. The High Court was influenced by the fact that estoppel was a plea
in equity and as the right of the NRI students under Article 14 appeared to
have been violated, this plea was not available to the University. We do not
agree with this submission for several reasons, firstly the NRI students have
not been granted admission on their over all merit but on the basis of the 10%
reservation in their favour and as such any claim based on equity would be
suspect and secondly each set of admissions made year wise cannot be said to
over lap the admissions made earlier or later. We have also considered Mr.
Rao's submission that the fee had the trappings of a capitation fee. We find no
merit in this assertion, as the fee is being levied year wise for the course.
We have also gone through the judgments cited by Mr. Iyer. To our mind, they
are not applicable to the facts of this case.
13. Mr. Rao has finally submitted that as the fee for the years 1995-96 and
1996-97 had been fixed by a committee set up under the directions of the
Supreme Court it was not open to the Syndicate to suggest a higher fee
thereafter. We find, however, that there seems to be a misconception as to the
facts as it is the specific case of the University that the fee had been fixed
by the Syndicate under Section 18 of the Cochin University of Science and
Technology Act, 1976 and not by any committee.
14. We therefore, find that the judgment of the Division Bench of the High
Court cannot be sustained. We accordingly set it aside and allow the appeals
with no order as to costs.
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