Moriroku Ut India (P) Ltd Vs. State of U.P. & Ors [2008] INSC 329 (3
March 2008)
S. H. Kapadia & B. Sudershan Reddy CIVIL APPEAL NO. 1709 OF 2008 (arising out of SLP(C) No. 8789/07) with Civil
Appeal No. 1710 of 2008 (arising out of SLP(C) No. 9259/07) KAPADIA, J.
Leave granted in both the special leave petitions. Civil Appeal arising out of SLP(C) No. 8789/07:
[Moriroku UT India (P) Ltd. v. State of U.P. & Ors.]
2. This civil appeal filed by M/s Moriroku UT India (P) Ltd. is directed
against judgment dated 6.4.2007 delivered by Division Bench of the Allahabad
High Court in CWP (Tax) No. 13/04 by which, the writ petition filed by the
appellant herein, seeking to restrain the AO from imposing any tax on moulds
(toolings) supplied by its customer, Honda Siel Cars India Ltd., free of cost
was sought to be taxed under Section 3 of U.P. Trade Tax Act, 1948, stood
dismissed.
3. Appellant is the company registered under the Companies Act, 1956
and is a manufacturer of plastic automobile components. Appellant is
manufacturing such components for use in the Honda Siel Cars manufactured in
India by Honda Siel Cars Ltd. (hereinafter called the "customer"), as
per designs and specifications given by it. The customer supplies tools, dies,
moulds etc. (toolings) free of cost to the appellant herein to enable it to
manufacture automobile components.
4. For the assessment year 2000-2001, a final assessment order was passed on
29.10.2002 under the provisions of the U.P. Trade Tax Act, 1948 ("1948
Act"). Thereafter, a notice under section 21 was issued by the AO for
reassessment to which the appellant submitted its reply. By the said Notice,
the appellant was called upon to show cause why amortisation cost in respect of
toolings and moulds should not be taxed under section 3 of the 1948 Act.
5. Vide reassessment order dated 30.9.2003, tax was imposed on the
amortisation cost on the ground that the sale price of the auto components
should be the same both for the purposes of Central Excise Act, 1944
("1944 Act") and for 1948 Act.
6. Being aggrieved, an appeal was preferred by the appellant-assessee under
section 9 of the 1948 Act, which was rejected in the light of the circular
dated June, 2003 issued by the Commissioner, Trade Tax, U.P. by which
amortisation cost was sought to be taxed under the 1948 Act.
Accordingly, the appellant herein challenged the validity of the circular
which, as stated above, was upheld by the High Court. Hence, this civil appeal.
7. A short question which arises for determination in this civil appeal is:
whether amortisation cost of toolings was includible in the sale price of
auto components as in the case of excise duty under Central Excise Act, 1944?
In other words, whether the Department was right in equating sales tax to
excise duty.
8. For deciding this case, we are required to consider the concept of
amortisation of costs. The expression "amortisation", in accountancy
parlance is a general expression, which basically means the writing off of the
cost of an asset over a period of time. As a matter of usage,
"depreciation" is the expression used in relation to tangible assets,
"depletion" to natural assets, which are subject to exhaustion, for
example, oil deposits or mineral deposits, an "amortisation" to
intangible assets, such as, patents, copyrights, trade marks etc. Thus,
depreciation is a form of amortisation. The Accounting Standard (AS 28)
relating to impairment of assets uses the following expression:
"Depreciation (amortisation) is a systematic allocation of the
depreciable amount of an asset over its useful life."
9. One of the working differences between the depreciation and amortisation
and the reason why the expression "depreciation" is used in relation
to tangible man-made assets in preference to amortisation is that the notion of
depreciation is to write off 90% of the cost of asset over its useful life
either on a sliding scale system, which is the written-down value method, which
works on the reducing balance principle or on the straight- line method in
which 90% of the cost is written off over the estimated useful life. On the
other hand, amortisation generally is to write off the entire cost. The concept
of amortisation is indicated in Section 35D of the Income- tax Act, 1961. It
refers to amortisation of preliminary expenses. These are, however, differences
only in practice and not in the fundamental underlined concept, i.e., to
apportion the cost of even fixed assets over a period of time, namely, their
useful life.
10. Amortisation, therefore, is an accounting concept similar to
depreciation. It is gradual reduction of the value of an asset or liability by
a periodic amount. It is essentially a means to allocate categories of assets
and liabilities to their pertinent time period. The key difference between
depreciation and amortisation is qua the nature of the items to which the terms
apply. Therefore, depreciation is generally used in the context of tangible
assets whereas amortisation is generally used in the context of intangible
assets, such as, copyrights, patents, goodwill and capitalized costs. On the
liability side also amortisation takes place. On the liability side,
amortisation is commonly applied to deferred revenue items such as premium
income or subscription revenue and, therefore, in such cases, it is recognised
as income distribution over some future period of time.
Amortisation is a means by which accountants apply the period concept in
accrual-based financial statements; income and expenses are recorded in the
periods affected, rather than when the cash actually changes hands as it would
be inappropriate to expense the entire cost of a facility in the year of its
acquisition if its life extends over several years just as it would be equally
wrong to expense fully an intangible asset only in the first year. Intangible
asset such as copyrights, patent and goodwill can be of benefit to a business
for many years, so the cost of accruing such an asset should be spread over the
entire time period that the company is likely to use the asset or generate
revenue from it. The term "amortisation" is also used in connection
with loans. The amortisation of a loan is the rate at which the principle
balance will be paid down over a period of time. Shorter periods will have
higher amounts amortised. Therefore, amortisation is the process of decreasing
or accounting for an amount over a period of time. It is allocation of a lump
sum amount to different time periods, particularly for loans and other forms of
finances. Amortisation of capital expenditures of certain assets under
accounting rules, particularly intangible assets, is analogous to depreciation.
11. Department, in this case, has sought to load amortised cost of the
moulds supplied by its customer to the sale price of auto components in the
hands of the appellant herein. According to the Department, under Section
4(1)(a) of the 1944 Act, value has to be the normal price, which has to be the
sole consideration and if the price fixed is without consideration for the moulds
then, according to the Department, it cannot be said that price was sole
consideration. In other words, according to the Department, if the
consideration for moulds is not taken into account then under the excise law,
price, which is the measure of value, cannot be said to be the sole
consideration. According to the Department, in this case, price of auto
components sold by the appellant was fixed or to be fixed by inter se
negotiations. That, without the price of the moulds being taken into account,
the price of the finished product would not reflect the real assessable value.
According to the Department, without the supply of moulds from its customer,
final product could not be made. By use of the moulds, the appellant was able
to manufacture the auto components. Therefore, according to the Department,
some money value was required to be attributed on account of usage of moulds as
such moulds contributed to the value of the final product, namely, auto
components. Therefore, by not taking into account the money value of moulds
supplied by the customer, the price stood depressed. In the circumstances,
according to the Department, amortised cost had to be loaded to the price
charged or chargeable by the appellant for the finished products.
12. On the above case of the Department, the question which arises for
determination in this civil appeal is whether Section 4 of the 1944 Act read
with Rule 6 of Central Excise Valuation (Determination of Price of Excisable
Goods) Rules, 2000 ("Excise Valuation Rules 2000") can be read into
Section 3 of the U.P. Trade Tax Act, 1948?
13. Valuation is a matter of principle. Under Section 4 of the 1944 Act, the
basis of valuation is the transaction value for each removal. Section 4 lays
down the method for arriving at the assessable value for levying excise duty.
It refers to taxing the value. Therefore, Section 3 of the 1944 Act is the
charging section which creates the liability to pay excise duty whereas Section
4 deals with assessment or quantification of liability ad valorem.
Under Section 4, duty of excise is chargeable with reference to the value of
excisable goods and "value" is defined by Section 4. The price
charged by the manufacturer on sale by him represents the measure of that
value, therefore, in the judgment of this Court in the case of Union of India
and Ors. v. Bombay Tyre International Ltd. reported in AIR 1984 SC 420 it has
been held that under the excise law, prices and sale are related concepts.
In that judgment, it has been further observed that "price" under
the excise law has a definite connotation. That, the "value" of an
excisable article has to be computed with reference to the price charged by the
manufacturer, the computation being made in terms of Section 4. Therefore,
Section 4 of the 1944 Act requires the Department to find out the real value of
the excisable article. As stated above, excise law is a tax on value. This is
the most important distinction between the excise law and the sales tax law.
14. In the case of M/s Chhotabhai Jethabhai Patel and Co. v. Union of India
and Ors. reported in AIR 1962 SC 1006 at p. 1018 this Court held that a duty of
excise is a tax-levy on home-produced goods of a specified class or
description, the duty being calculated according to the quantity or value of the
goods and which duty is levied because of the event of manufacture which is
unrelated to and which is not dependent on any commercial transaction. This
observation indicates a vital difference between excise law and sales tax laws.
In the case of excise law, the taxable event is manufacture, which is not
related to commercial transaction. On the other hand, commercial transaction is
the basis of the price-structure in the sales tax laws. In fact, the above
observation of this Court in Chhotabhai Jethabhai Patel case (supra) has been
explained by this Court in Bombay Tyre (supra) by saying that levy of excise
duty is on manufacture while levy of sales tax by its very nature arises at the
stage beyond manufacture, namely, the sale of the article. In cases of captive
consumption, Section 4(1)(a) of the 1944 Act is not attracted. What is
attracted in such cases is Section 4(1)(b), which refers to "deemed
value" and which requires valuation to be done in terms of Excise
Valuation Rules, 2000. The important aspect to be noted is that the Department,
in the present case, has borrowed the concept of "amortised goods"
from Rule 6 of the Excise Valuation Rules, 2000. Therefore, we quote
hereinbelow Rule 6, which reads as follows:
"Rule 6. Where the excisable goods are sold in the circumstances
specified in clause (a) of sub section (1) of section 4 of the Act except the
circumstances where the price is not the sole consideration for sale, the value
of such goods shall be deemed to be the aggregate of such transaction value and
the amount of money value of any additional consideration flowing directly or
indirectly from the buyer to the assessee.
Explanation For removal of doubts, it is hereby clarified that the value,
apportioned as appropriate, of the following goods and services, whether
supplied directly or indirectly by the buyer free of charge or at reduced cost
for use in connection with the production and sale of such goods, to the extent
that such value has not been included in the price actually paid or payable,
shall be treated to be the amount of money value of additional consideration
flowing directly or indirectly from the buyer to the assessee in relation to
sale of the goods being valued and aggregated accordingly, namely :-
-
value of materials, components, parts
and similar items relatable to such goods;
-
value of tools, dies, moulds,
drawings, blue prints, technical maps and charts and similar items used in the
production of such goods;
-
-
."
15. As stated above, valuation is a matter of principle. Under Rule 3, the
value of any excisable goods has got to be determined for purposes of Section
4(1)(b). In other words, the value for the purposes of Section 4(1)(b) has to
be determined only in accordance with the Excise Valuation Rules, 2000. Thus,
the said Rules are limited and restricted in their application. The concept of
amortised cost is undoubtedly an accounting concept. However, as held by this
Court in the case of Delhi Electricity Regulatory Commission v. BSES Yamuna
Power Ltd. and Ors. reported in (2007) 3 SCC 33, accounting for costs differs
according to the object and the purpose for which the exercise is undertaken.
The concept of depreciation (amortisation) differs from enactment to enactment.
In the above judgment of this Court, in the case of Delhi Electricity
Regulatory Commission, this Court was concerned with Electricity Act. The
concept of depreciation in that Act differs from the Income-tax Act.
Electricity taxation stands on a different footing vis-`-vis corporate taxation.
Therefore, this Court observed that accounting for costs differs according to
the object and purpose for which the exercise is undertaken. Therefore, when
excise law seeks to tax the value, the concept therein cannot be bodily lifted
and incorporated in Section 3 of the U.P. Trade Tax Act, 1948, which
essentially deals with ascertainment of the price-structure depending upon the
negotiations between the parties. Moreover, the effect of clause (ii) of
Explanation 1 to Rule 6 of Excise Valuation Rules, 2000 is that where any tools
or dies or moulds are supplied by the buyer free of charge or at a reduced
costs for use in connection with production of the goods, the value apportioned
as appropriate to such tools, moulds etc., to the extent such value has not
been included in the price paid or payable, has to be treated as the money
value of additional consideration flowing directly or indirectly from the
buyer/customer to the assessee in relation to sale of goods being valued and
aggregated accordingly. This is because under the excise law, the Department
has to ascertain the real value of excisable article and to ascertain such real
value, if in a given case, the Department detects apportionment of the value
between the manufacturer and its customer then under clause (ii) of Explanation
1 to Rule 6, on account of deeming fiction, loading of such additional
consideration is required to be made to the price of the final products. Such
loading takes place on account of the express provision, namely, clause (ii) of
Explanation 1 to Rule 6, which uses the expression "apportioned as
appropriate". This is where the accounting concept of amortisation has
been incorporated specifically vide clause (ii) of Explanation 1 to Rule 6. For
levy of excise duty, "value" is to be determined per unit of
excisable goods. Tools, dies, moulds etc. have their own life span and will be
used for estimated production during their useful life.
Consequently, depending upon the expected useful life and/or expected number
of units likely to be produced, value of tools, dies, moulds etc.
supplied by the buyer/customer free of charge to the appellant is to be
appropriately apportioned per unit of production. This is where the concept of
amortisation comes in specifically in Rule 6. The amount so apportioned is
required to be added to the price/transaction value as per clause (ii) of
Explanation 1 to Rule 6 read with Section 4(1)(b). The important thing to be
noted is that this entire exercise of loading/adding to the transaction value
is exclusively for determination of assessable value for central excise
purposes and to fulfill the requirement of Section 4 which provides for measure
for levy of excise duty. To the same effect is our judgment in the case of CoC
v. Ferodo India Pvt. Ltd. vide Civil Appeal No. 8426/02 under Rule 9(1)(c) of
Customs Valuation (Determination of price of Imported Goods) Rules, 1988, which
also refers to the addition of the cost of royalty payment to the transaction
value. Therefore, Rule 6 of Excise Valuation Rules, 2000 creates the deeming
fiction only for the purposes of Section 4(1)(b) of the 1944 Act and for laying
down the measure for levy of excise duty. It provides for items which
constitute additional consideration. There is no such provision in Section 3 of
the 1948 Act. Therefore, one cannot borrow and automatically apply the concept
of amortised cost to Section 3 of the 1948 Act.
16. Before analyzing Section 3 of the 1948 Act, it is important to keep in
mind that in Income-tax cases, tax is exigible on "real income" which
means the actual income received by or which accrues to the assessee. In case
of sales-tax, tax is exigible on real price received or receivable by the
dealer in respect of a sale. A dealer is entitled to frame his price-structure
in a manner conducive to the type of his business or with a view to withstand
the competition. In a given case, cost may be more than the price. The dealer
may base his price-structure to give an incentive to his clients, agents,
distributors etc., particularly if he is a manufacturer. In such cases, his
price- structure has to be scrutinized by the Department under the sales-tax
law to find out the real sale-price receivable by him. There may be cases where
he is required to give a discount on account of defect in quality or delay. The
important thing to be noted is that "price" is the amount of
consideration which a seller charges the buyer for parting with the title to
the goods. It comprises of the amount which the dealer himself has to pay for
the purchase of the goods, the expenditure, which he is to incur for
transporting the goods from the place of purchase to the place of sale, the
duties, if any, levied on the particular goods bought by him, the octroi duty,
which he may have had to pay and his own margin of profit after meeting
handling charges including interest on the capital invested. The cost price of
the goods actually paid by him under various heads of accounts would no doubt
constitute the consideration for which he would part with his title to the goods.
The entire amount of consideration, including the sales tax component, which
the purchaser pays, would constitute the price of goods.
To this extent, there is no difficulty. The difficulty comes in when by law
or by legal fiction the Department seeks to introduce a notional concept as an
element of the "real price". This is particularly important when
there is no rule to that effect in the sales-tax law. Even under the definition
of turnover in Section 2(i) one has to take into account only the aggregate
amount for which goods are bought or sold. It is this aggregate amount which is
taxable under Section 3 read with Section 2(i) of the 1948 Act.
17. We quote hereinbelow Section 3 and Section 2(i) of the 1948 Act, which
read as follows:
"3. Liability to tax under the Act.- (1) Subject to the provisions of
this Act, every dealer shall, for each assessment year, pay a tax at the rates
provided by or under Section 3-A or Section 3-D or Section 3-H on his turnover
of sales or purchases or both, as the case may be, which shall be determined in
such manner as may be prescribed."
"2(i) 'Turnover' means the aggregate amount for which goods are
supplied or distributed by way of sale or are sold, by a dealer, either
directly or through another, on his account or on account of others, whether
for cash or deferred payment or other valuable consideration:
Explanation I.- Omitted.
Explanation II.- Subject to such conditions and restrictions, if any, as may
be prescribed in this behalf:-- (i) the amount for which goods are sold or
purchased shall include the price of the packing material in which they are
packed, and any sums charged for anything done by the dealer in respect of the
goods sold, at the time of or before the delivery thereof, other than, cost of
freight or delivery or cost of installation or the amount realised as trade tax
on sale or purchase of goods, when such cost or amount is separately charged ;
(ii) any cash or other discount on the price allowed in respect of any sale
and any amount refunded in respect of articles returned by customers shall not
be included in the turnover; and (iii) where for accommodating a particular
customer, a dealer obtains goods from another dealer and immediately disposes
of the same without profit to the customer, the sales in respect of such goods
shall be included in the turnover of the latter dealer alone."
18. We also quote hereinbelow Section 2(h) of the 1948 Act, which reads as
follows:
"(h) 'Sale', with its grammatical variations and cognate expressions,
means any transfer of property in goods (otherwise than by way of a mortgage,
hypothecation, charge or pledge) for cash or deferred payment or other valuable
consideration, and includes-- (i) a transfer, otherwise than in pursuance of a
contract of property in any goods for cash, deferred payment or other valuable
consideration;
(ii) a transfer of property in goods (whether as goods, or in some other
form) involved in the execution of a works contract;
(iii) the delivery of goods on hire purchase or any system of payment by
instalments;
(iv) a transfer of the right to use any goods for any purpose (whether or
not for a specified period) for cash, deferred payment or other valuable
consideration;
(v) the supply of goods by any unincorporated association or body of persons
to a member thereof for cash, deferred payment or other valuable consideration;
and (vi) the supply, by way of or as part of any service or in any other manner
whatsoever, of goods, being food or any other article for human consumption or
any drink (whether or not intoxicating) where such supply or service is for
cash or deferred payment or other valuable consideration ;
Explanation I.--A sale or purchase shall be deemed to have taken place in
the State,-- (i) in a case falling under sub-clause (ii) if the goods are in
the State at the time of transfer of property in such goods (whether as goods
or in some other form) involved in the execution of the works contract,
notwithstanding that the agreement for the works contract has been wholly or in
part entered into outside the State;
(ii) in a case falling under sub-clause (iv), if the goods are used by the
lessee within the State during any period, notwithstanding that the agreement
for the lease has been entered into outside the State or that the goods have
been delivered to lessee outside the State.
Explanation II.--Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, two
independent sales or purchases shall, for the purposes of this Act, be deemed
to have taken place-- (a) when the goods are transferred from a principal to
his selling agent and from the selling agent to his purchaser, (b) when the
goods are transferred from the seller to a buying agent and from the buying
agent to his principal, if the agent is found, in either of the cases
aforesaid,-- (i) to have sold the goods at one rate and passed on the sale
proceeds to his principal at another rate; or (ii) to have purchased the goods
at one rate and passed them on to his principal at another rate; or (iii) not
to have accounted to his principal for the entire collection or deductions made
by him, in the sales or purchases effected by him on behalf of his principal;
or (iv) to have acted for a fictitious or non-existent principal."
19. U.P. Trade Tax Act, 1948 is a self-contained code for levy of tax on
sale or purchase of goods in Uttar Pradesh. Clause (bb) of Section 2 defines
the expression "trade tax" to mean a tax payable under the Act.
Clause (h) of Section 2 defines the expression "sale" to include
transfer of the right to use any goods for any purpose for cash or deferred
payment or other valuable consideration. In this case we are concerned only
with Section 3 and not with Section 3-F of the 1948 Act. Section 3 inter alia
provides that every dealer shall for each assessment year pay a tax at the
rates provided under Section 3-A, Section 3-D or Section 3-H on his turnover of
sales or purchases or both, as the case may be, which shall be determined in
such manner as may be prescribed. Section 3-F provides for tax on transfer of
right to use any goods or goods involved in execution of works contract. The
definition of "sale" in Section 2(h) is in two parts. The first part
covers the normal sale and the second part covers deemed sales. In the present
case, we are concerned with sale of auto components to the buyer. It is a
normal sale.
The aggregate amount for which these auto parts/components are sold
constitutes the turnover relating to such sales within the meaning of turnover
in Section 2(i). Therefore, it is on such turnover that liability of tax under
Section 3 of the 1948 Act has to be determined. Therefore, sales-tax or
trade-tax under the 1948 Act is leviable on sale, whether actual or deemed, and
for every sale there has to be a consideration. On the other hand, excise duty
is a levy on a taxable event of "manufacture" and it is calculated on
the "value" of manufactured goods. Excise duty is not concerned with
ownership or sale. The liability under the excise law is event-based and
irrespective of whether the goods are sold or captively consumed. Under the
excise law, the liability is there even when the manufacturer is not the owner
of raw material or finished goods (as in the case of job workers). Excise duty,
therefore, is independent of ownership (see: Ujagar Prints & Ors. v. Union of India & Ors. [(1989) 3 SCC 488]. Therefore, for sales-tax
purposes, what has to be taken into account is the consideration for transfer
of property in goods from the seller to the buyer. For this purpose, tax is to
be levied on the agreed consideration for transfer of property in the goods and
in such a case cost of manufacture is irrelevant. As compared to the sales-tax
law, the scheme of levy of excise duty is totally different. For excise duty
purposes, transfer of property in goods or ownership is irrelevant. As stated,
excise duty is a duty on manufacture. The provisions relating to measure
(Section 4 of 1944 Act read with Excise Valuation Rules, 2000) aim at taking
into consideration all items of costs of manufacture and all expenses which
lead to value addition to be taken into account and for that purpose Rule 6
makes a deeming provision by providing for notional additions. Such deeming
fictions and notional additions in excise law are totally irrelevant for
sales-tax purposes.
Therefore, in any event, these notional additions cannot be read into clause
5.1 and clause 5.2 of the General Agreement for Purchase of Parts dated
31.7.1997.
20. Before concluding, it may be clarified, that, in the present case,
moulds were manufactured by the buyer/customer so that the auto components
could be manufactured by the appellant in terms of the specifications given by
the buyer. Therefore, the cost of manufacture of these moulds was incurred by
the buyer/customer and not by the appellant.
In our judgment, we have termed the "amortisation cost" as
notional in the sense that it is not the cost in the hands of the appellant. As
stated above, Rule 6 of Excise Valuation Rules, 2000 refers to items of
additional consideration. But for Rule 6 it was not possible for the Department
under the 1944 Act to load such items to the transaction value of the final
product.
It is for above reasons, particularly because cost of manufacture is not
incurred by the appellant but by the customer, such cost cannot be added to the
price of the final product, particularly when there is no law to that effect.
21. Accordingly, we hold that the High Court had erred in holding that the
amortization cost calculated in terms of Rule 6 of the Excise Valuation Rules,
2000 is includible in the sale price of auto components sold by the appellant
herein to its customer, M/s Honda Siel Cars India Ltd..
22. Consequently, the impugned judgment is set aside and the civil appeal
filed by the assessee is allowed with no order as to cost.
Civil Appeal arising out of SLP(C) No. 9259/07:
[TS Tech Sun (India) Ltd. v. State of Uttar Pradesh & Ors.]
23. In the light of the above judgment, in the case of Moriroku UT India (P)
Ltd. v. State of U.P. & Ors., this appeal is also allowed with no order as
to costs.
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