Chand Patel Vs. Bismillah
Begum & ANR [2008] INSC 463 (14 March 2008)
Altamas Kabir &
J.M.Panchal
CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. 488 OF 2008 (@ Special Leave Petition(Crl.) No.3989 of
2006) ALTAMAS KABIR,J.
1. Leave granted.
2. The application for condonation of delay in filing the Special Leave
Petition is allowed and the delay in filing the same is condoned.
3. This appeal raises an interesting question of law as to whether a
marriage performed by a person professing the Muslim faith with his wife's
sister, while his earlier marriage with the other sister was still subsisting,
would be void in law or merely irregular or voidable even though the subsequent
marriage may have been consummated.
4. The facts which give rise to the aforesaid question, in brief, are set out
hereunder.
5. The respondent No.1 herein, Bismillah Begum, filed an application for her
maintenance and for the maintenance of her minor daughter, Taheman Bano, under
Section 125 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, against one Chand Patel, in the
Court of the Judicial Magistrate, First Class, Chincholi, being Criminal Misc.
No.6 of 2001. In her petition she claimed that she was the legally wedded wife
of the appellant herein and that her marriage with the appellant had taken
place about eight years prior to the filing of the said petition. Her further
case was that the marriage was consummated and two years after the marriage a
daughter was born from the wedlock and she has been made petitioner No.2 in the
application for maintenance. The petitioner No.2 Taheman Bano being a minor, is
under the care and guardianship of her mother, the petitioner No.1, in the said
application.
6. In her petition the respondent No.1 herein categorically admitted that
the appellant herein was married to her elder sister, Mashaq Bee, and that the
appellant, with the consent of his first wife married the respondent No.1 and a
Nikahnama was also executed but the same had been misplaced. It was also
admitted that the appellant herein lived with his first wife Mashaq Bee and the
respondent No.1 under one roof and the appellant had even accepted the
petitioner No.2 as his daughter and had brought her up.
7. That with the passage of time the relationship between the appellant and
the respondent No.1 began to deteriorate and he started neglecting the
respondents who have no means to support themselves. The respondent No.1 prayed
for maintenance for herself and for her minor daughter @ Rs.1,000/- per month
for each of them from the date of filing of the petition.
8. The case made out on behalf of the respondent No.1 was denied on behalf
of the appellant herein. He categorically denied that he had married the
respondent No.1. The defence put up by the appellant was not accepted by the
learned Trial Court, which prima facie came to a finding that the respondent
No.1 was, in fact, the wife of the appellant and that the petitioner No.2 is
his daughter. The Trial Court also came to the finding that the appellant had
neglected the respondents and had failed to maintain them, which he was in law required
to do, and accordingly, directed the appellant to pay Rs.1,000 per month to the
respondent No.1 towards her life support maintenance and to the respondent No.2
till she reached adulthood.
9. The aforesaid decision was challenged by the appellant herein in the
revision filed by him, being Criminal Revision No.76 of 2003, in the Court of
the District and Sessions Judge at Gulbarga. The respondent No.1 herein, both
on her own behalf and on behalf of her minor daughter, also filed Criminal
Revision No.96 of 2003 before the same learned Judge and both the revision
petitions were taken up together for disposal and wee disposed of by a common
order.
After considering several decisions of different High Courts and this Court
the learned Fourth Additional District Judge, Gulbarga, dismissed both the
revision petitions and confirmed the order passed by the Judicial Magistrate,
First Class, Chincholi, in Criminal Misc. No.6 of 2001. While arriving at the
aforesaid decision, the learned revisional Court held that the personal law of
the parties could not come in the way of a Muslim to pray for and obtain
maintenance under Section 125 of the Code of Criminal Procedure since an
obligation is cast upon the appellant herein to maintain his wife and children
till the marriage between them was declared null and void by a competent court.
While referring to various decisions of different High Courts, the revisional
Court relied to a large extent on a decision of this Court in the case of Nanak
(AIR 1970 SC 446) in which it was, inter alia, held that Section 488 of the old
Code which corresponds to Section 125 of the new Code is applicable to all
persons belonging to all religions and has no relationship to the personal law
of the parties. The learned Judge also referred to the decision of this Court
in the case of Re- Hussain Saheb (1985 Criminal Law Journal 1505 (A.P.) (W.P.
No.858 of 1985) wherein it was held that the provisions of maintenance of a
divorced wife under Section 125 of the Code of Criminal Procedure could not be
struck down on the ground of inconsistency between the said provisions and the
personal laws of the parties. On the basis of the above, the learned Additional
Sessions Judge held as follows:
"Thus in the above said dictum the personal law of the Muslim no way
coming in the way of Muslim to maintenance of the respondent.
Moreover the Magistrate cannot go into validity of the marriage while
dealing u/Section 125 of Cr.P.C. The petitioner must maintain the wife and
children till the marriage between them declares null and void by the competent
court. Therefore, by relying upon the rulings of the Hon'ble Supreme Court the
marriage between the petitioner and respondent No.1 is presumed to be legal and
validity of the marriage cannot be decided under proceedings u/sec. 125 of
Cr.P.C.
or Section 391 of Cr.P.C.
Therefore, I do not find any illegality or irregularity committed by the
Magistrate while granting maintenance to the respondents. Hence I answer Point
no.1 and 2 in the negative."
10. Subsequently, the appellant herein filed an application under Section
482 of the Criminal Procedure Code for setting aside the order dated 28.6.2003
passed by the Judicial Magistrate 1st Class in Criminal Misc. No.6 of 2001.
From the order disposing of the said petition it is apparent that the High
Court had occasion to look into the orders passed both by the Trial Court as
well as the revisional Court and after considering the same was of the view
that there was no merit in the petition and dismissed the appellant's application
under Section 482 of the said Code.
11. Much the same arguments as had been advanced before the Courts below
have been advanced on behalf of the respective parties in these proceedings.
12. On behalf of the appellant it has been urged that the Muslim law
specifically prohibits 'unlawful conjunction' which has been interpreted to
mean that a man could not marry his wife's sister in his wife's life time. It
was urged that in the instant case the appellant had from the very initial
stage denied having married the respondent No.1 herein, who is his wife's
younger sister and that he did not have any sexual relations with her, thereby
disputing the paternity of the respondent No.2 through him. It was also
submitted that since such unlawful conjunction is prohibited, even if the
marriage had been performed the same was void in law and did not confer any
rights either on the respondent No.1 or on respondent No.2 since from the very
inception the marriage was void and invalid.
13. In support of his aforesaid contention Mr.Raja Venkatappa Naik, learned
counsel for the appellant, firstly referred to the decision of this Court in
Rameshchandra Rampratapji 2 SCC 33, in which this Court had occasion to
consider, inter alia, the provisions of Sections 11 and 12 as also Section 5(i)
of the Hindu
Marriage Act, 1955. The facts of the said case are to some extent similar
to the facts of this case, although, the same involved the provisions of the Hindu Marriage
Act, 1955. In the said case the wife was first married to someone but
according to her the customary rituals of the marriage had not been completed,
inasmuch as, during the marriage ceremony the family members quarrelled over
dowry. She, thereafter, filed a petition for divorce but did not prosecute the
same and no decree of divorce was passed in the said proceedings.
However, in accordance with the prevalent customs in the Maheshwari
community, a chhor chithhi or a document of dissolution of marriage was
executed between the wife and the said person and it was also registered. The
said documents were shown and also given to the person with whom the second
marriage was performed and a daughter was also born from the second marriage.
According to the wife, her second husband began to ill treat her, and,
ultimately, she had to file proceedings in the Family Court for grant of a
decree of judicial separation and maintenance of Rupees Three thousand per
month both for herself and for her minor daughter. The second husband filed a
counter petition seeking a declaration that his marriage with his present wife
was a nullity on the ground that on the date of the second marriage her earlier
marriage with her previous husband had not been dissolved by any Court in
accordance with the provisions of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955.
The Family Court allowed the petition of the wife and granted a decree of
judicial separation as also the maintenance claimed by her and dismissed the
counter petition filed by the husband. The High Court, however, reversed the
finding of the Family Court and held that since the first marriage of the
present wife with the previous husband had not been dissolved by the Court, the
second marriage was in contravention of Section 5(i) of the aforesaid Act and
was, therefore, a nullity under Section 11 of the Act. The High Court granted a
decree of separation holding that the marriage was a nullity, though it
maintained the decree granted in respect of maintenance to the respondent No.1
and her daughter.
14. Dismissing the two appeals preferred both by husband and the wife, the
Supreme Court held that in the facts of the case the Courts below were fully
justified in granting maintenance both to the wife and the daughter since the
evidence of the wife had been rightly believed by the Courts below. The High
Court accepted the validity of the document of dissolution of marriage executed
between the parties and also took into consideration the fact that they had
lived as husband and wife for about 9 years. On such consideration, both the
appeals came to be dismissed.
15. Mr. Naik also relied on another decision of this Court in the case of
Savitaben Somabhai Bhatiya vs. State of Gujarat and others, (2005) 3 SCC 636,
in which it was observed that the legislature had considered it necessary to
include within the scope of Section 125 of the Code an illegitimate child, but
it had not done so in respect of a woman not lawfully married.
It was observed that however desirable it may be, to take note of the plight
of the unfortunate woman, the legislative intent being clearly reflected in
Section 125 of the Code, there was no scope for enlarging its scope by
introducing any artificial definition to include a woman not lawfully married
in the expression "wife".
16. On the basis of the aforesaid two decisions, learned counsel for the
appellant submitted that having regard to the letter and spirit of Section 125
of the Code, the Courts below had erred in granting maintenance to the
respondent No.1 when her marriage itself was void from its very inception.
17. Mrs. K. Sarada Devi, learned counsel for the respondents, however,
questioned the decision of the High Court on the ground that in a proceeding
under Section 125 of the Code, the Court was not required to adjudicate upon
the validity of a marriage and on a prima facie view it could pass an order for
maintenance of both the wife and her daughter. She however, also contended that
the marriage between the parties had been solemnised inspite of the existing
facts which were known to both the parties. She urged that it was the appellant
who, despite having married her elder sister, not only chose to marry the
respondent No.1 as well, but was now taking recourse to technicality to avoid
payment of maintenance which he was required to pay under the provisions of
Section 125 of the Code.
18. She urged that till such time as the marriage between the appellant and
the respondent No.1 was not declared to be void by a competent Court of law, it
continued to subsist and all rights flowing from a valid marriage continued to
be available to the respondent No.1 and her minor daughter till such time a
competent Court of law directed such marriage to be invalid and void.
19. The answer to the question, which we are called upon to answer in this
case, will depend on the legal status of the union effected by the appellant
with the respondent No.1. Though the factum of marriage between them was denied
by the appellant, the courts below negated the appellant's case and proceeded
on the basis that a marriage had been performed between them. If the marriage
which was said to have been performed between the appellant and the respondent
No.1 is held to be void then, in such event, the respondent No.1 will not be
entitled to maintenance from the appellant under Section 125 Crl.P.C. If, on
the other hand, the marriage is held to be irregular, then in such event, the
marriage will subsist for all purposes, unless declared to be void by a
competent court. Till such a declaration is made, along with the respondent
No.2, the respondent No.1 will also be entitled to maintenance under Section
125 Cr.P.C.
Although, the law applicable in this case is under the personal law of
Muslims, it has many similarities with the provisions of Sections 11 and 12 of
the Hindu
Marriage Act, 1955.
Section 11 of the 1955 Act, defines "Void Marriages" and provides
that any marriage solemnized after the commencement of the Act shall be null
and void and on a petition presented by either party thereto, be so declared by
a decree of nullity if it contravened any one of the conditions specified in
clauses (i), (iv) and (v) of Section 5 of the Act. In Yamunabai Anantrao Adhav
vs.
Anantrao Shivram Adhav (AIR 1988 SC 644), this Court had held that marriages
covered by Section 11 are void ipso-jure, that is void from the very inception
and have to be ignored as not existing in law at all. A marriage in
contravention of Section 11 must be treated as null and void from its very
inception.
20. Section 12 of the 1955 Act defines "voidable marriages" and
provides that any marriage solemnized before or after the commencement of the
Act shall be voidable and may be annulled by a decree of nullity on any of the
grounds enumerated in the Section. In the case of a marriage covered by Section
12 of the 1955 Act, the marriage is not void ipso- jure from its inception, but
a decree would have to be obtained from the competent court declaring the
marriage to be void and so long as such declaration is not made, the marriage
will continue to subsist.
21. Under the Muslim law also a distinction has been drawn between void
marriages and irregular marriages. The same has been dealt with in Mulla's
"Principles of Mahomedan Law"
in paragraphs 260 to 264. Paragraphs 260, 261 and 262 deal with complete
prohibition of marriage between a man and the persons included therein and any
marriage in violation of such provision would be void from its very inception
(batil). Paragraph 263 which is relevant for our purpose reads as follows:-
"263. Unlawful conjunction A man may not have at the same time two wives
who are so related to each other by consanguinity, affinity and fosterage, that
if either of them had been a male, they could not have lawfully intermarried,
as for instance, two sisters, or aunt and niece. The bar of unlawful
conjunction renders a marriage irregular, not void."
22. The above provision fell for the consideration of different High Courts
and the earliest decision is that of the Calcutta High Court in the case of
Aizunnissa vs. Karimunissa (ILR 1895 23 Calcutta page 130) which was decided on
23rd July, 1895. After discussing the various authorities on the subject the
Calcutta High Court took the view that a marriage with a wife's sister while
the earlier marriage was still subsisting was void and the children of such
marriage were illegitimate and were not entitled to inherit. It was held that
the sister of a person's wife was prohibited from the very inception and a
marriage contracted with her would from the very inception be void (batil).
23. The said decision subsequently came to be considered by the Bombay High
Court in the case of Tajbi Abalal Desai vs. Mowla Alikhan Desai (39 Indian
Cases 1917 page 603) and was decided on 6th February, 1917. The Bombay High
Court differed with the decision rendered in Aizunnissa's case (supra) and
placing reliance on the views expressed in Fatawa-i-Alamgiri held that a
marriage with the sister of an existing wife was not void (batil) but irregular
(fasid). The reasoning adopted was that marriage with a permanently prohibited
woman had always been considered by the exponents of Muslim law to be void and
has no legal consequence, but marriage with a temporarily prohibited woman if
consummated may have legal consequences. The logic behind the aforesaid
reasoning was that a marriage with the sister of an existing wife could always
become lawful by the death of the first wife or by the husband divorcing his
earlier wife and thereby making the marriage with the second sister lawful to
himself. The Bombay High Court after considering various authorities, and in
particular Fatawa-i-Alamgiri, ultimately observed as follows:- "Taking the
whole current of authority and the general trend of informed thought on this
subject, it points clearly to some such distinctions having always been
recognized by the Muhammadan Law. Where that is so and a particular case on the
borderland of such distinctions, to which it may be doubtful whether they can
be applied in the ordinary way, arises, surely the Courts would be well advised
to accept the authoritative statement of the law as it was then understood by
the authors of the Fatawa-i-Alamgiri. It is impossible to say that that
statement conflicts with the textual authority of the Kuran. Speaking
generally, it appears to us to harmonize with the course the law took during
the intervening period, and to be in consonance with the soundest practical
principles. It has the support of such a great modern text-book writer as
Baillie. The eighth chapter of his first book appears to us to reach
conclusions by unanswerable reasoning, and while those conclusions may be his
own, they are the conclusions of a writer of profound knowledge intimately
versed at first hand with all the best writings of Muhammadan lawyers. The
modern Muhammadan tex-book writers, Ameer Ali, Tyabji and Abdur Rahim, are in
substantial agreement. All authority appears to us to point one way. Against
this is nothing but the judgment of the Calcutta High Court in Aizunnissa's
case and after having given it and the materials upon which it avowedly rests
our most careful and respectful attention, we find ourselves wholly unconvinced
by its reasoning and unable to agree with the law it lays down."
24. The aforesaid question also fell for the consideration of the Oudh Chief
Court in the case of Mussammat Kaniza vs. Hasan Ahmad Khan (92 Indian Cases
1926 page 82) decided on 24th November, 1925 and by the Lahore High Court in
Taliamand vs. Muhammad Din (129 Indian Cases 1931 page 12) decided on 16th
July, 1930, and also by the Madras High Court in Rahiman Bibi Saheba vs.
Mahboob Bibi Saheba (ILR 1938 page 278) which was decided on 1st September,
1937.
All the said courts favoured the view taken by the Bombay High Court in
Tajbi's case (supra) and were of the view that the decision of the Calcutta
High Court in Aizunnissa Khatun's case (supra) was incorrect.
25. Paragraph 264 which deals with the distinction between void and
irregular marriages reads as follows:- "264. Distinction between void and
irregular marriages (1) A marriage which is not valid may be either void or
irregular.
(2) A void marriage is one which is unlawful in itself the prohibition
against the marriage being perpetual and absolute. Thus a marriage with a woman
prohibited by reason of consanguity, affinity, or fosterage is void, the
prohibition against marriage with such a woman being perpetual and absolute.
(3) An irregular marriage is one
which is not unlawful in itself, but unlawful "for something else," as where the
prohibition is temporary or relative, or when the irregularity arises from an
accidental circumstance, such as the absence of witnesses. Thus the following
marriages are irregular, namely
-
a marriage contracted without
witness;
-
a marriage with a fifth wife by a
person having four wives;
-
a marriage with a woman undergoing iddat;
-
a marriage prohibited by reason of
difference of religion;
-
a marriage with a woman so related to
the wife that if one of them had been a male, they could not have lawfully
intermarried.
The reason why the aforesaid marriages are irregular, and not void, is that
in cl.(a) the irregularity arises from a accidental circumstance; in cl. (b)
the objection may be removed by the man divorcing one of his four wives; in
cl.(c) the impediment ceases on the expiration of the period iddat; in cl.(d)
the objection may be removed by the wife becoming a convert to the Mussalman,
Christian or Jewish religion, or the husband adopting the Moslem faith; and in
cl(e) the objection may be removed by the man divorcing the wife who
constitutes the obstacle; thus if a man who has already married one sister
marries another, he may divorce the first, and make the second lawful to
himself."
26. Paragrph 266 deals with the effects of a void (batil) marriage and
provides that a void marriage is no marriage at all. It does not create any
civil rights or obligations between the parties. The offspring of a void
marriage are illegitimate. Paragraph 267 which deals with the effects of
irregular (fasid) marriages reads as follows:- "267. Effect of an
irregular (fasid) marriage (1) An irregular marriage may be terminated by
either party, either before or after consummation, by words showing an
intention to separate, as where either party says to the other "I have
relinquished you". An irregular marriage has no legal effect before
consummation.
(2) If consummation has taken place
-
the wife is entitled to dower, proper
or specified, whichever is less;
-
she is bound to observe the iddat, but the duration of the iddat both
on divorce and death is three courses;
-
the issue of the marriage is
legitimate. But an irregular marriage, though consummated, does not create
mutual rights of inheritance between husband and wife (Baillie, 694, 701)."
27. On consideration of the decisions of the various High Courts referred to
hereinabove and the provisions relating to void marriages and marriages which
are merely irregular, we are also of the view that the decision rendered by the
Bombay High Court in the case of Tajbi's case (supra) is correct. Since a
marriage, which is temporarily prohibited may be rendered lawful once the
prohibition is removed, such a marriage is in our view irregular (fasid) and
not void (batil).
28. The answer to the question raised at the very outset, therefore, is that
the bar of unlawful conjunction (jama bain-al-mahramain) renders a marriage
irregular and not void.
Consequently, under the Hanafi law as far as Muslims in India are concerned,
an irregular marriage continues to subsist till terminated in accordance with
law and the wife and the children of such marriage would be entitled to
maintenance under the provisions of Section 125 of the Code of Criminal
Procedure.
29. The decisions cited during the hearing of this case do not really come
to the aid of the parties, except to the extent that a marriage which is merely
irregular or voidable continues to subsist till it is set aside or declared to
be void in accordance with law.
30. In view of what has been stated hereinabove, we hold that the unlawful
conjunction and/or marriage between the appellant and respondent No.1 continues
to subsist not having been declared void by any competent forum and that
accordingly, the respondent No.1 and the respondent No.2 will both be entitled
to maintenance under Section 125 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. There is,
therefore, no reason to interfere with the order passed on 20.6.2005 by the
Karnataka High Court in Criminal Petition No. 3002 of 2004 or that of the
Judicial Magistrate, First Class, Chincholi, on 28.6.2003 in Criminal Misc. No.
6 of 2001. The appeal is accordingly dismissed and the interim stay granted on
14.8.2006 is vacated.
31. The appellant shall pay to the respondents all the arrears of
maintenance, within a period of six months from the date of this Judgment and
will also go on paying the current maintenance with effect from the month of
March, 2008. In addition, the appellant will also pay to the respondent No.1 a
sum of Rs.10,000/- towards the cost of litigation.
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