Behari Kunj Sahkari
Avas Samiti Vs. State of U.P. & Ors [2008] INSC 1222 (25 July 2008)
Judgment
IN THE SUPREME COURT
of INDIA CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICITION CIVIL APPEAL NO. 1795 of 2000 Behari
Kunj Sahkari Avas Samiti ...Appellants Versus State of U.P. & Ors.
...Respondent
Dr. ARIJIT PASAYAT,
J.
1. Challenge in this
appeal is to the order passed by Division Bench of the Allahabad High Court
dismissing several writ petitions. Three writ petitions were filed by the State
of Uttar Pradesh through Secretary, Revenue Department, Smt. Lalita Chaturvedi
and Ors. and by G.C. Mittal. These writ petitions were numbered as Civil Misc.
Writ Petition Nos.16775 of 1985, 9162 of 1987 and 9386 of 1987 respectively.
2. In these three
civil writ petitions, the disputed subject matter is Khasra No. 519, village
Surjepur, Agra whose total area is four bighas one biswa which is recorded as
property of Abdul Wahid in revenue record. At the time of division of the
country, Abdul Wahid had migrated to Pakistan in 1947-48 and his aforesaid
property, (Khasra No. 519, village Surjepur, total area four bighas one biswa)
was declared as evacuee property and under Administration of Evacuee Property
Ordinance, 1949 (Ordinance No. 1 1949) it vested in the Custodian of Evacuee
Properties. Later on the said ordinance was substituted by Administration of Evacuee
Property Act, 1950 (in short the `Act') and then this property was deemed to
have vested in the Custodian as an Evacuee Property under the said Act. The
entire property was given in the tenancy of Harnath Chaturvedi and Gurudatt
Chaturvedi by order of Addl. Asstt. Custodian in 1949 for which rent was
payable at the rate of Rs.50/- per month by Harnath Chaturvedi with effect from
1.7.1949 and from the same date at the rate of Rs.25/- per month was payable by
Gurudatt Chaturvedi. The portion which was given in the tenancy of Gurudatt
Chaturvedi was later on given to Addl. Asstt. Custodian Shri Mehrotra by Asstt.
Custodian, Evacuee Property, Agra on 22.9.1953. Shri Mehrotra died. On 18.8.55,
this entire property of four bighas one biswa, on which there was a kothi,
garden and appurtenant land, was auctioned under the provisions of Dis- placed
Persons (Compensation & Rehabilitation) Act 1955 (in short the `Displaced
Persons Act') and it was given to the displaced person Tuljaram on the highest
bid of Rs.61,000/-. Tuljaram made payment of that money by adjustment of compensation.
Accordingly, sale certificate of this property was made in favour of Tuljaram.
Against this auction, Harnath Chaturvedi made an application under Rule 92 of the
Displaced Persons (Compensation & Rehabilitation) Rules, 1955 (in short
`Displaced Persons Rules') before the Managing Officer, Agra in which he made a
claim claiming himself to be a tenant in respect of a part of land of the
entire area of four bighas one biswa which, apart from kothi, was land. The
contention of Harnath Chaturvedi was that it was an agricultural land upon
which he has acquired rights of hereditary tenancy and used to pay rent to the
Zamindar and after this property was vested in the Custodian, the rent was
being paid to the Custodian. Further Harnath Chaturvedi contended that Abdul
Wahid was only a Zamindar of this property and only Zamindari rights had vested
in the Custodian and only the kothi was auctioned and not the agricultural land
because he continues to be in peaceful possession over the agriculture land.
Managing Officer rejected this application by his order dated 27.5.1955. By
Government letter dated 4.6.1955 of Government of India, all urban immovable
properties within corporation, municipality and notified committee areas,
within the State of U.P., were acquired on 15.8.1947 and it was declared that
whatever urban immovable property has been declared as "Evacuee
Property", it all shall vest in the Central Government. As the disputed
subject matter came within the area of Agra municipality, that is why it all
vested in the Central Govern- ment. Harnath Chaturvedi filed an appeal before
Asstt. Settlement Commissioner, U.P. against the order rejecting of his
application dt. 27.5.1955 by Managing Officer, Agra. This appeal was rejected
by Asstt. Settlement Commissioner by order dated 17.10.1960. Against this
rejection order dated 17.10.1960, Harnath Chaturvedi filed a revision application
under Section 24 of the Act before Chief Settlement Commissioner. The Deputy
Chief Settlement Commissioner, New Delhi, exercising the delegated power of Chief
Settlement Commissioner rejected the revision application by his order dated
18.11.1961. Harnath Chaturvedi under Section 33 of the said Act, made a
representation to the Central Government against the said rejection order of Deputy
Chief Settlement Commissioner, which too was rejected by the Central
Government. Harnath Chaturvedi filed a Writ Petition No. 251/62 before the High
Court against the rejection of his representation by Managing Officer and
against the rejection of his appeal and revision application. The High Court
dismissed this Civil Writ Petition on 6.9.62. Against the rejection of Civil
Writ Petition by the High Court, Harnath Chaturvedi filed a Special Appeal
No.1002 year 1962 in the High Court. This Special Appeal was dismissed by the
High Court by order dt. 24.11.1974. During the period of pendency of application
under Section 27 of the Act before the Asstt. Custodian Gener- al and in the
revision application he made a claim on the basis of being a tenant and prayed
for the review of the order of vesting as Evacuee Property. In the revision
application, Harnath Chaturvedi claimed himself as a tenant only over land
measuring two bighas ten biswas out of total land of four bighas one biswa and
alleged Abdul Wahid to be his Zamindar. Asstt. Custodian, General Uttar Pradesh
and Bihar. Lucknow disposed off the said revision application by his order dt.
30.10.1969/ 5.11.1969 and remanded the matter to the Asstt. Custodian for
disposal of the claim of Harnath Chaturvedi after hearing him. The Asstt.
Custodian, by his order dt. 25.2.72 accepted the claim of the tenancy of Harnath
Chaturvedi over two bighas ten biswas and the tenancy of Harnath Chaturvedi was
accepted over land two bighas ten biswas deeming it to be a separate part out
of the total land of four bighas one biswa. After this order, Harnath
Chaturvedi prayed for transfer of Zamindari rights in his favour over this two
bighas ten biswas area to the Asstt. Custodian and, which prayer was accepted
and after accepting rupees eight hundred, Zamindari rights were also
transferred to Harnath Chaturvedi on 27.4.1972.
3. Harnath Chaturvedi
preferred an appeal on 22.1.1973 before Chief Custodian General under Section
22 of the Act in which he prayed that the auction dt. 18.8.1955 in favour of Tuljaram
and the sale certificate issued on 14.7.1961 in respect of the disputed subject
matter, be cancelled. This appeal was accepted by Authorised Settlement
Commissioner, Lucknow and the auction and sale certificate in favour of Tuljaram
were cancelled. Tuljaram made an application before the Settlement
Commissioner, Government of India, New Delhi on 30.6.76 against this order dt.
11.1.1973 which was rejected on 20.1.1977. Against this rejection order dt.
20.1.1977, Tuljaram filed a revision application under Section 24 of the Act
before the Deputy Chief Settlement Commissioner, New Delhi on 8.2.1977. This
revision application was rejected by Deputy Custodian General Evacuee Property
by his order dt. 17.5.1976. Against this rejection order dt. 17.5.1976 Tuljaram
filed a Civil Writ Petition No. 920 of 1977 in the Delhi High Court which on
the prayer of Tuljaram, was rejected on 4.1.1983. Tuljaram prayed for recalling
this rejection order, which prayer too was rejected by the Delhi High Court by
its order dt. 22.2.1984.
4. The State of Uttar
Pradesh made a representation before the Central Government under Section 54 of
the Act against the order of the Custodian dt. 27.4.72 by which Zamindari
rights over two bighas ten biswas were sold to Harnath Chaturvedi for rupees
eight hundred and against the order dt. 17.5.1976 of the Deputy Custodian
General by which the revision application of Tuljaram was rejected. Upon this
representation, notices were issued to Harnath Chaturvedi and the other persons
who were brought on the land by him. Being aggrieved with the said notice,
heirs of Harnath Chaturvedi and the persons who were brought by him, filed Writ
Petition No. 9162/1987 (Lalita Chaturvedi and others V/s The Union of India and
another) and Writ Petition No.9386 of 1987 (Gulab Chand Mittal V/s Union of India
and others).
5. On 10.11.1982, Harnath
Chaturvedi made an application before the Custodian Evacuee Property, Uttar
Pradesh in respect of property No. 183/195, which is the part comprising of kothi
and garden of the total disputed subject matter and which is situated over one
bigha eleven biswas and is known as Bagh Farzana, praying therein that the said
land be transferred to him and also prayed that the sale deed of this land be
executed in favour of Gulab Chand Mittal with whom Harnath Chaturvedi had made
an agreement to sell for an amount of rupees twenty lacs. On 11.11.82,
Authorised Custodian accepted the prayer of Harnath Chaturvedi and proposed the
transfer to Harnath Chaturvedi for rupees sixty one thousand i.e. the amount
for auction was accepted in favour of Tuljaram on 18.8.1955. Asstt. Custodian
General, duly authorized by Chief Custodian General, approved the said proposal
on the same day on 11.11.1982 and for an amount of rupees sixty one thousand,
land measuring one bigha eleven biswas alongwith kothi and garden, was transferred
to Gulab Chand Mittal. Thereafter, Tuljaram made a prayer before the Custodian
General under Section 27 of the Act. On 31.1.1985 State of Uttar Pradesh filed
a revision application under Section 27 of the Act. On 11.10.1985 the said
revision application was rejected. During this period on 8.3.1984, Gulab Chand
Mittal transferred kothi and appurtenant land i.e. one bigha eleven biswas to
Bihari Kunj Sahkari Awas Samiti, the present appellant for an amount of rupees
twenty lacs.
6. The High Court
noted inter alia as follows :
"Since in these
writ petitions, order dt. 5.11.1969, dated 25.2.1972 and dated 3.1.1973 have
not been challenged and the Hon'ble Supreme Court in its order has not desired
that the legality and propriety of these orders be considered, therefore this
court does not think it proper to consider the questions that have been raised
by the learned advocate Shri Saraswat and express its opinion thereon. Thus for
this reason, no analysis is being made on the judgments produced in the support
by Shri Saraswat."
7. The High Court
held that orders dated 11.11.1982 and 18.11.1982 appear to be mala fide,
against law, arbitrary and invalid and were liable to be cancelled. Therefore,
the writ petitions (Civil Misc. Writ Petition No.16775 of 1985) filed by the
State of Uttar Pradesh was allowed and the order dated 11.11.1982 and the sale
certificate dated 18.11.1982 in compliance thereof were directed to be
cancelled. In the Writ Petition Nos. 9162 of 1987 and 9386 of 1987, the order
passed in the year 1969 by the Central Government in regard to two bighas and
ten biswas out of the disputed subject matter of four bighas and one biswa and
thereafter order passed in appeal and revision of Harnath Chaturvedi in the
years 1972 and 1973 and subsequent orders that have been passed on their basis
were the subject matter of dispute.
8. State of Uttar
Pradesh had questioned its bonafides and had requested Central Government to
conduct an enquiry in terms of Section 54 of the Act upon which the Deputy
Secretary, Department of Evacuee Properties of Home Ministry of the Central
Government had on 21.2.1986 expressed his views for making an enquiry.
According to High Court, against the expression of view for an inquiry, there
was no justifiable reason for issuing any direction, order or writ. Therefore,
the writ petitions nos. 9162 and 9386 of 1987 were held to be without merit and
were dismissed.
9. Learned counsel
for the appellant submitted that there could be no vesting unless interest is
separated because of the provisions of the Separation Act. The applications
were made under Section 27 of the Act and Section 54 of the Disabled Persons
Act. Section 27 applications were in respect of sale of Harnath's property. It
is to be noted it was contended that the sale was approved by the Assistant
Custodian. In the earlier Special Leave Petition this Court had directed to
consider the validity of order dated 11.11.1982 and the consequential order
dated 16.11.1982. The High Court stated that there is no indication as to under
what provisions of law the order was passed. There was no challenge to the
order under Section 22 dated 31.1.1993 and the order in the writ petition noted
this position. Therefore it is submitted that the High Court was not justified
in saying that there was no jurisdiction to deal with the matter.
10. At this juncture,
it is to be noted that there was no dispute that the Custodian had no authority
under the Disabled Persons Act. High Court's view related to the effect of cancellation
of the auction and the fact that the property vests in the State of Uttar
Pradesh. Reference is also made to the letter by the Central Government to the
State of Uttar Pradesh.
11. Learned counsel
for the State of Uttar Pradesh on the other hand submitted that the entire case
of the appellant is based on the order dated 31.1.1973. This Court had held
that the order dated 11.11.1982 was not the consequential order but was the
original order. Although the case is that the claimant is in possession of portion
of the kothi No. 183/195, Civil Lines, Agra, the auction certificate was in
favour of Tuljaram. The revision was filed by Harnath Chaturvedi under Section
22. Another revision under Section 22 was filed subsequently. The claim was
regarding Zamindariland Bhumidari rights in respect of property in the heart of
the city.
There was no
challenge to the auction of 1955 and the Sale Certificate till 18.11.1961. In
the writ petition, there was no challenge to the aforesaid auction and sale
certificate and the relief claimed related to eviction. The writ petition filed
was dismissed on 6.9.1962. In the Letters Patent Appeal also there was no
challenge to the auction and the sale certificate and the Letters Patent Appeal
was dismissed on 27.11.1971. The directions for remand was given because the
concerned parties were not heard. On remand, fresh proceedings were initiated
and the claim as tenant was accepted in respect of 2.11 bighas of land. As a
matter of fact there was no claim to the Kothi.
The stand is that
only the Kothi and not the entire land was auctioned. This does not appear to
be factually correct.
12. There was some
suppression of factual position and fraud appears to have been practiced. After
nine years, the application was moved in 1982. It is not in dispute that no
opportunity was granted to Tuljaram on 10.11.1982 and before passing of the
order on 11.11.1982. The certificate of sale shows that G.C. Mittal purchased
the property at a sale by negotiation. Under Section 8, the property vests in
the Custodian of the particular State. The `Custodian' is defined in Section
2(c) and Section 10(1) provides that the job of the Custodian is to preserve
and maintain the property. The primary object is not to transfer. In case
property cannot be preserved then only it can be transferred. Under sub-section
(2) only for the purpose enumerated in sub section (1) there can be transfer or
sale, and no such action can be taken without prior or previous approval of the
Custodian General.
The approval of the
Custodian General is to be taken first.
This is clear from
the expression "Previous Approval", before the order is passed. Post
facto approval is not sufficient. This procedure was not followed. Tender
process was not adopted which would have ensured that the best price was
available. If the order dated 30.1.1985 is a nullity further action is of no
consequence.
13. In State of A.P.
and Anr. v. T. Suryachandra Rao [2005(6) SCC 149] it was observed as follows:
By "fraud"
is meant an intention to deceive; whether it is from any expectation of advantage
to the party himself or from the ill will towards the other is immaterial. The
expression "fraud" involves two elements, deceit and injury to the
person deceived.
Injury is something
other than economic loss, that is, deprivation of property, whether movable or
immovable or of money and it will include and any harm whatever caused to any
person in body, mind, reputation or such others. In short, it is a non-
economic or non-pecuniary loss. A benefit or advantage to the deceiver, will
almost always call loss or detriment to the deceived. Even in those rare cases
where there is a benefit or advantage to the deceiver, but no corresponding
loss to the deceived, the second condition is satisfied. (See Dr. Vimla v.
Delhi Administration (1963 Supp. 2 SCR 585) and Indian Bank v. Satyam Febres
(India) Pvt. Ltd. (1996 (5) SCC 550).
A "fraud"
is an act of deliberate deception with the design of securing something by
taking unfair advantage of another. It is a deception in order to gain by
another's loss. It is a cheating intended to get an advantage. (See S.P.
Chengalvaraya Naidu v. Jagannath (1994 (1) SCC 1).
"Fraud" as
is well known vitiates every solemn act. Fraud and justice never dwell
together. Fraud is a conduct either by letter or words, which includes the
other person or authority to take a definite determinative stand as a response
to the conduct of the former either by words or letter. It is also well settled
that misrepresentation itself amounts to fraud. Indeed, innocent
misrepresentation may also give reason to claim relief against fraud. A
fraudulent misrepresentation is called deceit and consists in leading a man
into damage by willfully or recklessly causing him to believe and act on
falsehood. It is a fraud in law if a party makes representations, which he
knows to be false, and injury enures therefrom although the motive from which
the representations proceeded may not have been bad. An act of fraud on court
is always viewed seriously. A collusion or conspiracy with a view to deprive
the rights of the others in relation to a property would render the transaction
void ab initio.
Fraud and deception
are synonymous. Although in a given case a deception may not amount to fraud,
fraud is anathema to all equitable principles and any affair tainted with fraud
cannot be perpetuated or saved by the application of any equitable doctrine
including res judicata. (See Ram Chandra Singh v. Savitri Devi and Ors. (2003
(8) SCC 319).
"Fraud" and
collusion vitiate even the most solemn proceedings in any civilized system of jurisprudence.
It is a concept descriptive of human conduct. Michael Levi likens a fraudster
to Milton's sorcerer, Comus, who exulted in his ability to, `wing me into the
easy hearted man and trap him into snares'. It has been defined as an act of trickery
or deceit. In Webster's Third New International Dictionary "fraud" in
equity has been defined as an act or omission to act or concealment by which
one person obtains an advantage against conscience over another or which equity
or public policy forbids as being prejudicial to another. In Black's Legal
Dictionary, "fraud" is defined as an intentional perversion of truth
for the purpose of inducing another in reliance upon it to part with some
valuable thing belonging to him or surrender a legal right; a false
representation of a matter of fact whether by words or by conduct, by false or
misleading allegations, or by concealment of that which should have been
disclosed, which deceives and is intended to deceive another so that he shall
act upon it to his legal injury. In Concise Oxford Dictionary, it has been
defined as criminal deception, use of false representation to gain unjust
advantage; dishonest artifice or trick. According to Halsbury's Laws of England,
a representation is deemed to have been false, and therefore a
misrepresentation, if it was at the material date false in substance and in
fact. Section 17 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 defines "fraud" as
act committed by a party to a contract with intent to deceive another. From
dictionary meaning or even otherwise fraud arises out of deliberate active role
of representator about a fact, which he knows to be untrue yet he succeeds in
misleading the representee by making him believe it to be true. The
representation to become fraudulent must be of fact with knowledge that it was
false. In a leading English case i.e. Derry and Ors. v. Peek (1886-90) All ER 1
what constitutes "fraud" was described thus: (All ER p. 22 B-C)
"fraud" is proved when it is shown that a false representation has
been made (i) knowingly, or (ii) without belief in its truth, or (iii)
recklessly, careless whether it be true or false". But "fraud"
in public law is not the same as "fraud" in private law.
Nor can the
ingredients, which establish "fraud" in commercial transaction, be of
assistance in determining fraud in Administrative Law. It has been aptly
observed by Lord Bridge in Khawaja v. Secretary of State for Home Deptt. (1983)
1 All ER 765, that it is dangerous to introduce maxims of common law as to
effect of fraud while determining fraud in relation of statutory law.
"Fraud" in relation to statute must be a colourable transaction to
evade the provisions of a statute. "If a statute has been passed for some
one particular purpose, a court of law will not countenance any attempt which
may be made to extend the operation of the Act to something else which is quite
foreign to its object and beyond its scope. Present day concept of fraud on
statute has veered round abuse of power or mala fide exercise of power. It may
arise due to overstepping the limits of power or defeating the provision of statute
by adopting subterfuge or the power may be exercised for extraneous or
irrelevant considerations.
The colour of fraud
in public law or administration law, as it is developing, is assuming different
shades.
It arises from a
deception committed by disclosure of incorrect facts knowingly and deliberately
to invoke exercise of power and procure an order from an authority or tribunal.
It must result in exercise of jurisdiction which otherwise would not have been
exercised. The misrepresentation must be in relation to the conditions provided
in a section on existence or non-existence of which the power can be exercised.
But non-disclosure of a fact not required by a statute to be disclosed may not
amount to fraud. Even in commercial transactions non- disclosure of every fact
does not vitiate the agreement. "In a contract every person must look for
himself and ensures that he acquires the information necessary to avoid bad
bargain. In public law the duty is not to deceive. (See Shrisht Dhawan (Smt.)
v. M/s. Shaw Brothers, (1992 (1) SCC 534).
This aspect of the
matter has been considered by this Court in Roshan Deen v. Preeti Lal (2002 (1)
SCC 100) Ram Preeti Yadav v. U.P. Board of High School and Intermediate
Education (2003 (8) SCC 311), Ram Chandra Singh's case (supra), Ashok Leyland
Ltd. v. State of T.N. and Another (2004 (3) 18 SCC 1) and State of A.P. & Anr.
v. T. Suryachandra Rao [ (2005) 6 SCC 149].
Suppression of a
material document would also amount to a fraud on the court. (see Gowrishankar
v. Joshi Amba Shankar Family Trust (1996 (3) SCC 310) and S.P. Chengalvaraya
Naidu's case (supra).
"Fraud" is
a conduct either by letter or words, which induces the other person or
authority to take a definite determinative stand as a response to the conduct
of the former either by words or letter.
Although negligence
is not fraud but it can be evidence on fraud; as observed in Ram Preeti Yadav's
case (supra).
In Lazarus Estate
Ltd. v. Beasley (1956) 1 QB 702, Lord Denning observed at pages 712 & 713,
"No judgment of a Court, no order of a Minister can be allowed to stand if
it has been obtained by fraud.
Fraud unravels
everything." In the same judgment Lord Parker LJ observed that fraud
"vitiates all transactions known to the law of however high a degree of solemnity".
14. Stand in essence
is that after dismissal of the writ petition and three earlier orders, revision
under Section 27 was maintainable. Stand of the State is that there was no
jurisdiction to move any particular authority. A new case was tried to be made,
which was not the case earlier. An appeal was already filed without indicating
as to under which provision it was filed. Second appeal against eviction was
not maintainable. There was constructive res judicata, and there is no
provision to move after 9 years for transfer of the kothi. It is significant
that all previous orders which have relevance were suppressed. There is
substance in what is submitted.
15. It is to be noted
that suit was filed against Tuljaram.
Subsequently there
was a compromise between Tuljaram and Bhagwan Das. It is relevant to note that
Bhagwan's claim was that there was an agreement of sale between Tuljaram and
Bhagwan Das. It is to be further noted that in the counter affidavit filed by
Tuljraram there is no reference to the alleged agreement with Bhagwan Das. He
is a local person and not a displaced person. Therefore, he has no right to get
the property. There is no distinction between original order and the revisional
order. Law is fairly well settled that even if an order is a nullity same has
to be challenged. [See: State of Punjab and Ors. v. Gurdev Singh (1991(4) SCC
1)].
16. Above being the
position, the High Court was justified in its view and no interference is
called for.
17. Appeal is
dismissed accordingly. But there shall be no order as to costs.
..........................................J.
(Dr. ARIJIT PASAYAT)
..........................................J.
(LOKESHWAR SINGH PANTA)
New
Delhi:
Back
Pages: 1 2 3
