Life
Insurance Corporation of India and Others Vs. Retired L.I.C.
Officers Association and Others [2008] Insc 176 (12 February 2008)
S.B.
Sinha & Harjit Singh Bedi
CIVIL
APPEAL NO. 1289 OF 2007 S.B. SINHA, J.
1.
Jurisdiction of the Chairman of the Life Insurance Corporation of India
(Corporation) to issue instructions in terms of Regulation 51 of the Life
Insurance Corporation of India Class-I Officers (Revision of Terms and
Conditions of Service) Instructions, 1996 is in question in this appeal which arises
out of a judgment and order dated 29th September, 1995 passed by a Division
Bench of the Kerala High Court in Writ Appeal No. 32 of 2004.
2. We
may notice only the admitted facts herein.
Respondent
No.1 is an Association of officers who have retired from the services of the
appellant-Corporation which is a statutory authority constituted and
incorporated under the Life Insurance Corporation Act, 1956.
During
the period of 1st August, 1992 and 31st July, 1994 a revision of scales of pay of the
offices and employees of the Corporation took place.
Different
cut off dates were fixed for grant of different nature of allowances as also
pay by the Chairman of the Corporation in purported exercise of his power under
Regulation 51 of the Regulations. Whereas 1st April, 1993 was the cut off date for revision
of pay; 1st August,
1994 was fixed as the
cut off date for the purpose of payment of gratuity on the basis of revised
pay.
However,
so far as those employees who had retired prior to 1st August, 1994 are concerned, they were directed to be entitled to reduce
gratuity based on the reduced scale of pay with effect from 1st April, 1993 only. The arrears of pay were
directed to be paid only w.e.f. 1st April, 1993.
3.
Indisputably, whereas the Gujarat and Kerala
High Court upheld the validity of the instructions issued by the Chairman of
the appellant- Corporation, the Karnakata High Court took a different view.
4. The
claim of Respondent No.1 was allowed in part by a learned Single Judge of the
High Court by his order dated 8th July, 2003 holding :- "A reading of
Ext.P.3 (instructions issued by the Chairman for supplementary of Revisionist
in respect of class I officers and claimed IV will definitely go to show that
it cannot operate as far as the claims for gratuity is concerned. It is
admitted that at least certain officers, represented by the petitioner
Association were deemed as having revised salary from April, 1993 onwards.
In
that view, at the time of retirement, they were deemed as getting a salary which
alone could have been taken notice of for computing gratuity, if Regulation
No.77 has any application. It is definite that the restriction in Ext. P.3 and
benevolence in Regulation No.77 could not have co-existed because the
Corporation is offering gratuity at the rate less than the amount an employee
had notionally drawn at the time of their respective retirement. It is also
pertinent to note that when powers were conferred on the Chairman under
Regulation No.51(2), specific reference was there about the incidents of DA and
other allowances. There is no reference to any alteration permissible in
respect of gratuity. It leads to the position that the regulation did not
permit the Chairman to disturb criterian for gratuity payment by exercise of
powers under Regulation No.51 (2)."
It was
further held:- "There was no power on the part of the Bank Management in
that case to disturb the settlement, and the gratuity was to be paid on the
basis of last drawn pay. Likewise, in the present case, it would not have been
permissible for the Chairman to unsettle the benefits that had been spoken to
by Regulation No.77 while issuing Ext.P.3 order."
5. A
Division Bench of the said High Court on an intra court appeal preferred by the
appellants herein upheld the said findings.
6. Mr.
Patwalia, learned senior counsel appearing on behalf of the appellants, in
support of this appeal, submitted :-
1)
Pension and Gratuity having two different concepts, the High Court committed a
serious error in holding that the Chairman of the Corporation had no
jurisdiction to issue the instructions.
ii)
Sub-regulation (2) of Regulation 51 being of wide amplitude, the jurisdiction
of the Chairman to fix cut off dates was not only applicable in respect of pay
and allowances covered by Schedule II of the Regulations but also included
"gratuity" as envisaged under Regulation 77, as the quantum thereof
has a direct nexus with the payment of salary.
iii)
An employer, subject to the applicability of the doctrine of reasonableness and
non-arbitrariness, can fix a cut off date for the implementation of the revised
pay and allowances.
iv)
The amount of gratuity payable has to be calculated upon the permanent pay and
once the gratuity has been paid, no further amount is payable only because the
salary has been revised.
7. Mr.
P.S. Narasimha, learned counsel appearing on behalf of the respondents, on the
other hand, contended that the power of the Chairman of the Corporation to
issue instructions being limited to Chapter IV of the Regulations, it has no
application in relation to the payment of gratuity as provided for in
Regulation 77 thereof.
8.
Appellant-Corporation in exercise of its powers conferred upon it by clauses
(b) and (bb) of sub-section (2) of Section 49 of the Life Insurance Corporation
Act, 1956, with the previous approval of the Central Government, made
Regulations known as "Life Insurance Corporation of India (Staff)
Regulations, 1960 (in short 'the Regulations'). Chapter IV of the said
Regulations deal with "Pay and Allowances". Regulation 51 thereof
reads as under :- "Scales of Pay :
51.(1)
The scales of pay, dearness allowance and other allowances (wherever payable)
applicable to the employees of the Corporation in India shall be as prescribed in Schedule
II hereto.
(1A) The
basic pay and other allowance admissible from time to time to an employee
belonging to Class II shall be regulated in accordance with the provisions
contained in Schedule III.
(2)
Whereas the scales of pay, dearness allowance or other allowances applicable to
the employees of the Corporation or any class of them are revised in pursuance
of any award, agreement or settlement, or otherwise, the method of fixation of
pay in the new scales, the eligibility for the benefit of revision, the date
from which the revision shall apply, and other matters connected therewith or
incidental thereto shall be regulated by instructions issued by the Chairman in
this behalf."
(Emphasis
supplied) 9. Chapter VII of the said Regulations deals with Miscellaneous
Matters.
Regulation
76 deals with Provident Fund. Regulation 77 deals with Gratuity. Regulation 78
deals with Superannuation Fund. Regulation 79 deals with Travelling Allowance
Rules. There are other provisions also dealing with some other benefits which
are to be granted to the employees of the Corporation.
10.
Regulation 51 indisputably confers power upon the Chairman to fix a date from
which the revision in pay shall apply. It applies to pay, dearness allowance
and other allowances applicable to the employees of the Corporation. The
question, as would appear from the discussions made hereinafter, is as to
whether the expression "the date from which the revisions shall apply, and
other matters connected therewith or incidental thereto", would also
include the matter relating to payment of gratuity which is otherwise covered
by Regulation 77 thereof.
11.
Although Mr. Patwalia has relied upon a large number of decisions of this Court
for the purpose of making a distinction between the terms "pension"
and "gratuity" as also the jurisdiction of the employer to fix a cut
off date, it may not be necessary to deal with all of them.
12. We
may, however, note some precedents operating in the field.
Recently
in H.E.C. Voluntary Retired Employees Welfare Society and another vs Heavy
Engineering Corporation Ltd. and others : (2006) 3 SCC 708 this Court observed
:- "24. In State of A.P. v. A.P. Pensioners Assn. this Court
categorically held that the financial implication is a relevant criterion for
the State Government to determine as to what benefits can be granted pursuant
to or in furtherance of the recommendations of a Pay Revision Committee. A'
fortiori while taking that factor into account, an employer indisputably would
also take into consideration the number of employees to whom such benefit can
be extended."
{See
also U.P. Rahavendra Acharya and others vs. State of Karnatka and others [(2006) 9 SCC 630]}
13. It
is also interesting to notice a decision of this Court in State of Andhra Pradesh and another vs. A.P. Pensioners' Association
and others :
(2005)
13 SCC 161 wherein it was opined :- "28. Computation of retirement
gratuity payable to a government servant is, therefore, required to be done on
the basis of the formula laid down therein. A bare perusal of the aforementioned
Rule clearly shows that for the purpose of computation either 1/4th of the
emoluments for each completed six-monthly period of service, or 3/16th of
emoluments for each completed six-monthly period of service, is to be taken
into consideration. Such emoluments necessarily were payable either immediately
before the date of retirement or the date of death. On 1-4- 1999, in view of
the clear expressions contained in the aforementioned GO No. 114, those
employees who retired between the period 1-7-1998 and 1-4-1999 would have
received the actual benefit calculated in terms of the said Rule. The
submission of Mr Lalit to the effect that they became entitled to enhanced pay
and, therefore, to enhanced gratuity from 1-7-1998 is not wholly correct.
They
became entitled thereto but only notionally for the purpose of calculation of
such recurring liability of the State which became payable with effect from 1-4-1999.
The
High Court has heavily relied upon the purported legal fiction created in the
said Rule to the effect that the same would come into force with effect from 1-7-1998.
The
legal fiction undoubtedly is to be construed in such a manner so as to enable a
person, for whose benefit such legal fiction has been created, to obtain all
consequences flowing therefrom."
It was
further observed :- "30. The case at hand indeed poses a different
problem.
Although
like Gurupad Khandappa Magdum a notional revision of pay was to be considered
as if the same took effect from 1-7-1998, but the Rules went further and stated that the actual monetary benefit
thereof shall be given with effect from 1-4-1999. The Rules, therefore, not only
create a legal fiction but also provide the limitations in operation thereof.
If the effect of the legal fiction is extended in the manner suggested by Mr Lalit,
clause (4) ( sic Rule 4) of the Rules will become otiose.
In
other words, all the consequences ordinarily flowing from a rule would be given
effect to if the rule otherwise does not limit the operation thereof. If the
rule itself provides a limitation on its operation, the consequences flowing
from the legal fiction have to be understood in the light of the limitations
prescribed. Thus, it is not possible to construe the legal fiction as simply as
suggested by Mr Lalit."
[See
also State of Tamil Nadu vs. Seshachalam : 2007 (11) SCALE
239].
14.
The Regulations are subordinate legislation. Chairman of the Corporation is a
statutory authority. Power to fix a cut off date has been conferred upon him by
way of statutory provision. The same requires a strict interpretation. Chapter
IV of Regulations envisages scales of pay. It also talks of dearness allowance
and other allowances as envisaged under the IInd Schedule thereof. Clause (2)
of the said Regulation, as indicated hereinbefore, confers jurisdiction on the
Chairman of the Corporation to regulate the same as also other matters
connected therewith or incidental thereof by issuance of instructions.
15. It
may be true, as was contended by Mr. Patwalia, that the cut off dates were fixed
upon holding negotiations with the Unions.
However,
the jurisdiction of the Chairman to fix a cut off date is in question in terms
of sub-regulation (2) of Regulation 51. Instructions have been issued under the
said provision alone. Instructions not only cover the scales of pay from a
particular date but different dates have been fixed for different types of
allowances. We have noticed hereinbefore that whereas dearness allowance and
some other allowances, as for instance 'house rent allowance' and 'city
compensatory allowance' are envisaged by IInd Schedule appended to the said
Regulations, the other allowances, and for instance, the 'Provident Fund' and
'Gratuity' have nothing to do therewith.
Provident
Fund and Gratuity are ordinarily governed by the Acts enacted by the
Parliament, subject to the conditions contained therein.
16.
Regulation 77 of the Regulations, specifies the employees who would be entitled
to payment of gratuity. Clause (2) of Regulation 77 provides for the manner in
which the amount of gratuity shall be payable. Neither the payment of Provident
Fund nor the payment of Gratuity is thus covered by the provisions contained in
Chapter IV of the Regulations.
19.
Clause (1) of Regulation 51 postulates grant of pay, dearness allowance and
other allowances in the manner as prescribed in the IInd Schedule. The basic
pay and other allowances to Class II employees are regulated under the
provisions contained in Schedule III thereof. Revision of pay, dearness
allowance and other allowances applicable to the employees of the Corporation stricto
sensu are not covered by clause (2) of Regulation
51. It
merely states that when a revision takes place pursuant to or in furtherance of
any award, agreement or settlement or otherwise, the Chairman of the
Corporation will have the jurisdiction in regard to :-
a) the
method of fixation of pay in the new scales ;
b) the
eligibility for the benefit of revision ; and
c) the
date from which the revision shall apply.
20.
Method of fixation, eligibility for the benefit of revision and the date from
which the revisions shall apply are thus, the only areas within which the
Chairman can exercise jurisdiction. The effect of revision of pay scales on
other spheres and which are otherwise governed by another statute or other
provisions of the said Regulations would not come within the purview thereof.
21.
The terminology used "and other matters connected therewith or incidental
thereto" must, therefore, be held to have a direct nexus with any one of
the aforementioned three elements. The same has nothing to do with the
construction of any other provision of the Regulations. The words
"incidental to" cannot be interpreted too broadly. It cannot be read
independently of the main provision. It cannot serve some other purpose which
is not covered by Regulation 51 of the Regulations. It cannot be permitted to
encroach upon an area which is not within the jurisdiction of the Chairman of
the Corporation.
22. It
is one thing to say that the court while exercising its jurisdiction would be
entitled to exercise such incidental power for determination of the principal
issue but it is another thing to say that a statutory authority in such matters
would be held to have such power which is beyond the scope and purport of the
principal provisions.
23 The
word "Incidental" has been defined in Advanced Law Lexicon 3rd (2005)
Edition, Book 2 at 2275 to mean:- "According to Stroud's Judicial
Dictionary, a thing is said to be incidental to another when it appertains to
the principal thing. According to the ordinary Dictionary meaning, it signifies
a subordinate action. Hukumchand Jute Mills Ltd. vs. Labour Appellate Tribunal,
AIR 1958 Cal. 68, 70. (Industrial Disputes Act
(14 of 1917), S. 10(4)].
The
word "incidental" does not imply any casual or fortuitous connection.
In a legal sense as applied to powers, it means a power which is subsidiary to
that which has been expressed, and of an instrumental nature in relation
thereto, which is both necessary and proper for the carrying into execution of
the main power which has been expressly conferred. (Dunichand and Co. vs. Narain
Das and Co. (1947) 17 Comp. Cas. 195 (FB)."
24.
Each word employed in a statute must take colour from the purport and object
for which it is used. The principle of purposive interpretation, therefore,
should be taken recourse to.
25.
Revision of scales of pay as also other allowances is technical in nature. When
a benefit is extended to a group of employees the effect of such benefit, if
otherwise comes within the purview thereof must be held to be applicable to
other groups of employees also. An employee is entitled to gratuity. It is not
a bounty. It is payable on successful tenure of service.
Regulation
77 provides as to how the amount of gratuity is to be calculated.
Regulation
51 provides for a rule of measurement. Only because it employed the word
"permanent basic pay", the same will not itself lead to the
conclusion that once an employee has retired, he would not be entitled to any
revision of the amount of gratuity.
26.
The Chairman of the Corporation has himself given a retrospective effect to
revision in scales of pay. Such a retrospective effect has also been given so
as to benefit a class of employees. The employees, irrespective of the fact
whether they had superannuated or not, were given the benefit of arrears of pay
from 1st August, 1993. By reason of grant of such benefit both to serving
employees as also the superannuated employees, both the class of employees
became entitled thereto as of right. If by reason thereof, even a retired
employee, as on the date of retirement, became entitled to the benefit of the
revised scale of pay, the same for all intent and purpose must be taken to be
the permanent basic pay, apart from other allowances, if any, which are
required to be taken into consideration for the purpose of computation of the
amount of gratuity.
27. In
Indian Bank and another vs. N. Venkatramani : 2007 (10) SCALE 475 : this Court
gave effect to the beneficial provision in the light of the rule of
measurement, stating :- "13. It may be true that various provisions of the
Regulations as for example Regulations 16, 17, 19, 23, etc. provided for
qualifying service. Regulation 18 is not controlled by any of the said
provisions. It does not brook any restrictive interpretation. It only provides
for a rule of measurement. An employee, as noticed hereinbefore, was entitled
to pension provided he has completed the specified period of service. How such
a period of service would be computed is a matter which is governed by the
statute. It is one thing to say that a statute provides for completion of
fifteen years of minimum service, but if a provision provides for measurement
of the period, the same cannot be lost sight of. Provision of the Regulations
which are beneficial in nature, in our opinion, should be construed
liberally."
28.
Contention of Mr. Patwalia that the Chairman of the Corporation having power
even to fix the cut off dates for different purposes, the jurisdiction
exercised by him to do so for payment of gratuity, which has a direct nexus
with the revised pay of scale cannot be accepted. Once he fixes a cut off date
for the purpose of giving effect to the agreement vis-`-vis the payment of
arrears in terms thereof, he cannot exercise further jurisdiction in respect of
a matter which is not controlled by Chapter IV but is controlled by other
provisions of statutes and Parliament Acts governing the field. A delegatee
must exercise its powers within the four-corners of the statute. The power of a
sub-delegatee is more restricted. A delegatee cannot act in violation of a
statute. A sub-delegatee cannot exercise any power which is not meant to be
conferred upon him by reason of statutory provisions. It must conform not only
to the provisions of the Regulations and the Act but also other Parliamentary
Acts. [See Kurmanchal Inst. of Degree and Diploma and Ors. vs. Chancellor,
M.J.P. Rohilkhand Univ. and Ors. (2007) 6 SCC 35, Kerala Samsthana Chethu Thozhilali
Union vs. State of Kerala and Ors. ( 2006 ) 4 SCC 327 Bombay Dyeing & Mfg. Co. Ltd. vs. Bombay Environmental Action Group &
Ors. (2006) 3 SCC 434, State of Kerala and Ors. vs. Unni and Anr (2007) 2 SCC
365, State of Orissa and another vs. M/s. Chakobhai Ghelabhai and Company :
1961 (1) SCR 719 and M/s. Shroff and Co. vs. Municipal Corporation of Greater
Bombay and another : (1989) Supp. 1 SCC 347].
28.
We, however, do not intend to lay down the law that the expression
"incidental" or "connected" would be matters which are of a
casual nature only, but, we reiterate that the same must have something to do
with the nature of power granted to the authority concerned.
29.
Unfortunately before the Gujarat High Court and the Karanataka High Court, both
the counsels have missed in bringing to the Court's notice this aspect of the
matter.
30.
We, therefore, do not find any merit in this appeal which is accordingly
dismissed with costs. Counsel's fee assessed at Rs.25,000/-.
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