Commissioner
of Income Tax, Chennai Vs. M/S Bilahari Investment (P) Ltd [2008] Insc 304 (27 February 2008)
S.
H. Kapadia & B. Sudershan Reddy
CIVIL
APPEAL NO 1625 OF 2008 (arising out of S.L.P. (C) No. 9801/07) With Civil
Appeal No. 1626 /08 arising out of SLP(C) No. 9804/07, Civil Appeal No. 1627
/08 arising out of SLP(C) No. 9818/07, Civil Appeal No. 1628 /08 arising out of
SLP(C) No. 14048/07, Civil Appeal No. 1629 /08 arising out of SLP(C) No.
14522/07, Civil Appeal No. 1630 /08 arising out of SLP(C) No. 14579/07, Civil
Appeal No. 1631 /08 arising out of SLP(C) No. 14046/07 and Civil Appeal No.
1632 /08 arising out of SLP(C) No. 21572/07. KAPADIA, J.
Leave
granted.
2.
This batch of civil appeals filed by the Department is directed against
judgment of the Division Bench of the Madras High Court dated 19.6.2006 in
which it has been held that in the matter of chit transaction, the Completed
Contract Method of accounting adopted by the respondents-assessees was
erroneously rejected by the Department and that the Tribunal had erred in
directing the discount to be spread over the balance period of the chit on a
proportionate basis. In other words, the controversy arising in the present
appeals is whether the Completed Contract Method followed by the assessees and
accepted by the Revenue in the past needed to be substituted by percentage of
Completion Method as contended by the AO.
3. We
are concerned with assessment years 1991-1992 to 1997-1998.
4. Assessees
are private limited companies subscribing to chits as their business
activities. They were maintaining their accounts on mercantile basis and they
were computing profit/loss, as the case may be, at the end of the chit period
following completed contract method, which was earlier accepted by the Department
over several years.
5.
Chit funds are basically saving schemes in which certain number of subscribers
join together and each contributes a certain fixed sum each month, the total
number of months being equal to the total number of subscribers. The subscriptions
are paid to the Manager of the fund by a certain prescribed date each month and
the total subscriptions to the fund are auctioned each month amongst the
subscribers. At each auction, the lowest bidder is paid the amount of his bid
and the balance received from out of the total subscriptions received is
distributed equally amongst other subscribers, as premium. The Manager is paid
a certain percentage of the collections each month on account of expenses and
charges for conducting the auction.
In the
auction, a maximum amount, which the highest bidder agrees to forego, is the
amount, which is distributed to the other members, subject to deduction of the
Manager's commission.
6. In
this case, we are concerned with the tax treatment of the difference between
the amount contributed and the amount received. In other words, in this case,
we are concerned with allowability of the claim for discount under the
Income-tax Act, 1961 ("1961 Act") in order to arrive at
"income" under that Act.
7. As
stated hereinabove, assessees herein have been following completed contract
method over the years, which was accepted by the Department. However, for the
assessment years under consideration, the AO came to the conclusion that the
completed contract method was not accurate in recognizing/identifying
"income" under the 1961 Act, and according to him, therefore, in the
context of the "chit discount", the correct method was deferred
revenue expenditure calculated on proportionate basis. In other words, the AO
has preferred percentage of completion method as the basis for
recognizing/identifying "income" under the 1961 Act in substitution
of completed contract method.
8.
According to the Department, chit dividend had to be subjected to tax on
accrual basis as the assessees were following the mercantile system of
accounting. According to the Department, income accrued to the assessees in the
form of chit dividend during the year whereas liability arose in the form of
chit discount over the relevant period depending upon the remaining number of instalments
to be paid.
9. As
far as the chit dividend is concerned, the Department rejected the completed
contract method as suggested by the assessees, which has been accepted by the
Tribunal and the High Court. However, in the matter of chit discount, the High
Court, overruling the Tribunal, has held that the completed contract method of
accounting adopted by the assessees was valid and that the Department had erred
in spreading the discount over the remaining period of the chit on proportionate
basis.
10. In
the matter of chit dividend, assessees have accepted the view of the Tribunal
and the High Court that the completed contract method was not correct.
Therefore, to that extent, the controversy is settled.
11.
The limited controversy is whether the completed contract method of accounting
adopted by the assessees as method of accounting for chit discount is required
to be substituted by percentage of completion method.
12. In
this connection, it is the case of the assessees that, profits (loss) accrued
to the assessees only when the dividends exceeded the discount paid and that
difference could be known only on the termination of the chit when the total
figure of dividend received and discount paid would be available.
That,
it would be possible for the assessees to make profits only when the sum total
of the dividend received exceeded the sum total of discounts suffered which is
debited to P & L account. According to the assessees, the Department has
all along been accepting the completed contract method and, therefore, there
was no justification in law or in facts for deviating from the accepted
practice. According to the assessees, a chit transaction has been treated by
the various courts as one single scheme running for the full period and,
therefore, according to the assessees, the completed contract method adopted by
it over the years was not required to be substituted by any other method of
accounting.
13.
Before us, Shri Parag P. Tripathi, learned Additional Solicitor General, relied
on the judgment of the Bombay High Court in the case of Taparia Tools Ltd. v.
Joint Commissioner of Income-tax reported in [2003] 260 ITR 102 in which the
matching principle has been discussed threadbare. We quote hereinbelow the said
concept from the judgment, which reads as follows:
"The
mercantile system of accounting is based on accrual. Basically, it is a Double
Entry System of accounting. Under the mercantile system of accounting, profits
arising or accruing at the date of the transaction are liable to be taxed
notwithstanding the fact that they are not actually received or deemed to be
received under the Act. Under the mercantile system of accounting, therefore,
book profits are liable to be taxed. The profits earned and credited in the books
of account constitute the basis of computation of income. The system postulates
the existence of tax insofar as monies due and payable by the parties to whom
they are debited (see Keshav Mills Ltd. v. CIT [1953] 23 ITR 230, 239 (SC) ).
Therefore, under the Mercantile System of Accounting, in order to determine the
net income of an accounting year, the revenue and other incomes are matched
with the cost of resources consumed [expenses]. Under the mercantile system of
accounting, this matching is required to be done on accrual basis. Under this
matching concept, revenue and income earned during an accounting period,
irrespective of actual cash in-flow, is required to be compared with expenses
incurred during the same period, irrespective of actual out-flow of cash. In
this case, the assessee is following mercantile system of accounting.
This
matching concept is very relevant to compute taxable income particularly in
cases involving DRE. It has been recognised by numerous judgments. In the case
of Calcutta Co. Ltd. v. CIT [1959] 37 ITR 1 (SC) the facts were as follows: The
assessee bought lands and sold them in plots. When the plots were sold the
purchasers paid only a portion of the purchase price and undertook to pay the
balance in instalments. The assessee, in turn, agreed to develop the plots
within six months. In the relevant Accounting Year, the assessee actually
received only Rs. 29,392 towards sale price of the lands, but, in accordance
with the mercantile system of accounting followed by the assessee, it credited
in its accounts Rs. 43,692 representing the full sale price of the lands. At
the same time, it also debited Rs. 24,809 as expenditure for the development it
had undertaken even though, no part of that amount was actually spent. The
Department, therefore, disallowed the expenditure of Rs. 24,809 on the ground
that the amount was not actually spent. The assessee ultimately succeeded in
the Supreme Court. It was held by the Supreme Court that the expression
"Profits or Gains" in Section 10(1) of the Income-tax Act, 1922
should be understood in its commercial sense and there can be no computation of
such profits and gains until the expenditure, which is necessary for the
purposes of earning the receipts is deducted therefrom.
Accordingly,
the Supreme Court took the view, that since the assessee was following
Mercantile System of Accounting and since the assessee had credited the full
sale price of lands in its accounts amounting to Rs. 43,692, the assessee was
entitled to estimate the expenditure because, without such estimation of
expenditure, it was not possible to compute profits and gains. This concept is
also applied by the Supreme Court in the case of Madras Industrial investment
Corporation Ltd. [1997] 225 ITR 802 under following observations (headnote):
"Ordinarily,
revenue expenditure which is incurred wholly and exclusively for the purpose of
business must be allowed in its entirety in the year in which it is incurred.
It cannot be spread over a number of years even if the assessee has written it
off in his books, over a period of years. However, the facts may justify an assessee
who has incurred expenditure in a particular year to spread and claim it over a
period of ensuing years. In fact, allowing the entire expenditure in one year
might give a very distorted picture of the profits of a particular year.
Issuing debentures is an instance where, although the assessee has incurred the
liability to pay the discount in the year of issue of debentures, the payment
is to secure a benefit over a number of years. There is a continuing benefit to
the business of the company over the entire period. The liability should,
therefore, be spread over the period of the debentures."
Therefore,
the matching concept, which we have referred to is well recognised by various
judgments of the Supreme Court. In this case, the issue is whether the entire
expenditure distorts the profits of a particular year."
14.
Further, learned ASG has also placed reliance on the judgment of this Court in
the case of J.K. Industries Ltd. & Anr. v. Union of India & Ors. reported in 2007 (13) SCALE 204.
Paragraphs 82 and 83 of the said judgment are reproduced hereinbelow:
"82.
Matching Concept is based on the accounting period concept. The paramount
object of running a business is to earn profit. In order to ascertain the
profit made by the business during a period, it is necessary that
"revenues" of the period should be matched with the costs (expenses)
of that period. In other words, income made by the business during a period can
be measured only with the revenue earned during a period is compared with the
expenditure incurred for earning that revenue.
However,
in cases of mergers and acquisitions, companies sometimes undertake to defer
revenue expenditure over future years which brings in the concept of Deferred
Tax Accounting. Therefore, today it cannot be said that the concept of accrual
is limited to one year.
83. It
is a principle of recognizing costs (expenses) against revenues or against the
relevant time period in order to determine the periodic income. This principle
is an important component of accrual basis of accounting.
As
stated above, the object of AS 22 is to reconcile the matching principle with
the Fair Valuation Principles. It may be noted that recognition, measurement
and disclosure of various items of income, expenses, assets and liabilities is
done only by Accounting Standards and not by provisions of the Companies
Act."
15.
Recognition/identification of income under the 1961 Act is attainable by
several methods of accounting. It may be noted that the same result could be
attained by any one of the accounting methods. Completed contract method is one
such method. Similarly, percentage of completion method is another such method.
16.
Under completed contract method, the revenue is not recognised until the
contract is complete. Under the said method, costs are accumulated during the
course of the contract. The profit and loss is established in the last
accounting period and transferred to P & L account. The said method
determines results only when contract is completed. This method leads to
objective assessment of the results of the contract.
17. On
the other hand, percentage of completion method tries to attain periodic
recognition of income in order to reflect current performance. The amount of
revenue recognised under this method is determined by reference to the stage of
completion of the contract. The stage of completion can be looked at under this
method by taking into consideration the proportion that costs incurred to date
bears to the estimated total costs of contract.
18.
The above indicates the difference between completed contract method and
percentage of completion method.
19. In
the judgment of the Bombay High Court in Taparia Tools Ltd. (supra) it has been
held that in every case of substitution of one method by another method, the
burden is on the Department to prove that the method in vogue is not correct
and it distorts the profits of a particular year. Under the mercantile system
of accounting based on the concept of accrual, the method of accounting
followed by the assessees is relevant. In the present case, there is no finding
recorded by the AO that the completed contract method distorts the profits of a
particular year. Moreover, as held in various judgments, the Chit Scheme is one
integrated scheme spread over a period of time, sometimes exceeding 12 months.
We have examined computation of tax effect in these cases and we find that the
entire exercise is revenue neutral, particularly when the scheme is read as one
integrated scheme spread over a period of time.
20. As
stated above, we are concerned with assessment years 1991-1992 to 1997-1998. In
the past, the Department had accepted the completed contract method and because
of such acceptance, the assessees, in these cases, have followed the same
method of accounting, particularly in the context of chit discount. Every assessee
is entitled to arrange its affairs and follow the method of accounting, which
the Department has earlier accepted.
It is
only in those cases where the Department records a finding that the method
adopted by the assessee results in distortion of profits, the Department can
insist on substitution of the existing method. Further, in the present cases,
we find from the various statements produced before us, that the entire
exercise, arising out of change of method from completed contract method to
deferred revenue expenditure, is revenue neutral. Therefore, we do not wish to
interfere with the impugned judgment of the High Court.
21.
Before concluding, we may point out that under section 211(2) of the Companies
Act, Accounting Standards ("AS") enacted by the Institute of
Chartered Accountants have now been adopted [see: judgment of this Court in
J.K. Industries case (supra)]. Shri Tripathi, learned counsel for the
Department, has placed reliance on AS 22 as the basis of his argument that the
completed contract method should be substituted by deferred revenue expenditure
(spreading the said expenditure on proportionate basis over a period of time).
He also relied upon the concept of timing difference introduced by AS 22. It
may be stated that all these developments are of recent origin. It is open to
the Department to consider these new accounting standards and concepts in future
cases of chit transactions. We express no opinion in that regard. Suffice it to
state that, these new concepts and accounting standards have not been invoked
by the Department in the present batch of civil appeals.
22.
Subject to above, we see no reason to interfere with the impugned judgment of
the High Court and accordingly the civil appeals are dismissed with no order as
to costs.
Back
Pages: 1 2