Guriya
@ Tabassum Tauquir and Ors Vs. State of Bihar and Anr [2007] Insc 983 (28 September 2007)
Dr.
Arijit Pasayat & D.K. Jain
CRIMINAL
APPEAL NO. 1305 OF 2007 (Arising out of S.L.P.(Crl.) No.6219 of 2005) DR.
ARIJIT PASAYAT, J.
1.
Leave granted.
2. The
appellants call in question legality of the order passed by a learned Single
Judge of the Patna High Court dismissing the Criminal Revision filed by them.
Challenge before the High Court was to the revisional order passed by learned
Additional Sessions Judge, Fast Track Court No.1, Motihari. By order dated
10.09.2004, learned Additional Sessions Judge set aside the order of learned
Judicial Magistrate, Motihari in G.R. No.996 of 99/Tr. No.693 of 2004.
3.
Background facts in a nutshell are as follows:- FIR was lodged on 29.05.1999 by
Manzoor Baitha alleging that his parents, brother and sisters had a fight with
his family members. Annu Siddiqui hit on the head of his son Akbar Hawari with
the butt of a pistol and he also snatched away a wrist watch of his son.
Cognizance was taken on 27.9.1999 and charge-sheet was filed on 09.09.1999.
Charges were framed on 14.3.2000. Only three persons were arrayed as accused
persons and the present appellants were not arrayed as accused. It appears that
a protest petition was filed before charges were framed on 14.03.2000 but the
same was rejected. Recording of prosecution evidence commenced on 16.04.2001
and continued till 29.04.2002. The prosecution evidence was thereafter closed
and the statement of accused persons was recorded in terms of Section 313 of
the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (in short 'Cr.P.C.') on 19.02.2003.
Thereafter
on 07.05.2003, an application in terms of Section 311 Cr.P.C. was filed and was
allowed and two more witnesses i.e. PWs 4 and 5 were examined. An application
under Section 319 Cr.P.C. was filed on 14.01.2004 stating that new evidence has
surfaced which requires the trial of the present appellants.
It is
to be noted that PWs 4 and 5 were examined on 6.1.2004 pursuant to the order in
the application filed under Section 311 Cr.P.C. The petition filed under
Section 319 Cr.P.C. was rejected by the Trial Court holding that no case was
made out for putting the appellants on trial. Learned Sessions Judge was moved
for revision and the same was allowed. The High Court dismissed the revision
petition filed on the ground that there are materials against the appellants.
4.
Learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the application under Section
319 Cr.P.C. was nothing but an abuse of process of the court as the narration
of facts above would go to show. Every possible attempt was made to introduce
materials against the appellants which were not on record. Even after the
examination of the accused under Section 313 Cr.P.C., an application under Section
311 Cr.P.C. was allowed. Two witnesses were examined on 6.1.2004. Even their
evidence in no way connects the appellants to the alleged incident. PWs 1, 2
and 3, who were examined on 16.04.2001, 8.01.2002 and 29.04.2002 merely stated
about the alleged presence of the appellants. No definite role was ascribed to
them. Therefore, the application in terms of Section 319 Cr.P.C. was not
maintainable and in any event was mala fide.
5.
Learned counsel for the State submitted that the prosecution has not filed any
application under Section 319 Cr.P.C. It was only PW-1, the informant who had
filed such an application. Learned counsel for the complainant respondent No.
2 submitted that the appellants were named in the FIR. PWs 1, 2 and 3 spoke
about their presence. Therefore, they should have been arrayed as accused
persons.
6. The
parameters for dealing with an application under Section 319 Cr.P.C. have been
laid down by this Court in several cases.
7. In
Michael Machado and Anr. v. Central Bureau Of Investigation and Anr. (2000 (3)
SCC 262) it was observed as follows:- "The basic requirements for invoking
the above section is that it should appear to the court from the evidence
collected during trial or in the inquiry that some other person, who is not arraigned
as an accused in that case , has committed an offence for which that person
could be tried together with the accused already arraigned. It is not enough
that the court entertained some doubt, from the evidence, about the involvement
of another person in the offence. In other words, the court must have
reasonable satisfaction from the evidence already collected regarding two
aspects. First is that the other person has committed an offence. Second is
that for such offence that other person could as well be tried along with the
already arraigned accused.
But
even then what is conferred on the court is only a discretion as could be
discerned from the words "the court may proceed against such person."
The discretionary power so conferred should be exercised only to achieve
criminal justice. It is not that the court should turn against another person
whenever it comes across evidence connecting that other person also with the
offence. A judicial exercise is called for, keeping a conspectus of the case, including
the stage at which the trial has proceeded already and the quantum of evidence
collected till then, and also the amount of time which the court had spent for
collecting such evidence. It must be remembered that there is no compelling
duty on the court to proceed against other persons.
The
court while deciding whether to invoke the power under Section 319 of the Code,
must address itself about the other constraints imposed by the first limb of
sub- section (4), that proceedings in respect of newly-added persons shall be
commenced afresh and the witnesses re-examined. The whole proceedings must be
recommended from the beginning of the trial, summon the witnesses once again
and examine them and cross-examine them in order to reach the stage where it had
reached earlier. If the witnesses already examined are quite large in number
the court must seriously consider whether the objects sought to be achieved by
such exercise are worth wasting the whole labour already undertaken. Unless the
court is hopeful that there is a reasonable prospect of the case as against the
newly-brought accused ending in being convicted of the offence concerned we
would say that the court should refrain from adopting such a course of
action"
SCC
738), it was, inter-alia observed as follows:- "The intention of the
provision here is that where in the course of any enquiry into, or trial of, an
offence, it appears to the court from the evidence that any person not being
the accused has committed any offence, the courts may proceed against him for
the offence which he appears to have committed. At that stage, the court would
consider that such a person could be tried together with the accused who is
already before the court facing the trial. The safeguard provided in respect of
such person is that, the proceedings right from the beginning have mandatorily
to be commenced afresh and the witnesses reheard.
In
short, there has to be a de novo trial against him. The provision of de novo
trial is mandatory. It vitally affects the rights of a person so brought before
the court. It would not be sufficient to only tender the witnesses for the
cross-examination of such a person.
They
have to be examined afresh. Fresh examination-in-chief and not only their
presentation for the purpose of the cross- examination of the newly added
accused is the mandate of Section 319 (4). The words "could be tried
together with the accused" in Section 319 (1), appear to be only
directory. "Could be" cannot under these circumstances be held to be
"must be". The provision cannot be interpreted to mean that since the
trial in respect of a person who was before the court has concluded with the
result that the newly added person cannot be tried together with the accused
who was before the court when order under Section 319(1) was passed, the order
would become ineffective and inoperative, nullifying the opinion earlier formed
by the court on the basis of the evidence before it that the newly added person
appears to have committed the offence resulting in an order for his being
brought before the court."
SCC
792), it was observed as follows:- "It has been repeatedly held that the
power to summon an accused is an extraordinary power conferred on the court and
should be used very sparingly and only if compelling reasons exist for taking
cognizance against the other person against whom action has not been taken.
In the
present case, we need not go into the question whether prima facie the evidence
implicates the appellant or not and whether the possibility of his conviction is
remote, or his presence and instigation stood established, for in our view the
exercise of discretion by the Magistrate, in any event of the matter, did not
call for interference by the High Court, having regard to the facts and
circumstances of the case.
In
Michael Machado v. Central Bureau of Investigation construing the words
"the court may proceed against such person" in Section 319 CrPC, this
Court held that the power is discretionary and should be exercised only to
achieve criminal justice and that the court should not turn against another
person whenever it comes across evidence connecting that other person also with
the offence. This Court further held that a judicial exercise is called for,
keeping a conspectus of the case, including the stage at which the trial has
already proceeded and the quantum of evidence collected till then, and also the
amount of time which the Court had spent for collecting such evidence. The
court, while examining an application under Section 319 CrPC, has also to bear in
mind that there is no compelling duty on the court to proceed against other
persons. In a nutshell, it means that for exercise of discretion under Section
319 CrPC, all relevant factors, including the one noticed above, have to be
kept in view and an order is not required to be made mechanically merely on the
ground that some evidence had come on record implicating the person sought to
be added as an accused.
Applying
the test as aforesaid to the facts of the present case, in our view, the trial
Magistrate is right in rejecting the application.
The
incident was of the year 1993. Seventeen witnesses had been examined. The
statements of the accused under Section 313 CrPC had been recorded. The role
attributed to the appellant, as per the impugned judgment of the High Court,
was of instigation. Having regard to these facts coupled with the quashing of
proceedings in the year 1995 against the appellant, it could not be held that
the discretion was illegally exercised by the Trial Magistrate so as to call for
interference in exercise of revisional jurisdiction by the High Court."
10.
The scope and ambit of Sec. 319 of the Code have been elucidated in several
decisions of this Court. In Joginder Singh and another v. State of Punjab and another (AIR 1979 SC 339), it
was observed:
"6.
A plain reading of Sec. 319 (1) which occurs in Chapter XXIV dealing with
general provisions as to inquiries and trials, clearly shows that it applies to
all the Courts including a Sessions Court and as such a Sessions Court will have
the power to add any person, not being the accused before it, but against whom
there appears during trial sufficient evidence indicating his involvement in
the offence, as an accused and direct him to be tried along with the other
accused;."
11. It
was further observed in paragraph 9:
"9.
As regards the contention that the phrase 'any person not being the accused'
occurred in Sec. 319 excludes from its operation an accused who has been
released by the police under Sec. 169 of the Code and has been shown in column
No. 2 of the charge sheet, the contention has merely to be stated to be
rejected. The said expression clearly covers any person who is not being tried
already by the Court and the very purpose of enacting such a provision like
Sec. 319(1) clearly shows that even persons who have been dropped by the police
during investigation but against whom evidence showing their involvement in the
offence comes before the Criminal Court are included in the said
expression."
12. In
Municipal Corporation of Delhi v. Ram Kishan Rohtagi and Ors.
(1983 (1) SCC 1) after referring to the decision in Joginder Singh's case
(supra), it was observed:- "19. In these circumstances, therefore, if the
prosecution can at any stage produce evidence which satisfies the Court that
the other accused or those who have not been arrayed as accused against whom
proceedings have been quashed have also committed the offence the Court can
take cognizance against them and try them along with the other accused.
But,
we would hasten to add that this is really an extraordinary power which is
conferred on the Court and should be used very sparingly and only if compelling
reasons exist for taking cognizance against the other person against whom
action has not been taken. More than this we would not like to say anything
further at this stage. We leave the entire matter to the discretion of the
Court concerned so that it may act according to law. We would, however, make it
plain that the mere fact that the proceedings have been quashed against
respondent Nos. 2 to 5 will not prevent the court from exercising its
discretion if it is fully satisfied that a case for taking cognizance against
them has been made out on the additional evidence led before it."
13. On
a careful reading of Sec. 319 of the Code as well as the aforesaid two
decisions, it becomes clear that the trial court has undoubted jurisdiction to
add any person not being the accused before it to face the trial along with
other accused persons, if the Court is satisfied at any stage of the proceeding
on the evidence adduced that the persons who have not been arrayed as accused
should face the trial. It is further evident that such person even though had
initially been named in the F.I.R. as an accused, but not charge sheeted, can
also be added to face the trial. The trial court can take such a step to add
such persons as accused only on the basis of evidence adduced before it and not
on the basis of materials available in the charge-sheet or the case diary,
because such materials contained in the charge sheet or the case diary do not
constitute evidence. Of course, as evident from the decision reported in Sohan Lal
and others v. State of Rajasthan, (AIR 1990 SC 2158) the position of
an accused who has been discharged stands on a different footing.
14.
Power under Section 319 of the Code can be exercised by the Court suo motu or
on an application by someone including accused already before it, if it is
satisfied that any person other than accused has committed an offence and he is
to be tried together with the accused. The power is discretionary and such
discretion must be exercised judicially having regard to the facts and
circumstances of the case. Undisputedly, it is an extraordinary power which is
conferred on the Court and should be used very sparingly and only if compelling
reasons exist for taking action against a person against whom action had not
been taken earlier. The word "evidence" in Section 319 contemplates
evidence of witnesses given in Court. Under Sub- section (4)(1)(b) of the
aforesaid provision, it is specifically made clear that it will be presumed
that newly added person had been an accused person when the Court took
cognizance of the offence upon which the inquiry or trial was commenced.
That
would show that by virtue of Sub-section (4)(1)(b) a legal fiction is created
that cognizance would be presumed to have been taken so far as newly added
accused is concerned. (See Lok Ram v. Nihal Singh and Anr. (AIR 2006 SC 1892)
15.
The factual position noted above goes to show that there was no new material
after examination of the accused persons under Section 313 Cr.P.C., which threw
any light on the incident. The evidence of PWs 4 and 5 is not the basis of the
application under Section 319 Cr.P.C. as they have not spoken anything about
the appellants.
16. As
noted above, PWs 1,2 and 3 have stated about the presence of the appellants
without any definite role being ascribed to them in their evidence recorded on
16.04.2001, 08.01.2002 and 29.04.2002. If really the complainant had any
grievance about the appellants being not made accused, that could have, at the
most, be done immediately after the recording of evidence of PWs 1,2 and 3.
That has apparently not been done. Additionally, after the charge-sheet was
filed, a protest petition was filed by the complainant which was dismissed. No
explanation whatsoever has been offered as to why the application in terms of
Section 319 Cr.P.C. was not filed earlier. The revisional court did not deal
with these aspects and came to an abrupt conclusion that all the PWs have
stated that the appellants have committed overt acts and their names also find
place in the protest petition.
Undisputedly,
no overt act has been attributed to the appellants by PWs 1, 2 and 3. Nothing
has been stated about the appellants by PWs 4 and 5. There was mention of their
names in the FIR. A protest petition was filed. Same was also rejected. These
could not have formed the basis of accepting the prayer in terms of Section 319
Cr.P.C. The High Court's order, to say the least, is bereft of any foundation.
It merely states that there are materials against the petitioners before it.
It
also did not deal with various aspects highlighted above.
17.
Above being the position, the order of the High Court and that of learned
Additional Sessions Judge cannot be maintained and are set aside. The Trial
Court had rightly rejected the application filed under Section 319 Cr.P.C.
18.
The appeal is, accordingly, allowed.
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