Tejshree Ghag Etc. Etc Vs. Prakash Parashuram Patil & Ors. Etc. Etc [2007] Insc
621 (17 May 2007)
S.B. Sinha & Markandey Katju
CIVIL APPEAL NO. 2697 OF 2007 [Arising out of SLP (C) No. 11276 of 2006]
S.B. Sinha, J.
1. Leave granted.
2. This appeal is directed against the judgment and order dated 22.03.2006
passed by the High Court of Bombay in various writ petitions filed by the
private respondents herein whereby and whereunder the order of the Tribunal
dated 13.03.2002 as also the order passed in the Review Petition arising
therefrom dated 14.08.2003 were set aside.
3. The said writ petitions came up for consideration by the High Court in
the following circumstances.
4. In the Education Department of the State of Maharastra there exists a
cadre of Assistant Teachers. There are 16 categories of posts in the said
cadre. Respondents were directly appointed as Assistant Deputy Education
Inspector (for short, "ADEI") pursuant to an advertisement issued by
the State of Maharashtra on 01.10.1992. Advertisements for other posts in the
same cadre were also issued, namely, for the posts of Asstt. Teacher, Physical
Education Teacher, Science Supervisor etc. pursuant whereto appointments were
made in the said post. However, no seniority list was published for a long
time. A purported seniority list was published only on 09.08.2001. Allegedly,
before publishing the said final seniority list objections were invited.
5. Respondents, as noticed hereinbefore, who were appointed as Assistant
Deputy Education Inspector, were transferred to the post of Asstt.
Project Officer/Asstt. Teacher and those who had been working as Asstt.
Teacher/Asstt. Project Officer were transferred to the posts of ADEI.
Indisputably, by reason of such orders of transfer, the respondents suffered
civil consequences as the quantum of their pay was reduced.
6. Original applications were filed by them before the Maharashtra
Administrative Tribunal, alleging :
(i) Orders for transfer on the basis of provisional seniority list was
without jurisdiction;.
(ii) Those who were holding the posts of Asstt. Teacher could not have been
transferred as ADEI as they were not qualified therefor; and (iii) By reason of
such transfers, the pay scale of the respondents would be reduced
7. By reason of an order dated 13.03.2002 the said original applications
were dismissed. Review applications filed thereagainst were also dismissed.
The High Court, however, in the writ petitions filed by the respondents in
terms of its judgment dated 22.03.2006 which is impugned before us upon
noticing the scales of pay payable to the different classes of employees, inter alia, opined :
"What emerges from the above discussion is that the post of A.D.E.I had
been recognized as distinct post under the recruitment rules. The appointment
to the said posts is both by promotion as well as by direct recruitment. The
promotion is from the post amongst others of Assistant Masters, A.D.E.I.s have
promotional avenue to the post of Deputy Education Inspector to which posts the
other posts in Grade III are not entitled for consideration. The post of
A.D.E.I. as set out earlier carries higher pay scale than those other posts. In
these circumstances, the respondent authorities could not have clubbed these
posts under a common seniority or for that matter made the posts transferable
from one to another. This would be treating holders of dissimilar posts as
belonging to one class, which they are not. This will also be in violation of
the recruitment rules and affecting the promotional avenue of A.D.E.I.s.
Though there is no right to promotion, there is right to be considered. By
the action of transfer, this right of the Petitioner has been affected. This
clearly amounts to an infringement of Article 14 and 16 of the Constitution of
India."
8. It was furthermore held that transfer of persons holding substantive
posts carrying lower time scale of pay would be violative of Article 14, 16 and
311 of the Constitution of India. It was stated :
"The order entailed loss of pay as well as loss of seniority and
postponement of future chances of promotion. It is in that context the Apex
Court held in that case that the effect of reduction in rank, the appellant
suffered loss of pay and also suffered loss of seniority as also postponement
of future chances of promotion to the senior scale.
On the facts, therefore, the court held that the appellant was not reverted
for administrative reasons for unavailability of post but for different
reasons. The act of the Respondent State therefore, in transferring the petitioner
from the higher time scale to lower time scale would attract Article 311 of the
Constitution of India. A reduction in the rank may be by way of punishment or
it may be an innocuous thing. If the Government servant has a right to a
particular rank, then the very reduction from that rank will operate as a
penalty, for he will then lose the emoluments and privileges of that rank. In
such cases the test for determining whether the reduction in such cases is or
is not by way of punishment is to find out if the order for the reduction also
visits the servant with any penal consequences. In the instant case, the
Petitioners suffer penal consequences inasmuch as the petitioner's are loosing
their emoluments and privileges of the rank"
9. Mr. C. Balakrishna, learned counsel appearing on behalf of the
appellants, would, inter alia, submit that the terms and conditions of service
of the employees being governed by the statutory rules, the impugned judgment
cannot be sustained. Our attention in this behalf has been drawn to the
notification dated 27.05.2005 making rules in terms of proviso to Article 309
of Constitution of India called 'Maharashtra Education Service Administrative
Officer of Municipal School Board, Assistant Deputy Educational Inspector,
Assistant Project Officer, Assistant Teacher in Junior Colleges of Education,
Coordinator, Councellor, Extension Officer in State Council of Educational
Research and Training Pune, Lecturer in Junior Colleges, Programme Assistant,
Science Supervisor, District Science Supervisor, Subject Assistant, Subject
Expert and Technical Assistant (Recruitment) Rules, 2005' (Rules). It was
contented that in terms of the said rules, the respondents were not entitled to
hold the posts of Assistant Deputy Education Inspector.
10. It is not in dispute that the cadre of Maharashtra Education Service
Group 'C' consists of 16 different categories of posts. All posts at all
material times were not treated to be equivalent at least in the matter of
scale of pay. It is stated that a decision to sanction three tier scale of pay
to full time teachers teaching in higher school was taken by the State
Government.
According to it if the direction of the High Court is given effect to, the
same would violate the conditions of service of the employees concerned working
in the Education Department and only in that view of the matter 2005 Rules have
been framed.
11. Respondents herein were holders of posts on which they were employed.
The posts carried the scales of pay prescribed therefor.
12. The terms and conditions of their service, thus, unless altered
expressly, would be governed by the rules which were in existence at the time
when the impugned orders were passed. It is true that the State has the power
to alter the terms and conditions of service even with retrospective effect by
making rule framed under proviso appended to Article 309 of the Constitution of
India, but it is also well-settled that the rules so made ordinarily should
state so expressly.
13. It has been contended that 2005 are retrospective in nature or have
retroactive operation.
14. By reason of the said rules the effect of the judgment of the High Court
is not sought to be taken away. It was not given retrospective effect.
Rules framed by the State had also not brought to the notice of the High
Court.
15. The orders of transfer were passed by Authority in purported exercise of
its executive power. Executive power can be exercised only in terms of the
extant rules. It is well-settled that where executive order results in civil
consequences, principles of natural justice are required to be complied with
prior thereto. It is not a case where an order of transfer was passed by way of
change of place of employment within an organization simpliciter. An order of
transfer ordinarily should be in terms of the existing rules. Transfer may even
be incidental to the conditions of service, but thereby nobody can be deprived
of his existing right. Existence of a power and exercise thereof are two
different concepts. An Executive power in absence of any statutory rules cannot
be exercised which would result in civil or penal consequences.
Such exercise of power must, moreover, be bona fide. It cannot be done for
unauthorized purpose. An Executive order passed for unauthorized purpose would
amount to malice in law. An order of transfer cannot prejudicially affect the
status of an employee. If orders of transfer substantially affect the status of
an employee, the same would be violative of the conditions of service and,
thus, illegal. Transfers must be made to an equivalent post.
[See Ramadhar Pandey v. State of U.P. & Others (1993) Supp. (3) SCC 35
Hussain Sasan Saheb Kaladgi v. State of Maharashtra, (1988) 4 SCC 168 and P.C.
Wadhwa v. Union of India and Anr. [1964 (4) SCR 598]
16. In Vice-Chancellor, L.N. Mithila University v. Dayanand Jha (1986) 3 SCC
7, it was held :
"The true criterion for equivalence is the status and the nature and
responsibility of the duties attached to the two posts. Although the two posts
of Principal and Reader are carried on the same scale of pay, the post of
Principal undoubtedly has higher duties and responsibilities. Apart from the
fact that there are certain privileges and allowances attached to it, the
Principal being the head of the college has many statutory rights, such as: (i)
He is the ex officio member of the Senate. (ii) He has the right to be
nominated as the member of the Syndicate. (iii) As head of the institution, he
has administrative control over the college Professors, Readers, Lecturers and
other teaching and non-teaching staff. (iv) The Principal of a constituent
college is also the ex officio member of the Academic Council of the
university. (v) He has the right to act as Centre Superintendent in the
university examinations. It is thus evident that the High Court was right in
holding that the post of Reader could not be regarded as an equivalent post as
that of Principal in the legal sense. Maybe, when the affairs of a college
maintained by the university are mismanaged, the Vice-Chancellor may, for
administrative reasons, transfer a Professor or Reader of any department or
college maintained by it to the post of the Principal of such college, but the
converse may not be true. While the Professors and Readers by reason of their
learning and erudition may enjoy much greater respect in society than the Dean
or Principal of a college, it does not follow that the post of Principal must
be treated as equivalent to that of a Reader for purposes of Section 10(14) of
the Bihar State Universities Act, 1976, as amended."
17. The orders of transfer impugned before the Tribunal in any event could
not have been passed without complying with the principles of natural justice.
18. We are not oblivious of the decision of this Court in Prasar Bharti
&
Ors. v. Amarjeet Singh & Ors. [2007 (2) SCALE 486], wherein order of
transfers, if not otherwise arbitrary and irrational and thus violative of
Article 14 of the Constitution of India, was upheld.
19. In this case we are not concerned with enforcement of the Rules.
They were brought in force at a latter stage. It is for the State to apply
the provisions of the said rules only if any occasion arises therefor but
keeping in view the fact that the said rules have not been given a
retrospective effect, the impugned orders cannot be supported by reason thereof
or otherwise.
20. We, therefore, do not find any merit in this appeal. It is accordingly
dismissed with costs. Counsel's fee assessed at Rs. 10,000/-.
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