Prabhakaran Vs. State of Kerala [2007] Insc 715 (21 June 2007)
Dr. ARIJIT PASAYAT & D.K. JAIN
Dr. ARIJIT PASAYAT, J.
1. Challenge in this appeal is to the order passed by the learned Single
Judge of the Kerala High Court. By the impugned order the appellant was found
guilty of the offence punishable under Section 304 Part II of the Indian Penal
Code, 1860 (in short 'IPC'). Learned Sessions Judge, Kozhikode, had convicted
the appellant for the offence punishable under Section 304 Part II IPC. The
High Court found the same to be in order. Custodial sentence of five years was
confirmed.
2. The background facts in a nutshell are as follows:
A boy aged 10 years residing in a hostel of the Tribal Welfare Department,
while he was a student of 4th standard in a nearby school, was run over by a
bus driven by the appellant in the middle of the road. The investigation by the
police revealed that there was evidence to the effect that even the passengers
in the bus were alarmed of the enormous speed in which it was being driven and
had cautioned the driver to stop even crying, as they had seen the school
children crossing the road in a queue. The investigation also revealed that
even the children crossing the road had raised both hands for stopping the
vehicle. The passengers and pedestrians were of the view that the bus was being
driven at a high speed and that they had cried aloud to stop the bus. It was,
in spite of all these, that the bus ran over the said student on his head and
the bus could be stopped only 15 to 20 feet ahead of the spot of occurrence. In
the light of the said evidence, the investigating officer felt that there was
real intention on the part of the appellant/driver of the bus to cause death of
persons to whom harm may be caused by reason of hitting the bus and he was
charged with offence punishable under Section 302 IPC. The court below found
that no intention had been proved in the case. But, at the same time, the
accused acted with the knowledge that it was likely to cause death. So, the act
committed by the appellant was culpable homicide not amounting to murder
punishable under Section 304 Part II IPC. Convicting him for the said offence,
he was sentenced to undergo rigorous imprisonment for five years and to pay a
fine of Rs.15,000/- with a default sentence of imprisonment for three years.
This was assailed in appeal.
3. The High Court did not find any substance in the plea of the appellant
that the accused had not caused death either with the intention of causing
death or with the intention to cause such bodily injury as is likely to cause
death or with the knowledge that he is likely to cause such act to cause the
death. It was submitted that case is covered under Section 304A IPC. Same was
not accepted. So, it was held that this is a case of culpable homicide. It
accepted the stand of the respondent-State that conviction is to be made for
culpable homicide.
4. The respective stand taken before the High Court was re- iterated in this
appeal.
5. Section 304A speaks of causing death by negligence.
This section applies to rash and negligence acts and does not apply to cases
where death has been voluntarily caused. This section obviously does not apply
to cases where there is an intention to cause death or knowledge that the act
will in all probability cause death. It only applies to cases in which without
any such intention or knowledge death is caused by what is described as a rash
and negligent act. A negligent act is an act done without doing something which
a reasonable man guided upon those considerations which ordinarily regulate the
conduct of human affairs would do or act which a prudent or reasonable man
would not do in the circumstances attending it. A rash act is a negligent act
done precipitately.
Negligence is the genes, of which rashness is the species. It has sometimes
been observed that in rashness the action is done precipitately that the
mischievous or illegal consequences may fall, but with a hope that they will
not. Lord Atkin in Andrews v. Director of Public Prosecutions (1937) AC 576 at
p.583 = 2 All E.R. 552) observed as under:
"Simple lack of care such as will constitute civil liability is not
enough. For purposes of the criminal law there are degrees of negligence;
and a very high degree of negligence is required to be proved before the
felony is established. Probably of all the epithets that can be applied
'recklessness' most nearly covers the case. It is difficult to visualize a case
of death caused by reckless driving in the connotation of that term in ordinary
speech which would not justify a conviction for manslaughter; but it is
probably not all embracing, for 'recklessness' suggests an indifference to risk
whereas the accused may have appreciated the risk and intended to avoid it, and
yet shown in the means adopted to avoid the risk such a high degree of
negligence as would justify a conviction."
6. Section 304-A applies to cases where there is no intention to cause death
and no knowledge that the act done in all probability will cause death. The
provision is directed at offences outside the range of Sections 299 and 300
IPC. The provision applies only to such acts which are rash and negligent and
are directly cause of death of another person.
Negligence and rashness are essential elements under Section 304-A. Culpable
negligence lies in the failure to exercise reasonable and proper care and the
extent of its reasonableness will always depend upon the circumstances of each
case. Rashness means doing an act with the consciousness of a risk that evil
consequences will follow but with the hope that it will not. Negligence is a
breach of duty imposed by law. In criminal cases, the amount and degree of
negligence are determining factors. A question whether the accused's conduct
amounted to culpable rashness or negligence depends directly on the question as
to what is the amount of care and circumspection which a prudent and reasonable
man would consider to be sufficient considering all the circumstances of the
case. Criminal rashness means hazarding a dangerous or wanton act with the
knowledge that it is dangerous or wanton and the further knowledge that it may
cause injury but done without any intention to cause injury or knowledge that
it would probably be caused.
7. As noted above, "Rashness" consists in hazarding a dangerous or
wanton act with the knowledge that it is so, and that it may cause injury. The
criminality lies in such a case in running the risk of doing such an act with
recklessness or indifference as to the consequences. Criminal negligence on the
other hand, is the gross and culpable neglect or failure to exercise that
reasonable and proper care and precaution to guard against injury either to the
public generally or to an individual in particular, which, having regard to all
the circumstances out of which the charge has arisen it was the imperative duty
of the accused person to have adopted.
8. The distinction has been very aptly pointed out by Holloway J. in these
words:
''Culpable rashness is acting with the consciousness that the mischievous
and illegal consequences may follow, but with the hope that they will not, and
often with the belief that the actor has taken sufficient precautions to
prevent their happening. The imputability arises from acting despite the
consciousness. Culpable negligence is acting without the consciousness that the
illegal and mischievous effect will follow, but In circumstances which show
that the actor has not exercised the caution incumbent upon him and that if he
had, he would have had the consciousness. The imputability arises from the
negligence of the civic duty of circumspection." (See In re: Nidamorti
Nagabhusanam 7 Mad. H.C.R. 119)
9. Vehicular accidents resulting in deaths and injuries are spiraling.
10. The Editorial under the heading "Road Traffic Injuries &
fatalities in India a modern epidemic" in Indian J. Med. Res.
123, January 2006 contains some interesting observations.
The relevant portions read as follows:
"The United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution on road
safety on October 26, 2005 which invites Member States to implement the
recommendations of the World Report on Road Traffic Injury Prevention; to
participate in the first United Nations Global Road Safety Week; and to
recognize the third Sunday in November of every year as the World Day of
Remembrance for Road Traffic Victims'.
This resolution follows the publication of The World Report on Road Traffic
Injury Prevention by the World Health Organization in 2004. This report
highlights the fact that all over the world working age people are more likely
to suffer hospitalization, permanent disability and death due to road traffic
injuries than most other diseases. The situation in India is not very
different.
About 82,000 persons were killed on Indian roads in 2002. Official
statistics regarding serious injuries are not reliable as they underestimate
the actual number, but it is estimated that the number of people hospitalized
may be 15-20 times the number killed. In a do-nothing scenario, it is possible
that India will have 1,20,000 - 1,30,000 road traffic fatalities in the year
2008 and possibly 1,50,000 - 1,75,000 in 2015. Our vision should aim at
reducing the fatalities to less than 1,00,000 in the short term (2008) and less
than 70,000 in the long term (2015).
xxx xxx xxx Safety measures for the near future xxx xxx xxx Motor vehicle
occupants: (i) Enforcement of seatbelt use laws countrywide; (ii) restricting
travel in front seat of cars by children has the potential of reducing injuries
dramatically; and (iii) bus and truck occupant injuries, fatalities, and
injuries caused to other road users can be reduced significantly by enforcing
strict observance of speed limit regulations on highways. Ensuring that bus
timetables and truck movement schedules make it possible for drivers to observe
speed limits with ease. Random speed checking on highways would help ensure
such measures.
xxx xxx xxx Road safety strategies - Long term Traffic calming and speed
control: (i) Aim at implementing speed control and traffic calming measures in
all urban areas and at appropriate locations on rural highways by altering road
design, vehicle monitoring through intelligent transport systems, and vehicle
design by the year 2015. This measure is likely to give us the maximum savings
in terms of lives and serious injuries; and (ii) segregated lanes for
vulnerable road users and buses in urban areas. Non-motorized transport and
buses must be provided segregated lanes on all major arterial roads in urban
areas. India specific designs need to be developed and phase wise
implementation plans drawn up for all cities.
xxx xxx xxx Vehicle safely: (i) All vehicles sold in India should meet
international crashworthiness standards by 2010; (ii) all buses and trucks
should meet pedestrian impact standards by 2010; (iii) all urban buses to have
low floors and automatic closing doors; (iv) crashworthiness standards must be
developed for all indigenous vehicles by 2010 and implemented by 2012; (v)
installation of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) and other modern safety
devices for assisting and controlling drivers; and (vi) driving under the
influence of alcohol and other drugs. A long term strategy to reduce drinking
and driving incidence to less than 10 per cent of all crashes needs to be drawn
up for the next 10 yr. Sensitization of the public to the extent of the
problem. Institution of random roadblocks and checking on urban roads and rural
highways. Ignition interlock on cars."
11. In "Global Road Safety" certain revealing data have also been
provided. They read as follows:- "THE COMING PLAGUE OF ROAD TRAFFIC
INJURIES: A PREVENTABLE BURDEN FOR RICH AND POOR COUNTRIES".
12. Almost 1.2 million people are killed each year and 20-50 million are
injured or disabled, most people are unaware that road traffic injuries are a
leading cause of death and disability.
13. In developing countries, death rates from vehicle crashes are rising,
and disproportionately high in relation to the number of crashes. According to
a report published in 2000 Developing and transitional countries cumulatively
represent over 85 percent of all road traffic deaths Kenya has nearly
2,000 fatalities per 10,000 crashes.
Vietnam has over 3,000 fatalities per 10,000 crashes.
44% of all road traffic deaths occur in the Asia/Pacific area, which
only has 16 % of the total number of motor vehicles.
At 71,495 and 59,927 total deaths, China and India, respectively, had
the highest number of road fatalities in the world in 1995.- Pedestrian
deaths represent 62 % of all traffic fatalities in Lebanon. In most developing
countries vulnerable road users, including pedestrians, bicycle and motor cycle
riders, account for the majority of all fatalities.
Eastern European countries represent 6% of motor vehicles, but 11% of
crash fatalities worldwide.
The Latin America/Caribbean region has the second highest crash costs
behind Asia.
14. As vehicle use in developing countries are increasing, road traffic
injuries are expected to become the third leading cause of death and disability
worldwide by 2020. In developing countries, each vehicle is much more lethal
than the vehicles in developed countries, because it most frequently takes the
lives not of vehicle occupants, but of vulnerable road users:
pedestrians, cyclists. Many developing countries are increasing the rate of
motorized vehicle use at up to 18% per year. In India, for example, there has
been a 23% increase in the number of vehicles from 1990-1999 and a 60-fold
increase is predicted by 2050.
15. The human toll in such accidents is tragic. Survivors and family members
are affected not only by an immediate death or disability, but also lifetime
psychological and physical suffering. Crashes often result in orphans, and some
victims, as young as infants, spend the rest of their lives with medical facilities.
ECONOMIC IMPACT
16. In addition to the devastating human toll, the economic impact of road
crashes is also enormous. Many of those injured or killed are wage earners,
leaving families destitute and without means of support. Loss of wages,
property damage, and other factors affected by road traffic crashes represented
4.6% of the gross national product of the United States in 1994. In developing
countries, road traffic crashes represent 3-5% of the GNP. 'The estimated
annual cost of road traffic crashes in developing countries exceeds $100
billion (US). This amounts to nearly double the total combined development
assistance these countries receive every year from bilateral and multi-lateral
government organizations.
Globally, the estimated annual costs of road crashes are 500 billion (US).
THIS PROBLEM IS PREVENTABLE
17. We have the tools needed to combat this epidemic. In the developed
nations, proven methods such as enforcement of laws regarding driving under the
influence of alcohol or drugs, reducing speed limits, and requiring seat belts
and restraints have shown significant reduction in traffic fatalities. Road
design and road environment, vehicle design, and road safety standards are also
strategies that successfully address traffic safety. For maximum impact of
RTI's, a systems approach with multiple, scientifically proven prevention
techniques must be employed. Education alone has been shown to be less
effective, and often ineffective.
18. Proven interventions for developed countries require research,
modification, and testing for developing countries.
For example, developing countries face poorly designed and maintained
roadways, unsafe vehicles, drivers under the influence of drugs or alcohol,
lack of national policies, and inadequate enforcement. Success will require
significant new resources supported by sustained political commitment.
19. When the factual scenario of the present case is analysed, it is crystal
clear that the appropriate conviction would be under Section 304 A IPC and not
Section 304 Part II IPC. Conviction is accordingly altered. The maximum
sentence which can be imposed for offence punishable under Section 304A is two
years with fine or with both. The custodial sentence, therefore, is reduced to
the maximum i.e. two years.
20. It is contended by the learned counsel for the State that in a case of
this nature two years sentence is grossly inadequate. There is substance in
this submission considering the increasing number of vehicular accidents
resulting in death of large number of innocent persons. It is for the
legislature to provide for an appropriate sentence. But the statute presently
provides for a maximum sentence of two years.
21. The appeal is allowed to the aforesaid extent.
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