Shivanand Mallappa Koti Vs. the State of Karnataka [2007] Insc 685 (5 June 2007)
Dr. ARIJIT PASAYAT & D.K. JAIN
J U D G M E N T Dr. ARIJIT PASAYAT
1. In the present appeal, challenge is to a judgment rendered by a Division
Bench of the Karnataka High Court holding the appellant guilty of offences
punishable under Section 498-A of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (in short the
'IPC'). The appellant faced trial along with two others, i.e. his mother and
brother for offences punishable under Sections 302, 498-A IPC and Sections 3, 4
and 6 of the Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961 (in short the 'D.P. Act'). The trial
Court had acquitted the present appellant and his brother of the charges under
Section 302 IPC. Latter is described as A-3 while former is referred to as A-2.
Mother of the accused (hereinafter referred to as A-1) was separately convicted
under Section 302 IPC. The State had also filed an appeal questioning the
acquittal, as noted above.
2. Background facts in a nutshell are as follows:
The appellant was married to one Shobha (hereinafter referred to as the
deceased). She was the daughter of PW-l, a School Teacher. PW-2 was her mother,
PW-17 her brother and PW-15 her younger sister. PW-6 is the wife of PW-17.
According to the prosecution, PW-1 received information that she caught fire
and was at the hospital. On his asking as to how she received the injuries, she
said that while she was cooking, A-1 came behind her and lit fire to her saree.
The allegation was that for not fulfilling the demand of dowry, she was killed
by her mother-in-law and other accused persons.
To substantiate the plea of demand of dowry, three letters were exhibited,
which are Ex.P-2, Ex.P-3 and Ex.P-4. The occurrence took place on 25.9.1993. As
noted above, the prosecution version rests primarily on the statement purported
to have been made by the deceased before her death to her father in the
presence of other relatives. The Trial Court placed reliance on the evidence of
PW-l and the letters and accordingly directed conviction and imposed sentence,
as aforesaid. It, however, acquitted A-2 and A-3 of some charges.
3. Three appeals were filed before the High Court, two by the accused
persons and one by the State, as noted above.
4. The High Court found that the evidence was insufficient to substantiate
the allegations levelled against A-1. It also noted that there was no evidence
to show any demand of dowry. Therefore, it directed acquittal of A-1 so far as
charges relating to Section 302 IPC and Sections 3, 4 and 6 of the D.P.
Act are concerned, but placing reliance on the letters, Ex.P2 to P-4, held
the appellant guilty of offences punishable under Section 498-A IPC.
Interestingly, the conviction of A-1 and A-2 under Section 498-A was held to be
not sustainable by the High Court.
5. In support of the appeal, learned counsel for the appellant submitted
that ingredients of Section 498-A IPC are not established. In any event, after
having directed acquittal from the charges relatable to Sections 3, 4 and 6 of
the D. P.
Act, on the self same evidence, the High Court should not have held the
appellant guilty under Section 498-A IPC. The letters on which the Trial Court
and the High Court placed reliance do not, in any event, show demand of dowry
or any valuable.
6. In response, learned counsel for the respondent- State submitted that in
the last letter of July, 1990, Ex.P-4 there was a clear reference of the
intention of appellant for contacting a second marriage because the deceased
had not brought enough dowry. With reference to the evidence of PW-1 and other
relatives, it was submitted that A-1 was making a grievance that she could have
got more dowry as her son, meaning thereby, the appellant was in government
service.
7. Undisputedly, the High Court has held so far as A-1 and A-2 are concerned,
that the accusations relatable to Sections 3, 4 and 6 of the D.P Act have not
been established as no demand of dowry has been proved. Section 498-A, IPC
reads as follows:
"Husband or relative of husband of a woman subjecting her to cruelty Whoever,
being the husband or the relative of the husband of a woman, subjects such
woman to cruelty shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may
extend to three years and shall also be liable to fine.
Explanation For the purpose of this Section, Section, "cruelty"
means- (a) any wilful conduct which is of such a nature as is likely to drive
the woman to commit suicide or to cause grave injury or danger to life, limb or
health (whether mental or physical) of the woman; or (b) harassment of the woman
where such harassment is with a view to coercing her or any person related to
her to meet any unlawful demand for any property or valuable security or is on
account of failure by her or any person related to her to meet such
demand."
8. Section 498-A does not specifically speak of a dowry demand. It speaks of
unlawful demand for property and valuable articles.
9. Section 498-A IPC was enacted by the Criminal Law (Second Amendment) 1983
with effect from 25.12.1983. The word "cruelty" has been explained in
Section 498-A; so also harassment. "Cruelty" under the Explanation
deals with two types of circumstances. Clause (a) refers to wilful conduct
leading to suicide or grave injury or danger to life, limb or health which can
be either mental or physical of the woman.
Clause (b) relates to harassment with a view to coerce her or any person
related to her to meet any unlawful demand for any property or valuable or is
on account of failure to meet such demand.
10. There is no evidence on record on this aspect of any such demand. Even
in the letters, on which prosecution placed heavy reliance, there is no
reference to any demand of dowry or for that matter of any nature. In fact in
Ex. P-2, the deceased had written to her mother that she had promised to pay for
some articles which the mother-in-law i.e. A-1 had purchased. She had stated
that she was embarrassed that her parents were not paying the money, though A-1
had never asked for it. This was not a case of any demand for property or
valuable security. On the contrary, the deceased had objected to her parents
not paying for something which the A- 1 had spent the money. To similar effect
was letter Ex.P-3. It is evident from the evidence on record that half of the
marriage expenses were borne by the accused-appellant and his family.
Even Ext. P-4 on which learned counsel for the State placed strong reliance
does not speak of any demand. It only speaks of a apprehension of a second
marriage. Though, he submitted that the demand of dowry is in the background and
has to be inferred, the plea is clearly unacceptable in the absence of any
material to substantiate that plea. This letter was also written three years
prior to the occurrence.
11. Above being the position, the inevitable conclusion is that the prosecution
has failed to establish its accusations so far as Section 498-A IPC is
concerned to hold the accused-appellant guilty. The conviction is, accordingly,
set aside. The appeal is allowed. The bail bonds executed for release of the
appellant on bail shall stand discharged.
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