Standard
Chartered Bank Ltd. Vs. Dr. B.N. Raman [2006] Insc 413 (14 July 2006)
Arijit
Pasayat & S.H. Kapadia
[Arising
out of S.L.P.(C) No.19723 of 2004] Kapadia, J.
Leave
granted.
This
civil appeal, by grant of special leave, is filed by Standard Chartered Bank
Ltd. against order dated 14.7.2004 passed by National Consumer Disputes
Redressal Commission (for short 'National Commission') dismissing the bank's
appeal and confirming the decree passed by the State Consumer Disputes
Redressal Commission, New Delhi (for short 'State Commission') under Consumer
Protection Act, 1986 (for short 'the Act').
Respondent
herein was a non-resident Indian employed as a professor of Medical Physiology
in the University of Libya from 1975 to 1980. Thereafter, he stayed in Libya till 1992. On 17.8.79 when the
respondent was in Libya he had placed with the bank US$5000
in FCNR (Foreign Currency Non-Resident) Account for 63 months at 9% p.a. vide
LF No.MR-24, DR No.316/79/39. The deposit was made by the draft drawn on New
York Bank. The deposit was to mature on 17.11.84. The appellant confirmed the
deposit. The deposit receipt is annexed to the paper book. In 1984, Reserve
Bank of India (RBI) allowed the banks to keep FCNR for six years. Interest on
such deposits was increased from 9% to 13% p.a. According to the respondent, in
June 1984, intimation was given to the appellant to reinvest the entire amount
in FCNR account on maturity for a further period of six years at 13% p.a.
In
1986, the respondent visited India. He
attended the branch office of the bank. The respondent claims that he was
assured by the bank that everything was in order and that US$ 7939.56 were
lying in the FCNR account which amount stood reinvested at 13% p.a. for six
years maturing on 17.11.90. Respondent alleged that in September 1990 he had
requested the bank to reinvest the entire amount in his FCNR account for a
further period of three years. This was to be done on maturity of his deposit
on 17.11.90. In January 1992, as stated above, the respondent returned to India. He enquired about the status of
his deposits. He did not get the response. He made a complaint in writing on
5.1.92 and on 14.1.92. On 7.9.92, he received a letter from the bank stating
that no outstanding amount was there in his name in the FCNR account. By letter
dated 15.10.92, the appellant stated that from their records it is seen that
the said deposit was prematurely withdrawn on 22.11.79.
Thereafter,
correspondence ensued. Respondent herein denied the fact of premature
withdrawal of the deposit.
He
complained to RBI. On 19.4.93 the bank stated that the deposit was encashed
prematurely not on 22.11.79 but on 23.11.79. A copy of the sale/purchase
register was also enclosed by the bank to show that the deposits stood
withdrawn on 23.11.79. Ultimately, on 28.9.94 the respondent herein preferred a
complaint under section 2(1)(g) and section 2(1)(o) of the Act before the State
Commission.
In the
said complaint respondent alleged that he could not have withdrawn the amount
on 23.11.79 as he was not in India. He
relied upon his passport to show that he was not in India. He further alleged that a copy of
the original FCNR was put in the safe deposit vault. In this connection, he
relied upon the said receipt which states that the deposit receipt memo is
retained by the bank in Safe Custody. Respondent stated, on the basis of the
above facts, that the amount has been withdrawn by somebody in connivance with
the bank's officers. In the circumstances, respondent herein claimed that he
was entitled to the decree in following terms :
"S.No.
Year Interest Total amount payable on maturity
-
From 17.8.79 to
@ 9% to be US $7939.56 16.11.1984 (63 added half yearly months) on $ 5000
-
From 17.11.84 @
13% to be added US $ 16904/093 to 16.11.1990 half yearly on (6 years) $ 7939.56
-
From 17.11.90 @
10.5% to be US $ 22978/645 to 16.11.1993 added half yearly on (3 years) $
16904/093 A total of Rs.7,12,337.99 at present date is due from the opposite
party till 17.11.93. Thereafter, interest @ 18% per annum on the aforesaid
amount which comes to approx. Rs.1,28,220.83 (Rupees one lakh twenty eight
thousand two hundred twenty and paise eighty-three only)." By written
statement, the appellant conceded that the respondent had deposited on 17.8.79
a sum of US$ 5000 in FCNR account for 63 months maturing on 17.11.84 at 9% p.a.
However,
the appellant contended that prior to the date of maturity the deposit was
prematurely withdrawn on 23.11.79.
In
this connection, reliance was placed on sale/purchase register. Therefore,
according to the bank, there was no question of reinvesting of the aforestated
amount from time to time, as alleged by the respondent. The appellant also
denied that the deposit receipt was kept in Safe Custody. In this connection,
the appellant submitted that an inquiry into premature withdrawal and the
demand for recovery of money after 12 years was beyond time. The bank, however,
agreed that in 1984 RBI allowed it to keep FCNR for six years at the rate of
13% p.a. However, the appellant contended that since the amount was prematurely
withdrawn, there was no question of reinvesting it for six years at the rate of
13% p.a.
The
bank denied all factual allegations made by the respondent with regard to
reinvestment. By the objections, apart from the question of limitation, the
appellant stated that the respondent was not a consumer as defined under
section 2(1)(d) of the said 1986 Act. The appellant also contended that under
RBI rules, the bank was not bound to retain the records after eight years and,
therefore, the matter cannot be decided on presumptions; that the burden was on
the respondent to prove the alleged facts regarding reinvestment. By the
written statement, the appellant denied its liability to pay a sum of
Rs.7,12,337.99 including interest till 17.11.93 and further interest at 18%
p.a. on the said amount amounting to Rs.1,28,220.83.
By
order dated 28.4.97, the State Commission came to the conclusion that the
respondent had deposited US$ 5000 on 17.8.79 carrying 9% interest and maturing
on 17.11.84; that the receipt was retained in safe custody; that there was no
record to show that the said amount was prematurely withdrawn; that there was
no evidence regarding destruction of the records on completion of eight years
and since the initial deposit of US$ 5000 on 17.8.79 stood established the
decree, as prayed for, was granted by the State Commission. The Commission
further found that there was no evidence on record to show that the respondent
had given written instructions to the bank for premature withdrawal; that there
was no endorsement on the receipt showing payment in lieu of discharge and,
therefore, the bank was not entitled to place reliance only on entry in the
sale/purchase register dated 23.11.79. The State Commission further found that
on 23.11.79 respondent was not in India. In this connection, reliance was placed on the endorsement in his
passport.
Accordingly,
the State Commission came to the conclusion that the deposit was reviewed from
time to time and, therefore, the complaint was within limitation. Accordingly,
the decree in the aforestated terms was passed by the State Commission.
Aggrieved
by the aforestated decision of the State Commission, appellant herein went in
appeal to the National Commission under the said 1986 Act. By the impugned
order dated 14.7.2004, the findings of fact recorded by the State Commission
were confirmed. The appeal was accordingly dismissed. Hence, this civil appeal
comes before this court at the instance of the bank.
The
Consumer Protection Act, 1986 provides for formation of National Commission;
State Commission and District Forum. These are remedial agencies. Their
functions are quasi judicial. The purpose of these agencies is to decide
consumer disputes. Activities relating to non-sovereign powers of statutory
bodies are within the purview of the Act.
The
functions of such statutory bodies come under the term 'service' under section
2(1)(o) of the Act. Banking is a commercial function. 'Banking' means
acceptance, for the purposes of lending or investment of deposit of money from
the public, repayable on demand or otherwise [See: section 5(b) of Banking
Regulation Act, 1949]. The intention of the 1986 Act is to protect consumers of
such services rendered by the banks. Banks provide or render service/facility
to its customers or even non-customers. They render facilities/services such as
remittances, accepting deposits, providing for lockers, facility for
discounting of cheques, collection of cheques, issue of bank drafts etc. In
Vimal Chandra Grover v. Bank of India [AIR 2000 SC 2181] this court has held
that banking is business transaction between bank and customers. Such customers
are consumers within the meaning of section 2(1)(d)(ii) of the Act.
Only
two points appear to have been argued by the bank before the National
Commission, viz., question of premature withdrawal and limitation. However, the
claim of the respondent for money decree with interest at the rate of 18% p.a.
till realization appears to be on the higher side and inflative. The rate of exchange,
which is indicative of price and which constantly varies from time to time, has
not been examined. This is apart from awarding of the rate of interest at 18%
p.a. which itself is on the higher side. In the case of Forasol v. Oil and
Natural Gas Commission [AIR 1984 SC 241] this court observed that in an action
to recover an amount payable in a foreign currency, five dates compete for
selection by the court as the proper date for fixing the rate of exchange at
which the foreign currency amount has to be converted into the currency of the
country in which the action has been commenced and decided. These dates are -
the date on which the amount became due and payable; the date of the
commencement of the action; the date of the decree; the date when the court
orders execution to issue; and the date when the decretal amount is paid or
realized. The court has to select a date which puts the plaintiff in the same
position in which he would have been, had the defendant discharged his
obligation when he ought to have done, bearing in mind that the rate of
exchange is a fluctuating factor. To select the date when the amount became
due, the court has to act in a just, fair and equitable manner because in a
case where the rate of exchange has gone up, the opponent escapes by paying a
lesser sum than what he was bound to and thus he gains by default while in the
converse case where the rate of exchange has gone against the opponent, the
opponent would be subjected to a greater burden than what it should be. Apart from
the judgment of the Supreme Court in Forasol (supra), we may observe that in
such cases, the Agencies under the Consumer Protection Act, 1986 should also
keep in mind the economic situation of the country. Encashment of dollar
denominated deposits have certain economic implications. In the present case,
none of these factors have been considered by the State Commission. In cases of
this type, the burden is on the complainant to show the rate of exchange
prevalent on the aforestated dates in order to assist the court to arrive at
the indicative prices. This has not been done in the present case. Neither the
State Commission nor the National Commission has examined this question
regarding selection of the appropriate date, the appropriate rate of exchange
on that particular date as also the rate of interest which the appellant was
required to pay.
For
this limited purpose alone, we partly allow the appeal and remit the matter to
the State Commission to pass the decree in favour of the respondent herein in
accordance with law indicated above. On all other factual findings, we are in
agreement with the impugned decision. This appeal is partly allowed with no
order as to costs.
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