State
Of Karnataka & Anr Vs. Pastor P. Raju [2006] Insc
472 (4 August 2006)
G.P.
Mathur & Dalveer Bhandari
(Arising
out of Special Leave Petition (Crl.) No.5450 of 2005) G. P. MATHUR, J.
Leave
granted.
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This appeal, by
special leave, has been preferred against the judgment and order dated
23.2.2005 of Karnataka High Court by which initiation of criminal proceedings
against the respondent under Section 153-B IPC were quashed in exercise of
jurisdiction under Section 482 Cr.P.C.
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One R.N. Lokesha
son of R.S. Narayanappa resident of Ramapura, Channapatna, lodged an FIR
alleging that at about 7.30 p.m. on 14.1.2005, he along with some other persons
was celebrating Sankranthi festival when the respondent Pastor P. Raju, who is
a member of Christian community, came there and made an appeal to them to get
converted to Christian religion where they would get many benefits and
facilities which were not available to them in Hindu religion to which they
belong. It is also alleged that many persons who were present there resented
the appeal made by the respondent and strongly opposed the plea or assertion
for their conversion from Hindu religion to Christian religion. On the basis of
the FIR, a case as Crime No.8 of 2005 was registered under Section 153-B IPC at
the concerned police station. The respondent was arrested on 15.1.2005 and was
produced before a Magistrate on the same day who remanded him to judicial
custody as no application for bail had been filed. Subsequently, a bail
application was moved under Section 436 Cr.P.C. before the learned Magistrate
which was rejected on the ground that the offence under Section 153-B IPC being
a non- bailable offence, the power under the aforesaid provision could not be
exercised as the said provision empowered the Court to grant bail in bailable
offences only. The respondent filed a petition under Section 482 Cr.P.C. on
27.1.2005 for quashing of the proceedings initiated against him under Section
153-B IPC in case Crime No.8 of 2005.
This
petition was allowed by the High Court by the order under challenge and the
entire proceedings initiated against the respondent were quashed.
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The principal
submission which was made before the High Court on behalf of the respondent was
that before initiating any proceedings under Section 153-B IPC, the police
ought to have obtained previous sanction of the Central Government or of the
State Government or of the District Magistrate as required by Section 196(1-A) Cr.P.C.
and in the absence of such a sanction having been obtained, the proceedings
initiated against the respondent were illegal and without jurisdiction. After
hearing counsel for the parties, the learned judge framed the question for
consideration in the following manner :- "Having heard the arguments of
the learned counsel appearing for the petitioner and the learned H.C.G.P. for
the respondent/State, the point that arises for my consideration and decision
is whether initiation of criminal proceedings against the petitioner is bad in
law and whether prior sanction to prosecute a person who tries to instigate
Hindus to convert into Christianity requires any prior sanction to register a
case and arrest the accused under Section 153-B (1) of IPC ?" (emphasis
supplied)
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The High Court
has held that as the investigating agency had not obtained previous sanction of
the Central Government or of the State Government or of the District Magistrate
as required by Section 196(1-A) Cr.P.C., the initiation of criminal proceedings
against the respondent is bad in law and consequently it was liable to be
quashed.
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We have heard
learned counsel for the appellant State of Karnataka, learned counsel for the respondent Pastor P. Raju and have perused the
record.
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The heading of
Chapter XIV of Code of Criminal Procedure is "Conditions Requisite For
Initiation Of Proceedings". The first provision in this Chapter is Section
190 and it deals with the power of the Magistrate to take cognizance of
offences. There are some other provisions in this Chapter which create an
embargo on the power of the Court to take cognizance of offences committed by
persons enumerated therein except on the complaint in writing of certain
specified persons or with the previous sanction of certain specified
authorities. Section 196(1-A) Cr.P.C. with which we are concerned here reads as
under :- "196(1-A). No
Court shall take
cognizance of
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any offence
punishable under Section 153-B or sub-section (2) or sub-section (3) of Section
505 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (45 of 1860), or
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a criminal
conspiracy to commit such offence. except with the previous sanction of the
Central Government or of the State Government or of the District
Magistrate." A plain reading of this provision will show that no Court can
take cognizance of an offence punishable under Section 153-B or sub- section
(2) or sub-section (3) of Section 505 of Indian Penal Code or a criminal
conspiracy to commit such offence except with the previous sanction of the
Central Government or of the State Government or of the District Magistrate.
The opening words of the Section are "No Court shall take cognizance" and consequently the bar created by the
provision is against taking of cognizance by the Court. There is no bar against
registration of a criminal case or investigation by the police agency or
submission of a report by the police on completion of investigation, as
contemplated by Section 173 Cr.P.C. If a criminal case is registered,
investigation of the offence is done and the police submits a report as a
result of such investigation before a Magistrate without the previous sanction
of the Central Government or of the State Government or of the District
Magistrate, there will be no violation of Section 196(1-A) Cr.P.C. and no
illegality of any kind would be committed.
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After the FIR
had been lodged and a criminal case had been registered against the respondent
under Section 153-B IPC, the police arrested him as the offence disclosed was a
cognizable offence.
Thereafter,
the respondent was produced before a Magistrate and the Magistrate remanded him
to judicial custody. The High Court seems to have taken the view that as the
learned Magistrate remanded the respondent to judicial custody when he was
produced before him in accordance with Section 167 Cr.P.C., it amounted to
taking cognizance of the offence. The question that arises is whether passing
of an order of remand would amount to taking of cognizance of the offence.
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Several
provisions in Chapter XIV of the Code of Criminal Procedure use the word
"cognizance". The very first Section in the said Chapter, viz.,
Section 190 lays down how cognizance of offences will be taken by a Magistrate.
However, the word "cognizance" has not been defined in the Code of
Criminal Procedure. The dictionary meaning of the word "cognizance"
is - 'judicial hearing of a matter'.
The
meaning of the word has been explained by judicial pronouncements and it has
acquired a definite connotation. The earliest decision of this Court on the
point is R.R. Chari v. State of U.P. AIR 1951 SC 207, wherein it was held :- "Taking cognizance does not
involve any formal action or indeed action of any kind but occurs as soon as a
Magistrate as such applies his mind to the suspected commission of an
offence." In Darshan Singh Ram Kishan v. State of Maharashtra AIR 1971 SC 2372, while considering
Section 190 of the Code of 1908, it was observed that "taking cognizance
does not involve any formal action or indeed action of any kind but occurs as
soon as a Magistrate as such applies his mind to the suspected commission of an
offence.
Cognizance,
therefore, takes place at a point when a magistrate first takes judicial notice
of an offence. This is the position whether the magistrate takes cognizance of
an offence on a complaint, or on a police report, or upon information of a
person other than a police officer." In Narayandas Bhagwandas Madhavdas v.
The State of West Bengal AIR 1959 SC 1118 it was held that before it can be
said that any Magistrate has taken cognizance of any offence under Section
190(1)(a) Criminal Procedure Code, he must not only have applied his mind to
the contents of the petition but must have done so for the purpose of
proceeding in a particular way as indicated in the subsequent provisions of the
Chapter proceeding under Section 200 and thereafter sending it for inquiry and
report under Section 202. It was observed that there is no special charm or any
magical formula in the expression "taking cognizance" which merely
means judicial application of the mind of the Magistrate to the facts mentioned
in the complaint with a view to taking further action. It was also observed
that what Section 190 contemplates is that the Magistrate takes cognizance once
he makes himself fully conscious and aware of the allegations made in the
complaint and decides to examine or test the validity of the said allegations.
The Court then referred to the three situations enumerated in sub-section (1)
of Section 190 upon which a Magistrate could take cognizance. Similar view was
expressed in Kishun Singh & Ors. v. State of Bihar (1993) 2 SCC 16 that
when the Magistrate takes notice of the accusations and applies his mind to the
allegations made in the complaint or police report or information and on being
satisfied that the allegations, if proved, would constitute an offence, decides
to initiate judicial proceedings against the alleged offender, he is said to
have taken cognizance of the offence. In State of West Bengal v. Mohd. Khalid & Ors. (1995) 1
SCC 684 the Court after taking note of the fact that the expression had not
been defined in the Code held :- "......... In its broad and literal
sense, it means taking notice of an offence. This would include the intention
of initiating judicial proceedings against the offender in respect of that
offence and taking steps to see whether there is any basis for initiating
judicial proceedings or for other purposes. The word 'cognizance' indicates the
point when a Magistrate or a Judge first takes judicial notice of an offence.
It is entirely a different thing from initiation of proceedings; rather it is
the condition precedent to the initiation of proceedings by the Magistrate or
the Judge. Cognizance is taken of cases and not of persons." It is
necessary to mention here that taking cognizance of an offence is not the same
thing as issuance of process. Cognizance is taken at the initial stage when the
Magistrate applies his judicial mind to the facts mentioned in a complaint or
to police report or upon information received from any other person that an
offence has been committed. The issuance of process is at a subsequent stage
when after considering the material placed before it the Court decides to
proceed against the offenders against whom a prima facie case is made out.
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In the present
case neither any complaint had been filed nor any police report had been
submitted nor any information had been given by any person other than the
police officer before the Magistrate competent to take cognizance of the
offence. After the FIR had been lodged and a case had been registered under
Section 153-B IPC, the respondent was arrested by the police and thereafter he
had been produced before the Magistrate. The Magistrate had merely passed an
order remanding him to judicial custody. Section 167 Cr.P.C. finds place in
Chapter XII which deals with Information To The Police And Their Powers To
Investigate. This Section gives the procedure which has to be followed when
investigation cannot be completed within twenty-four hours and requires that
whenever any person is arrested and detained in custody and it appears that the
investigation cannot be completed within the period of twenty-four hours fixed
by Section 57 and there are grounds for believing that the accusation or
information is well founded, he shall be forthwith transmitted to the nearest
Judicial Magistrate along with copy of the entries in the diary. Sub- section
(2) of Section 167 will show that even a Magistrate who has no jurisdiction to
try the case can authorize the detention of the accused. A limited role has to
be performed by the Judicial Magistrate to whom the accused has been forwarded,
viz., to authorize his detention. This is anterior to Section 190 Cr.P.C. which
confers power upon a Magistrate to take cognizance of an offence. Therefore, an
order remanding an accused to judicial custody does not amount to taking
cognizance of an offence. In such circumstances Section 196(1-A) Cr.P.C. can
have no application at all and the High Court clearly erred in quashing the
proceedings on the ground that previous sanction of the Central Government or
of the State Government or of the District Magistrate had not been obtained. It
is important to note that on the view taken by the High Court, no person
accused of an offence, which is of the nature which requires previous sanction
of a specified authority before taking of cognizance by the Court, can ever be
arrested nor such an offence can be investigated by the police. The specified
authority empowered to grant sanction does so after applying his mind to the
material collected during the course of investigation. There is no occasion for
grant of sanction soon after the FIR is lodged nor such a power can be
exercised before completion of investigation and collection of evidence.
Therefore, the whole premise on the basis of which the proceedings have been
quashed by the High Court is wholly erroneous in law and is liable to be set
aside.
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There is another
aspect of the matter which deserves notice.
The
FIR in the case was lodged on 15.1.2005 and the petition under Section 482 Cr.P.C.
was filed within 12 days on 27.1.2005 when the investigation had just
commenced. The petition was allowed by the High Court on 23.2.2005 when the
investigation was still under progress. No report as contemplated by Section
173 Cr.P.C. had been submitted by the incharge of the police station concerned
to the Magistrate empowered to take cognizance of the offence. Section 482 Cr.P.C.
saves inherent powers of the High Court and such a power can be exercised to
prevent abuse of the process of any Court or otherwise to secure the ends of
justice. This power can be exercised to quash the criminal proceedings pending
in any Court but the power cannot be exercised to interfere with the statutory
power of the police to conduct investigation in a cognizable offence. This
question has been examined in detail in Union of India v. Prakash P. Hinduja
& Anr. (2003) 6 SCC 195, where after referring to King Emperor v. Khwaja Nazir
Ahmad AIR 1945 PC 18, H.N. Rishbud & Inder Singh v. The State of Delhi AIR 1955 SC 196, State of West Bengal v. SN Basak AIR 1963 SC 447, Abhinandan
Jha & Ors. v. Dinesh Mishra AIR 1968 SC 117 and State of Bihar & Anr.
v. JAC Saldanha & Ors. (1980) 1 SCC 554, it was observed as under in para
20 of the reports :-
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"Thus the legal position is
absolutely clear and also settled by judicial authorities that the Court would
not interfere with the investigation or during the course of investigation
which would mean from the time of the lodging of the First Information Report
till the submission of the report by the officer in charge of police station in
court under Section 173(2) Cr.P.C., this field being exclusively reserved for
the investigating agency." This being the settled legal position, the High
Court ought not to have interfered with and quashed the entire proceedings in
exercise of power conferred by Section 482 Cr.P.C. when the matter was still at
the investigation stage.
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In the concluding paragraph of the
judgment under challenge, the High Court has also observed that considering the
facts and circumstances and the allegations made in the complaint it could be
said that the initiation of criminal proceedings is abuse of process of Court
and miscarriage of justice. No reasons in support of the aforesaid observation
have been given. As already stated, the case was still under investigation and
the police was in the process of collecting evidence. The sweeping remark made
by the High Court in the circumstances of the case was wholly unjustified.
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For the reasons mentioned above, the
appeal is allowed and the judgment and order dated 23.2.2005 of the High Court
is set aside. It is made clear that any observation made in this order is only
for the limited purpose of deciding the appeal and shall not be construed as an
expression of opinion on the merits of the case.
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