Controller of Defence
Accounts (Pension) & Ors Vs. S. Balachandran Nair [2005] Insc 580 (21 October
2005)
Arijit Pasayat & Dr. Ar
Lakshmanan Arijit Pasayat, J.
Challenge in this appeal is to the judgment rendered by a Division Bench of
the Kerala High Court holding that the respondent was entitled to disability
pension.
Factual background is essentially as follows:
Respondent joined the Indian Army on 7.2.1972 in the Signal Corps. He was
selected to the regular Army through the selection process prescribed by the
Army authorities and had undergone a thorough medical examination. Thereafter,
he had undergone military training at 3 M.T.R. Goa for a period of two years.
After completion of training he was posted in the Signal Company at Jabalpur
for a period of three years.
Thereafter, he was posted to the border area in Punjab.
However, he was not involved in actual combat operations or in combat area.
He was working in the office of Radio machine. He developed certain medical
problems and was admitted in the Command Hospital at Chandigarh on 10.8.1977.
He was not completely cured and had some kidney complications and the
medical authorities found his illness as 'anxiety neurosis'. He was again
admitted in the Chandigarh Military Hospital in December 1979 and after
prolonged treatment was boarded out and the medical authorities were of the
opinion that he became unfit for continuing in service and was put under the
category of 'EEE' meaning 'unfit and useless' with effect from 18.3.1980 and
was finally discharged from service.
Respondent made an application for disability pension.
Same was rejected by the authorities on the ground that the disability of
the respondent was not attributable to military service. It was also stated
that there was no proof that the disability had existed before or developed
during military service and/or had aggravated thereby and military disability
pension was accordingly denied. As his various representations did not bring
any positive result he filed writ petition before the Kerala High Court. A
learned Single Judge held that the respondent had been working in sensitive and
turbulent areas and this must have aggravated his disease and the stress and
stains of military service were the sole cause of his illness and it was clearly
attributable to the stress and strain of military service.
The present appellants were therefore, directed to disburse disability
pension.
Challenging the order passed by learned Single Judge, a Writ Appeal was
filed before the Kerala High Court. The Division Bench by the impugned judgment
dismissed the Writ Appeal.
The stand of the appellants before the High Court was that the writ petition
was filed belatedly and on account of laches alone the writ petition should
have been dismissed.
The request for disability pension was rejected in 1980 and he was told that
he could file an appeal within a period of six months. The appeal was disposed
of much before filing of the writ petition. In addition, it was submitted that
the Medical Board itself has found that the illness suffered by the respondent
cannot be attributed to military service and when an expert body like the
Medical Board gave the opinion the authorities were in fact bound by such
decision and the learned Single Judge was not justified in his view. The
Division Bench dismissed the appeal on the ground that no psychic disability
was noticed when the respondent joined the military service. The fact that the
illness occurred while he was in the border area clearly established that the
ailment was attributable to military service. The fact that the respondent was
working in the border area must have caused some stress and strain and,
therefore, learned Single Judge was right in his conclusions.
Learned counsel for the appellants submitted that Regulations for the
Medical Service of Armed Forces, 1983 (in short the 'Regulations') provide the
ailments which are attributable to such service. Specific reference is made to
Regulation 423. Further, the view of an expert body like the Medical Board should
not have been lightly brushed aside by the High Court. On medical check up, the
opinions recorded in the Medical Board Proceedings are as follows:
"Part I Personal Statement Anxiety Neurosis 300 (a) (V 67) Part II Statement
of case Anxiety Neurosis 300(a) (V 67) Opinion of Lt. Col. B.N. Majumdar, AMC
classified Specialist (Psychiatry) Command Hospital (C) Chandigarh dated
11.2.1980.
A case of Anxiety Neurosis in a young sepoy whose response to therapy is
poor and he shows no desire nor makes any efforts to overcome his disability.
He is unlikely to benefit by further therapy and make a fit and stable soldier
in future. He is therefore considered unfit for further military service and is
recommended medical category REE (Psychological)".
Confidential "A constitutional disease in nature unconnected with
service condition." Reference was also made to Pension Regulations for the
Army (in short the 'Pension Regulations'). Rule 173 of such Regulations read as
follows:
Primary conditions for the grant of disability pension:
"173. Unless otherwise specifically provided a disability pension may
be granted to an individual who is invalided from service on account of a
disability which is attributable to or aggravated by military service and is
assessed at 20 percent or above.
The question whether a disability is attributable to or aggravated by
military service shall be determined under rule in Appendix II.
Relevant portion in Appendix II reads as follows:
"2. Disablement or death shall be accepted as due to military service
provided it is certified that (a) The disablement is due to wound, injury or
disease which (i) is attributable to military service; or (ii) existed before
or arose during military service and has been and remains aggravated thereby;
(b) the death was due to or hastened by- (i) a wound, injury or disease
which was attributable to military service, or (ii) the aggravation by military
service of a wound, injury or disease which existed before or arose during
military service.
Note: The Rule also covers cases of death after discharge/invaliding from
service.
3. There must be a casual connection between disablement or death and
military service for attributability or aggravation to be conceded.
4. In deciding on the issue of entitlement all the evidence, both direct and
circumstantial, will be taken into account and the benefit or reasonable doubt
will be given to the claimant. This benefit will be given more liberally to the
claimant in field service case." Learned counsel for the respondent on the
other hand submitted that the learned Single Judge and the Division Bench have
clearly taken note of the ground realities that in view of the fact that the
respondent was posted at sensitive border area, his illness is clearly
attributable to military service.
In order to appreciate rival submissions Regulation 423 needs to be
extracted. The same reads as follows:
"423. Attributability to Service:
(a) For the purpose of determining whether the cause of a disability or
death is or is not attributable to service, it is immaterial whether the cause
giving rise to the disability or death occurred in an area declared to be a
Field Service/Active Service area or under normal peace conditions. It is,
however, essential to establish whether the disability or death bore a casual
connection with the service conditions.
All evidence both direct and circumstantial, will be taken into account and
benefit of reasonable doubt, if any, will be given to the individual.
The evidence to be accepted as reasonable doubt, for the purpose of these
instructions, should be of a degree of cogency, which though not reaching
certainty, nevertheless carry the high degree of probability. In this
connection, it will be remembered that proof beyond reasonable doubt does not
mean proof beyond a shadow of doubt. If the evidence is so strong against an
individual as to leave only a remote possibility in his favour, which can be
dismissed with the sentence "of course it is possible but not in the least
probable" the case is proved beyond reasonable doubt. If on the other
hand, the evidence be so evenly balanced as to render impracticable a
determinate conclusion one way or the other, then the case would be one in
which the benefit of doubt could be given more liberally to the individual, in
cases occurring in Field Service/Active Service areas.
(b) The cause of a disability or death resulting from wound or injury, will
be regarded as attributable to service if the wound/injury was sustained during
the actual performance of "duty" in armed forces. In case of injuries
which were self inflicted or duty to an individual's own serious negligence or
misconduct, the Board will also comment how far the disability resulted from
self-infliction, negligence or misconduct.
(c) The cause of a disability or death resulting from a disease will be
regarded as attributable to service when it is established that the disease
arose during service and the conditions and circumstances of duty in the armed
forces determined and contributed to the onset of the disease. Cases, in which
it is established that service conditions did not determine or contribute to
the onset of the disease but influenced the subsequent course of the disease,
will be regarded as aggravated by the service. A disease which has led to an
individual's discharge or death will ordinarily be deemed to have arisen in
service if no note of it was made at the time of the individual's acceptance
for service in the armed forces. However, if medical opinion holds, for reasons
to be stated that the disease could not have been detected on medical
examination prior to acceptance for service, the disease will not be deemed to
have arisen during service.
(d) The question, whether a disability or death is attributable to or
aggravated by service or not, will be decided as regards its medical aspects by
a medical board or by the medical officer who signs the death certificate. The
medical board/medical officer will specify reasons for their/his opinion. The
opinion of the medical board/medical officer, in so far as it relates to the
actual cause of the disability or death and the circumstances in which it
originated will be regarded as final.
The question whether the cause and the attendant circumstances can be
attributed to service will, however, be decided by the pension sanctioning
authority.
(e) To assist the medical officer who signs the death certificate or the
medical board in the case of an invalid, the C.O. unit will furnish a report
on:- (i) AFMS F-81 in all cases other than those due to injuries.
(i) IAFY-2006 in all cases of injuries other than battle injuries.
(f) In cases where award of disability pension or reassessment of
disabilities is concerned, a medical board is always necessary and the
certificate of a single medical officer will not be accepted except in case of
stations where it s not possible or feasible to assemble a regular medical
board for such purposes. The certificate of a single medical officer in the
latter case will be furnished on a medical board form and countersigned by the
ADMS (Army)/DMS (Navy)/DMS (Air).
In Union of India and Anr. v. Baljit Singh (1996 (11) SCC 315) this Court
had taken note of Rule 173 of the Pension Regulations. It was observed that
where the Medical Board found that there was absence of proof of the
injury/illness having been sustained due to military service or being
attributable thereto, the High Court's direction to the Government to pay
disability pension was not correct. It was inter alia observed as follows:
"6......It is seen that various criteria have been prescribed in the
guidelines under the Rules as to when the disease or injury is attributable to
the military service. It is seen that under Rule 173 disability pension would
be computed only when disability has occurred due to wound, injury or disease
which is attributable to military service or existed before or arose during
military service and has been and remains aggravated during the military
service. If these conditions are satisfied, necessarily the incumbent is
entitled to the disability pension. This is made ample clear from clause (a) to
(d) of para 7 which contemplates that in respect of a disease the Rules
enumerated thereunder required to be observed. Clause (c) provides that if a
disease is accepted as having arisen in service, it must also be established
that the conditions of military service determined or contributed to the onset
of the disease and that the conditions were due to the circumstances of duty in
military service. Unless these conditions satisfied, it cannot be said that the
sustenance of injury per se is on account of military service. In view of the
report of the Medical Board of Doctors, it is not due to military service. The
conclusion may not have been satisfactorily reached that the injury though sustained
while in service, it was not on account of military service. In each case, when
a disability pension is sought for made a claim, it must be affirmatively
established, as a fact, as to whether the injury sustained was due to military
service or was aggravated which contributed to invalidation for the military
service".
The position was again re-iterated in Union of India and Ors. v. Dhir Singh China,
Colonel (Retd.) (2003(2) SCC 382). In para 7 it was observed as follows:
"7. That leaves for consideration Regulation
53. The said Regulation provides that on an officer being compulsorily
retired on account of age or on completion of tenure, if suffering on
retirement from a disability attributable to or aggravated by military service
and recorded by service medical authority, he may be granted, in addition to
retiring pension, a disability element as if he had been retired on account of
disability.
It is not in dispute that the respondent was compulsorily retired on
attaining the age of superannuation. The question, therefore, which arises for
consideration is whether he was suffering, on retirement, from a disability
attributable to or aggravated by military service and recorded by service
medical authority. We have already referred to the opinion of the Medical Board
which found that the two disabilities from which the respondent was suffering
were not attributable to or aggravated by military service. Clearly therefore,
the opinion of the Medical Board ruled out the applicability of Regulation 53 to
the case of the respondent. The diseases from which he was suffering were not
found to be attributable to or aggravated by military service, and were in the
nature of constitutional diseases. Such being the opinion of the Medical Board,
in our view the respondent can derive no benefit from Regulation 53. The
opinion of the Medical Board has not been assailed in this proceeding and,
therefore, must be accepted." In view of the legal position referred to
above and the fact that the Medical Board's opinion was clearly to the effect
that the illness suffered by the respondent was not attributable to the
military service, both the learned Single Judge and the Division Bench were not
justified in their respective conclusion. The respondent is not entitled to disability
pension. However, on the facts and circumstances of the case, payment already
made to the respondent made by way of disability pension shall not be recovered
from him. The appeal is allowed but in the circumstances without any order as
to costs.
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