State of Orissa & Ors Vs. Md. Illiyas [2005] Insc 662 (22 November 2005)
Arijit Pasayat & Arun Kumar (Arising out of S.L.P (C) No.
15626 Of 2004) Arijit Pasayat, J.
Leave granted.
Challenge in this appeal is to the judgment of a Division Bench of the Orissa
High Court. By the impugned judgment the High Court held that the
pre-requisites for taking such action under Section 115(1) of the Orissa Gram
Panchayat Act, 1964 (in short the 'Act') were not satisfied and, therefore, the
order of Collector, Jajpur, dated 3.6.2003 directing suspension of the
respondent was illegal.
The factual background needs to be noted in brief:
The respondent was elected as Sarpanch of Neulapur Gram Panchayat in March,
2002. Purportedly acting on the basis of the allegations made by several
villagers of that gram panchayat inquiry was conducted by the Sub-Collector,
Jajpur. Several allegations were received by the Sub- Collector from the
villagers as well as the member of the Legislative Assembly. By Order dated
17.5.2003 the Collector directed Sub-Collector to inquire into the allegations
made against the respondent-Sarpanch. On 23.5.2003 the Sub-Collector conducted
inquiry and recorded statements of the complainants and thereafter the
respondent. On 27.5.2003 Sub Collector submitted his report concluding that the
respondent had misused his power as Sarpanch and had failed to discharge his
duties.
Considering the report of the Sub- Collector, by order dated 3.6.2003 the
Collector suspended the respondent from the office of Sarpanch in purported
exercise of powers conferred under Section 115(1) of the Act. The order was
challenged by the respondent by filing a writ petition before the High Court.
It was submitted that there was no material to show that the alleged acts of
the respondent were wilful. The State Government filed its counter pointing out
that serious allegations were made which were inquired into by the Sub-
Collector, who had categorically reported that there was truth in the
allegations clearly indicating abuses of powers, rights and privileges vested
in him (the respondent) and the acts were prejudicial to the interest of
inhabitants of Grama, and his further continuance would be detrimental to the
interest of the Grama Panchayat and inhabitants of the Grama. High Court
referred to an earlier decision in Sanatan Jena v. Collector, Balasore and Anr.
(2001 (I) OLR 206) where reference was made to two earlier decisions i.e.
Pradeep Kumar Karji v. Collector, Rayagada & Ors. (1998 (II) OLR 348)
and Tarini Tripathy v. Collector, Koraput and Ors.
(1986 (II) OLR 497). On the basis of the said judgment in Sanatan's case
(supra) the High Court held as follows:- "This being the settled position
of law and bare perusal of the report of the Sub Collector, we are of the
opinion that the same do not satisfy the pre-requisite conditions stipulated
under Section 115(1) of the Orissa Gram Panchayat Act. For the aforesaid
reasons, the order of suspension fails to withstand the judicial scrutiny which
is in our considered opinion liable to be quashed. Accordingly, we quash the
impugned order passed in Annexure-I." Portion of the judgment in Sanatan's
case (supra), which was quoted by the High Court to conclude as above reads as
follows:
"Suspension of an elected representative is indeed a drastic action and
should not be taken recourse to cursorily and in a mechanical manner. This view
was adopted in an earlier decision of this Court reported in 1998 (II) OLR 348
(Pradeep Kumar Karji V.
Collector, Rayagada & others). Further while vesting the power upon the
Executive to suspend an elected representative, the Legislature thought it just
and prudent to provide certain safeguards against the arbitrary exercise of
such power. As has been held in the decision of the Court reported in 1986 (II)
OLR 497 (Tarini Tripathy V.
Collector, Koraput and Others), all the ingredients stipulated under Section
115(1) of the Act are cumulative. Absence of any of one of the said ingredients
would make the order of suspension vulnerable. In consonance with Section
115(1) of the Act, the Collector must have to form an opinion that the
omissions or commissions found against a Sarpanch were wilful. While bringing
the tenure of an elected representative to a premature end, either temporarily
or permanently, utmost care and circumspection ought to be exercised. In other
words, the right of an elected representative to continue in office for the
full tenure should not be lightly tinkered with by the Executive." In
support of the appeal, learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the
High Court is clearly in error in its analysis of Section 115(1) of the Act.
The Sub Collector's report clearly indicates the manner in which there was
abuse of powers, rights and privileges vested in respondent no.1 and as to how the
acts were prejudicial to the interest of the Grama Panchayat and inhabitants of
the Grama. The Collector had categorically stated in his order that the acts
were wilful in nature.
Learned counsel for the respondent submitted that by merely referring to the
language of Section the Collector could not have concluded that acts of the
respondent were prejudicial acts or amounted to abuse of powers and rights and
privileges vested in him. It was submitted that before the inquiry was
conducted by the Sub-Collector the respondent was not granted any opportunity.
On the other hand the statement of the respondent was recorded after the
statements of the so called complainants were recorded.
Even a copy of the Sub-Collector's report was not supplied to the respondent.
In order to appreciate the rival submissions Section 115 needs to be quoted.
The same reads as under:
"115. Suspension and removal of Sarpanch, Naib Sarpanch and member (1)
If the Collector, on an inquiry or inspection made by him or on the report of
the Sub Divisional Officer is of the opinion that circumstances exist to show
that the Sarpanch or Naib- Sarpanch of a Gram Panchayat Willfully omits or
refuses to carry out or violates the provisions of this Act or the rules or
orders made thereunder or abuses the powers, rights and privileges vested in
him or acts in a manner prejudicial to the interest of the inhabitants of the
Grama and that the further continuance of such person in office would be
detrimental to the interest of the Gram Panchayat or the inhabitants of the
Grama, he may, by order, suspend the Sarpanch or Naib- Sarpanch, as the case
may be, from office and report the matter to the State Government.
(2) The State Government, on the report of the Collector under sub-section
(1) shall, or if the State Govt. themselves are of the opinion that the
circumstances specified in the said sub-section exist in relation to a Sarpanch
or Naib-Sarpanch then on their own motion, may after giving the person
concerned a reasonable opportunity of showing cause, remove him from the office
of Sarpanch or Naib-Sarpanch, as the case may be.
(3) In the case of Sarpanch or Naib-Sarpanch, if he is not already under
suspension in pursuance of an order under sub-section(1), the State Government
may, pending the disposal of the proceedings before them under sub-section (2)
suspend the Sarpanch or Naib- Sarpanch, as the case may be.
(3a) The State Government, may, at any time during the pendency of
Proceedings before them under sub-section (2), revoke the order of suspension
of a Sarpanch or Naib-Sarpanch passed under sub-section (1) or under sub-
section (3).
(4) A Sarpanch or Naib-Sarpanch, on removal from office under sub-section
(2) shall also cease to be a member of the Grama Panchayat and such person
shall not be eligible for election as a member for a period not exceeding four
years as the State Government may specify.
(5) The provisions of this section shall, so far as may be, apply in respect
of any member of the Grama Panchayat not being a Sarpanch or Naib-Sarpanch,
provided that no such member shall be liable to be placed under suspension
under the said provisions.
(6)(a)Whenever the Collector is of the opinion that the Sarpanch of a Grama
Panchayat has failed in convening any meeting of the Grama Panchayat within a
period of three continuous months he may, after making such enquiry as he deems
fit, by order, remove the Sarpanch from office and may also declare him not be
eligible for election as a member for a period not exceeding one year as he may
specify in his order and on such order being made the Sarpanch shall cease to
be a member of the Grama Panchayat.
(b) Nothing contained in the preceding sub- sections shall apply in respect
of a default as specified above." The scheme of Section 115 shows that the
Collector can take action either on the basis of an inquiry or inspection made
by him or on the report of the Sub-Collector. On the basis of such inquiry or
inspection or report of Sub-Divisional Officer, as the case may be, he has to
form opinion whether circumstances exist to show that the Sarpanch has wilfully
omitted or refused to carry out or has violated the provisions of the Act or
the rules or orders made thereunder or has abused the powers, rights and
privileges vested in him or has acted in a manner prejudicial to the interest
of the inhabitants of the Grama, and that further continuance of such person in
office would be detrimental to the interest of the Grama Panchayat or
inhabitants of the Grama.
On formation of such opinion he may by order suspend the Sarpanch or
Naib-Sarpanch, as the case may be, from office and report the matter to the
State Government. After the report of the Collector is received by the State
Government or if the State Government themselves is of the opinion that the
circumstances specified in sub-section (1) exist in relation to a Sarpanch or
Naib-Sarpanch then on their own motion after giving the person concerned
reasonable opportunity of showing cause remove him from the office of Sarpanch
or Naib-Sarpanch as the case may be. It is only at the stage of removal, a
reasonable opportunity to show cause is to be granted to the concerned Sarpanch
or Naib-Sarpanch, as the case may be.
When the Collector acts in terms of sub-section (1), there is no question of
granting an opportunity to the concerned Sarpanch or Naib-Sarpanch, as the case
may be, to have his say in the matter. Sub-section (3) empowers the State
Government to suspend the Sarpanch or Naib-Sarpanch, as the case may be, if he
is not already suspended in pursuance of order under sub-section (1) while the
proceedings before them are pending under sub-section (2).
Further, during pendency of the proceedings under sub- section (2) the State
Government may under sub-section (3-a) revoke order passed either under sub-section
(1) or under sub-section (3).
For bringing in application of Section 115(1) the acts complained of must
have been done wilfully by the Sarpanch or Naib-Sarpanch, as the case may be.
Order of the Collector after referring to the acts purportedly done by the
respondent categorically stated that he was satisfied that the respondent had
wilfully abused the powers, rights and privileges vested in him and had acted
in the manner prejudicial to the interest of the inhabitants of the Grama.
The allegations were to the effect that he had collected illegal
gratification from poor beneficiaries of the Indira Avas Yogana by giving false
assurance to provide them India Avas Houses, and also from some people for
providing HUDCO loans. The Sub-Collector had recorded statements of seven of
such beneficiaries and had concluded that by taking advantage of the simplicity
of the poor persons, the respondent had cheated the poor beneficiaries who
relied upon the words of the respondent and were finally deceived.
At this juncture it is desirable to consider the true, import of the word
'wilful'. An act is said to be 'wilful' if it is intentional, conscious and
deliberate. (See :
Rakapalli Raja Rama Gopala Rao v. Naragani Govinda Sehararao (1989 (4) SCC
255).
The expression 'Wilful' excludes casual, accidental, bona fide or
unintentional acts or genuine inability. It is to be noted that a wilful act
does not encompass accidental, involuntary, or negligence. It must be
intentional, deliberate, calculated and conscious with full knowledge of legal
consequences flowing therefrom. The expression 'wilful' means an act done with
a bad purpose, with an evil motive.
"Wilful" is a word of familiar use in every branch of law, and
although in some branches of law it may have a special meaning, it generally,
as used in courts of law, implies nothing blameable, but merely that the person
of whose action or default the expression is used is a free agent, and that
what has been done arises from the spontaneous action of his will. It amounts
to nothing more than this, that he knows what he is doing, and intends to do
what he is doing, and is a free agent. (Per Bowen L.J. in Re Young and Harston
31 Ch. D. 174). It does not necessarily, connote blame, although the word is
more commonly used of bad conduct than of good. (See Wheeler v.
New Merion Board Mills (1933) 2 K.B. 669). Whatever is intentional is
wilful. (per Day J. in Gayford v. Chouler (1898) 1 Q.B. 316). As observed by
Russel C.J. in R. v.
Senior (1899) 1 Q.B. 283, "wilfully" means deliberately and
intentionally.
When the allegation is of cheating or deceiving, whether the alleged act is
wilful or not depends upon the circumstances of the concerned case and there
cannot be any strait jacket formula. The High Court unfortunately did not
discuss the factual aspects and by merely placing reliance on earlier decision
of the Court held that pre-requisite conditions were absent. Reliance on the
decision without looking into the factual background of the case before it is
clearly impermissible. A decision is a precedent on its own facts. Each case
presents its own features. It is not everything said by a Judge while giving
judgment that constitutes a precedent. The only thing in a Judge's decision
binding a party is the principle upon which the case is decided and for this
reason it is important to analyse a decision and isolate from it the ratio
decidendi.
According to the well-settled theory of precedents, every decision contains
three basic postulates (i) findings of material facts, direct and inferential.
An inferential finding of facts is the inference which the Judge draws from the
direct, or perceptible facts; (ii) statements of the principles of law
applicable to the legal problems disclosed by the facts; and (iii) judgment based
on the combined effect of the above. A decision is an authority for what it
actually decides. What is of the essence in a decision is its ratio and not
every observation found therein nor what logically flows from the various
observations made in the judgment. The enunciation of the reason or principle
on which a question before a Court has been decided is alone binding as a
precedent. (See: State of Orissa v. Sudhansu Sekhar Misra and Ors. (AIR 1968 SC
647) and Union of India and Ors. v. Dhanwanti Devi and Ors. (1996 (6) SCC 44).
A case is a precedent and binding for what it explicitly decides and no more.
The words used by Judges in their judgments are not to be read as if they are
words in Act of Parliament. In Quinn v. Leathem (1901) AC 495 (H.L.), Earl of
Halsbury LC observed that every judgment must be read as applicable to the
particular facts proved or assumed to be proved, since the generality of the
expressions which are found there are not intended to be exposition of the
whole law but governed and qualified by the particular facts of the case in
which such expressions are found and a case is only an authority for what it
actually decides.
The High Court has not indicated as to why according to it the pre-requisite
conditions stipulated were not satisfied. Vulnerability of the High Court's
judgment is also apparent from the fact that it referred to the report of the
Sub Collector and held that the same did not satisfy the pre-requisite
conditions stipulated. The Sub-Collector's report indicated circumstances to
show that Sarpanch had wilfully omitted or refused to carry out or has violated
the provisions of the Act or the Rules or Orders made thereunder or has abused
the powers, rights and privileges vested in him or has acted in the manner prejudicial
to the interest of the inhabitants of the Grama.
In the instant case various acts of the respondent are prima facie
indicative of abuse of powers, rights and privileges vested on the Sarpanch.
The Collector, on the basis of materials contained in the report of the Sub-
Collector has opined that these are wilful acts. The High Court has completely
lost sight of these relevant facts.
The Collector's opinion at the stage of consideration is really a prima
facie view on the basis of materials before him. Unless there is total absence
of material and/or non- application of mind the Courts should not interfere.
The case at hand does not belong to that category.
A plea has been advanced by learned counsel for the appellant that the
Collector does not have to opine on the wilful aspect when the act impugned is
an abuse of the powers, rights and privileges, there is no need to examine that
aspect as the Collector has himself characterized the act as wilful.
Looked from any angle, the High Court's judgment is indefensible and is set
aside. We make it clear that we have not expressed opinion on the merits of the
case, so far as action under sub-section (2) of Section 115 is concerned.
That is a matter which is to be adjudicated by the State Government. Learned
counsel for the respondent submitted that prayers shall be made before the
State Government to revoke the suspension in terms of sub-section (3a) of
Section 115. If any prayer is made the same shall be considered in accordance
with law, and we express no opinion in that regard.
The appeal is allowed, with no order as to costs.
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