Murlidhar
& Ors Vs. State of Rajasthan [2005] Insc 323 (9 May 2005)
P. Venkatarama
Reddi & B.N. Srikrishna Srikrishna, J.
The
three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the
High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges
under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.
At
about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with
the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his
brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 1996 in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ringus for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel
cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by
(Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members
stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took
him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and,
thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way,
informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal
about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told
the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal
could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that
at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal
was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.
The
Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced
investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was
discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ringus bridge. The police
arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the
other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar
Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.
The
Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC
but convicted all the accused as follows:
Accused
Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman
Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.
Accused
Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.
Accused
Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal
son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence
under Section 302/149 IPC.
Accused
Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal
son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence
under Section 148 IPC.
Accused
Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of
Chhajuram, Chhajuiram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under
Section 201 IPC.
Accused
Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence
under Section 364 IPC.
Accused
Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC.
All
the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal,
Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they
were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The
appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed
and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The
High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of
Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life
and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous
imprisonment.
The
sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however,
acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused
are in appeal before us.
The
evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye
witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the
evidence under the following heads.
1.
Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.
2.
Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.
3.
Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.
4.
Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.
5.
Medical evidence
6.
Evidence regarding recovery
7.
Other evidence 1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:
Both,
the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence
of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be
relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a
criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High
Court on this issue.
2.
Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal:
Ramlal
had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied
by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel
cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat
at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the
camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly
appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal,
son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating
him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.
Manaram
sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the
cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar
Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled
out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged
away to the interior of Khemaram's house.
The
learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW
2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable
particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful
perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal
(PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, there was
some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the
assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence
suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or
three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once
or so in a month.
We are
not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4)
can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called
contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to
discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not
immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and
requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.
Read
as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful
day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram,
the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured
him and dragged him away.
Learned
counsel for the appellants contended that even assuming the evidence of Manaram
(PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC
could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out
an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be
of some person "in order that some person may be murdered or may be so
disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered". Learned counsel
contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter.
We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal
is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu
addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal.
The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured
him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so
dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore,
satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in
recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.
3.
Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:
The
High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house
of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal
(PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on
this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High
Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW
7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as "replete with inherent
improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses". We agree with
this finding of the High Court.
We
also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their
house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring
inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to
believe.
4.
Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:
The
High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the
conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The
witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9).
These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30
p.m. when they were
going back from Ringus to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley
driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar,
Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor.
According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were
going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and
they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped
in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears
to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6)
is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under
the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the
time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying
some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he
named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9)
under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of
the deceased lying under the Ringus bridge, the police were already there, but
at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the
appellants taking a body on the tractor trolley during the preceding night.
We are
satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly
justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the
testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire
confidence.
5.
Medical Evidence:
The
medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was
done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is "asphyxia due to
strangulation as well as neurogenic shock as a result of cumulative effect of
multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely,
testicles."
6.
Evidence of recoveries:
The
evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis
and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis,
the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of
the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the
concerned area.
As to
the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of
the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified
the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to
say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test
Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that
the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been
thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by
PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws
of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said
brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the
in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was
nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar
to treasure it as a prized possession.
There
were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused
with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged
robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the
said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting
the evidence of recoveries.
Finally,
the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction
punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution
evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal
sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body
was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by
the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the Evidence Act, 1872 and the
observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. , the
High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors
of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors,
as the accused- abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired
after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the
inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.
The
learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of
the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to
be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section
302/34 IPC.
In Mir
Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the
victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any
explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them.
The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge
of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was
"a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen
together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the
deceased at Islamia Hospital". Rejecting the said contention this Court
observed (vide para 31):
"The
pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt
of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits
no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien
to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other
hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is
allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences
would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty."
This Court further observed thus (vide para 33):
"Presumption
of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of
some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption
of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be
inferred from certain other proved facts.
When
inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court
exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most
probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in
India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the
court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have
happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of
natural events, human conduct etc.
in
relation to the facts of the case." The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu
Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer lays down the legal principle underlying the
shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para
38):
"This
lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on
the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that
duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in
which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for
the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge
of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience.
The
word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or
exceptionally within his knowledge." In our judgment, the High Court was
not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under
Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammand
Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the
Evidence Act would apply when the facts are "especially within the
knowledge of the accused" and it would be impossible, or at any rate
disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, "especially
within the knowledge of the accused." In the present case, the prosecution
did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the
knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not
apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there
were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the
burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW
7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close
distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court,
it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have
been given beating resulting in his death by the accused- appellants while
keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also
unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal
to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural
land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW
13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to
anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that all the witnesses, namely, Babulal
(PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable
as their evidence is repleated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.
In the
result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that,
what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the
knowledge of witnesses, utterly failed in proving the said facts. Once this is
established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule
of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we
notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the
Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have
brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of
the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju
Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their
conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to
be acquitted of the said charges.
In the
result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order:
Appellants-accused,
Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the
charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section
364 IPC stands confirmed.
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