State
of M.P Through C.B.I. Vs. Paltan Mallah
[2005] Insc 51 (20
January 2005)
K.G.
Balakrishnan & Dr. Ar. Lakshmanan
WITH CRIMINAL
APPEAL NOS. 99/1999, 100-102/1999, 103-108/1999, 109- 114/1999 K.G.
BALAKRISHNAN, J Criminal Appeal Nos. 98-102 of 1999 and Criminal Appeal Nos.
109-114 of 1999 are filed by the State of Madhya Pradesh through CBI and the Criminal Appeal Nos. 103-108 of 1999
are filed by the Chattisgarh Mukti Morcha. All these appeals arise out of the
common Judgment passed by the High Court of Madhya Pradesh on 26.6.1998. Nine
accused persons were tried by the Second Addl. Sessions Judge, Durg, M.P.
Accused nos. 1 to 8 were charged for the offence under Section 302 read with
Section 120B IPC.
The
9th accused was charged under Section 302 read with Section 120B, and in the
alternative, Section 302 read with Section 34 IPC and Section 25(1)(A) and
Section 27 of the Arms Act. The Sessions Judge acquitted A-6 Naveen Shah, A-7 Chandrabaksh
Singh and A-8 Baldev Singh Sandhu. A-1 Chandrakant Shah, A-2 Gyan Prakash Mishra,
A-3 Avdhesh Rai, A-4 Abhay Kumar Singh, A-5 Moolchand Shah and A-9 Paltan Mallah
@ Ravi were convicted by the Sessions Judge for the offence under Section 302
read with Section 120B. A-9 Paltan Mallah was found guilty of the offence
punishable under Section 302 IPC and sentenced to capital punishment whereas
other accused were sentenced to life imprisonment. The High Court by the
impugned Judgment acquitted all the accused of the charges framed against them.
Deceased
Shankar Guha Yogi was a popular, powerful trade union leader in the industrial
region of Bhillai, Durg, which was part of the then State of Madhya Pradesh. Deceased Shankar Guha Niyogi had
been working for the welfare of the labour demanding living wages, bonus,
reinstatement of retrenched workers and he organised the workers of the various
industrial units at Bhillai and Durg. The labourers had an organisation by name
"CHATTISGARH MUKTI MORCHA" (hereinafter being referred to as
"CMM") and deceased Niyogi became a leader of this organisation. He
was leading the labourers working at Rajaram Mines area which was a main source
of raw material iron ore for the Bhillai Steel Plant at Durg. In the year 1989,
there was an agitation by the workers of industrial unit by name ACC, which is
a leading cement manufacturer. A settlement was reached at the instance of
deceased Niyogi. The workers in other industrial establishments sought the help
of deceased Niyogi to solve their problems. In the year 1990, he came to Bhillai
and started occupying quarter no. MIG 1/55of HUDCO. He stayed there with his
servant Bahal Ram. The other members of his family continued to stay near Rajhara.
Deceased Niyogi set up an office for CMM at MIG-2/273 HUDCO. In the year 1990,
there was widespread labour movement against the management of various
industrial units such as Simplex, Kedia, B.E.C, B.K, etc. According to the
prosecution, the management of these industrial units started opposing the labour
movement and there was even physical attack on some of the leaders of CMM. One Uma
Shankar Rai, a leader of CMM was fatally assaulted by the agents of the
industrialists. Deceased Niyogi apprehended serious threat to his life from the
industrialists, especially from Simplex and Kedia Group of Industries. He made
notes in his diary regarding the apprehension of danger from the management of
these industrial units. On 27.9.1991, he had gone to Raipur and there he met one Rajendra Sail,
Secretary General of PUCL and reporter N.K. Singh of "India Today".
He expressed an apprehension of danger to his life from Kedia and also from A-5
Moolchand Shah and A-1 Chandrakant Shah of Simplex Group. On 27.9.1991 at about
midnight, he left Raipur for Bhillai and reached his quarter
no. MIG- 1/55 of HUDCO and went to bed. His servant Bahal Ram was occupying the
neighbouring room. In the night, Bahal Ram heard a noise like bursting of
crackers and he rushed to the room of Niyogi and found Niyogi writhing in pain
on his bed. The window was found open. Bahal Ram called for help of the neighbour
Sripad Mategaonkar. Few workers from the CMM came to the place and it was found
that Niyogi had been shot. He was immediately taken to the Sector 9 Hospital of
Bhillai. Before reaching the hospital, Niyogi succumbed to the gun shot
injuries. Post-mortem examination was conducted by a team of doctors and they
opined that death was due to bullet injuries.
Preliminary
investigation was carried out by PW-182 Deputy Superintendent of Police Shri
M.G. Agarwal. There was agitation by the workers that investigation shall be
conducted by the Central Bureau of Investigation and the Government of Madhya
Pradesh requested the Union of India seeking help of the Central Bureau of
Investigation. As part of police investigation, PW-182 visited the scene of occurrence
and got prepared map of the site and he took steps to see that viscera of the
victim was sent for laboratory tests. He took into custody the pellets
recovered from the body of Niyogi. He took statements from Bahal Ram, the
servant and also from the widow and daughter of deceased. He got prepared
photograph Exh. P-180 to P-196. He got report from Serum Science and Chemical
Analysis which are marked as Exh. P-430 to P-432. He recorded statements of
various other witnesses. Accused A-3 Avdhesh Rai was taken into custody on
13.10.1991.
On
1.11.1991, he seized diary of deceased Niyogi and on 9.11.1991 he handed over
the investigation to CBI officials.
PW-187
R.S. Dhankad took over the investigation along with PW 192 R.S. Prasad. PW-187
held search of Oswal Industry. He recorded the statements of Zakkiruddin on
21.11.1991. This witness identified the photographs of A-2 Gyan Prakash Mishra
and A-3 Abhay Kumar Singh. PW- 192 conducted further investigation of the case
along with other officers. On 10.11.1991, he seized the window curtains from
the house of Niyogi. On 15.11.1991, he conducted searches of the business
premises of Jain and Shah and Company, 108 A.Khan Goga Complex and recovered
articles under Exh. P-297.
After
the arrest of accused Paltan Mallah on 25.8.1993, he got recovered 12 bore
country made weapon, 13 live cartridges of 12 bore, a foreign made revolver, 6
live cartridges of .38 bore and a red colour Suzuki motorcycle. He sent Exh. P-403
and 404 to Central Forensic Laboratory (CBI), New Delhi. He conducted various other searches and recovered
incriminating articles from the other accused. After investigation, final
report was filed.
On the
side of prosecution, PW 1 to PW-192 were examined by the trial court.
The
High Court by the impugned judgment acquitted all the accused and that is
challenged before us.
We
elaborately heard the counsel for the State, counsel for the Chattisgarh Mukti Morcha
and also various other counsel who appeared for the accused persons. The
accused A-1, A-3, A-4, A-5 and A-7 were found guilty by the Sessions Court on
the basis of the circumstantial evidence adduced by the prosecution. The
Division Bench held that these circumstances were not sufficient to prove the
guilt of the accused. This being an appeal against acquittal, this Court would
be slow in interfering with the findings of the High Court, unless there is
perverse appreciation of the evidence which resulted in serious miscarriage of
justice and if the High Court has taken a plausible view this Court would not
be justified in interfering with the acquittal passed in favour of the accused
and if two views are possible and the High Court had chosen one view which is
just and reasonable, then also this Court would be reluctant to interfere with
the judgment of the High Court. With these principles in mind, we have
carefully considered the evidence of the prosecution.
The
Sessions Judge relied on various items of evidence to prove that there was a
deep-rooted conspiracy among the accused to murder the deceased Shankar Guha Niyogi.
In order to prove the conspiracy, the Sessions Judge relied on certain
circumstances. One of the circumstance relied is that A-1, A-4, A-5 and A-7 had
a strong motive to do away with deceased Shankar Guha Niyogi. Motive by itself
is not sufficient to prove the guilt of the accused. However, the prosecution
adduced extensive evidence to show that A-1, A-4, A-5 and A-7, were owners of
certain industries at Durg and the trade union activities of deceased Niyogi
created a lot of problems in running their business and caused loss to these
industries. M/s Simplex is one of the factories referred to by the witnesses
for the prosecution. Several witnesses were examined to prove that Simplex and Kedia
Distilleries were acting against the interests of the workers and there were
series of agitations by the workers against the factory owners. Evidence was
also adduced to show that some workers were retrenched from Simplex and the
agitating workers wanted the reinstatement of the retrenched workers. Some of
the witnesses examined by the prosecution turned hostile and did not support
this version. The overall evidence given by the prosecution would only show
that some agitation had been going on against the management of these
industries and the deceased Niyogi was spearheading many of these agitations.
This by itself would not prove the prosecution case of conspiracy.
Another
item of evidence is the recovery of a diary allegedly maintained by deceased Niyogi.
The diary of Niyogi was marked Exh. P-93. In the diary, Niyogi had written that
industrialists like Simplex/Kedia along with higher officials of Durg district
had formed a fascist gang and that the sad thing was that the judiciary of Durg
and Rajnanadagaon districts had also joined this gang.
On page
172 of the diary, he had written the names of A-2, A-3. In a micro cassette
produced as Article 'C', deceased Shankar Guha Niyogi had recorded a speech
wherein he mentioned that he apprehended a danger at the hands of some persons
and he also said that people of Simplex were indulging in mischief and in
particular the fifth respondent Moolchand Shah. The name of A-2 was also
mentioned in the diary. That apart, deceased Shankar Guha Niyogi submitted a
memorandum to the President of India. In this memorandum he has stated
elaborately the grievances of the workers and emphasized that the
industrialists had been doing their utmost to break the workers organization
and they had even resorted to physical violence on workers. He alleged that
police personnel were helping the industrialists and he appealed to the
President to bring a check on these acts of violence by industrialists.
The
entries in the diary and certain statements of the deceased recorded on a micro
cassette were sought to be made admissible as evidence under Section 32 of the
Evidence Act. Section 32 of the Evidence Act says that the statement, written
or oral, of relevant facts made by a person who is dead, are themselves
relevant facts, but this statement should have been made as to the cause of his
death or as to any of the circumstances of the transaction which resulted in
his death when such question comes up for consideration by the court. It is
true that when such statements were made, the maker of the statement need not
be under the expectation of death. But nevertheless, these statements should
give either the cause of his death or any of the circumstance which led to his
death.
The
entries in the diary and the representation Niyogi had submitted to the
President of India were in general terms. He apprehended some danger at the
hands of some industrialists as the agitation of the workers had been going on
and in some instances the henchmen of the industrialists had unleashed physical
violence on the workers. Even though he had mentioned the names of some of the
accused persons in the diary and in the cassette, that by itself may not be of
any assistance to the prosecution to prove the case as the entries in the diary
and cassette do not refer to any event which ultimately was the cause of his
death.
Another
item of evidence strongly relied on by the prosecution to prove the case of
conspiracy is that some of the accused persons had visited Nepal, which, according to the
prosecution, was to procure some illegal weapons to carry out the common object
of the conspiracy. PW-91 Ravinder Kumar Mende @ Ravi deposed that the first
accused Chander Kant Shah made the programme of going to Nepal in a tempo truck and the first
accused along with A-4 Abhay Kumar Singh and A-3 Avdhesh Rai went to Nepal via Banaras.
On the
way, they stayed at Khalispur and reached Nepal on the next day and stayed at Hotel Kailash. The second accused Gyan Prakash
Misra reached there after two days. The second accused when questioned under
Section 313 Cr.P.C. admitted that they had gone to Nepal on a pilgrimage. The prosecution,
when conducted a search at the residence of A-1 Chandrakant Shah recovered
certain articles. Some of the old bills were recovered and on the reverse side
of a bill marked as Exh. P-393 (8) issued on 12.11.91 by a provision store in Nepal, certain entries have been made in
respect of some foreign-made firearms. These entries were in the hand writing
of the second accused Gyan Prakash Misra. The price of the weapons also is
mentioned.
The
Sessions court assumed that these accused must have procured some weapons
during their visit to Nepal. These entries in Exh. P393(8) by
itself do not prove that fact. No bills proving purchase of foreign-made
weapons were recovered from any of these accused persons. The visit to Nepal was in March, 1991. This, according
to the Sessions Judge was part of the conspiracy and not a pilgrimage as the
first accused had not gone with the members of his family. The visit to Nepal by these accused persons and the
recovery of a bill do not advance the prosecution case to prove criminal
conspiracy alleged against them.
The
other items relied on by the prosecution to prove the case against the accused
are the various recoveries effected by the investigating agency, but none of
these items would prove the involvement of these accused in the conspiracy.
These items would include Exh. P-239 recovered from the office of the first
accused. In Exp. P-239 slip, the registration number of the car which was being
used by deceased Niyogi and also the registration number of a jeep registered
in the name of Chattishgarh Mukti Morcha were written.
This
according to the prosecution would show that the accused were watching the
movements of deceased Niyogi. We are not able to attach any further importance
to these documents.
Another
document is Ex-P-298, which is a letter alleged to have been written by the
second accused to the sixth accused indicating that he had received Rs.20,000/-
for the work he had done. The recovery of this letter by the investigating
officer is surrounded in mystery. It is alleged that it was found in torn
pieces and this letter is alleged to have been recovered on 15.12.1991 by the
investigating officer when a search was conducted in the office of the first
accused. The case of the prosecution is that the money transaction indicated in
Exh. P-298 is the consideration given to the second accused for having caused
the death of deceased Niyogi. PW-158 Devendra Jain was alleged to be the person
who delivered this letter to the first accused, but he turned hostile and did
not support the prosecution. Even if the letter is assumed to be true, it would
only show that there was some money transaction between the second accused and
the sixth accused and in no way it is proved that the amount of Rs.20,000/-
alleged to have passed between the parties was in consideration of the illegal
act carried out at the instance of the second accused. The High Court was
justified in not relying on this document.
The
prosecution relied on the arrangement of granting the contract for a cycle
stand in the cinema theatre, by name Maurya Talkies. PW-102 Kamaluddin was
examined to prove this fact. He deposed that the contract was taken in the name
of A-3 Avdhesh Rai and the income from the cycle stand was deposited in the
Syndicate Bank in the account of the second accused Gyan Prakash Mishra. This,
according to the prosecution, was an arrangement made at the instance of A-8 Baldev
Singh Sandhu. PW-102 does not know anything about the nature of this transaction
and there is no other evidence, oral or documentary, to show that the contract
of the cycle stand at Maurya Talkies has got anything to do with the murder of
the deceased Shankar Guha Niyogi.
The
fact that some of these accused had absconded from the place of their business
at the relevant time is also pointed out by the counsel for the appellant as an
incriminating circumstance. When the murder of a trade union leader took place,
there were strong allegations that the industrialists in the area had been
instrumental in causing his death. Under those circumstances, if any of these
accused had absconded from the place, it could not be said to be a factor to
prove their guilt.
Another
incriminating circumstance sought to be proved against the accused is the
extra-judicial confession alleged to have been made by the ninth accused Paltan
Mallah wherein he named A-1, A-2, A-5 and A-6. It is alleged that he made the
confession to PW-105 Satyaprakash Nishad and A-9 is alleged to have disclosed
to PW-105 that these accused persons had given him money and he murdered Shankar
Guha Niyogi for the sake of money.
Under
Section 30 of the Evidence Act, the extra-judicial confession made by a
co-accused could be admitted in evidence only as a corroborative piece of
evidence. In the absence of any substantive evidence against these accused
persons, the extra-judicial confession allegedly made by the ninth accused
loses its significance and there cannot be any conviction based on such extra-
judicial confession. The High Court, in our view, has given cogent and
satisfying reasons for the acquittal of the accused A-1 to A-8. We do not find
any reason to interfere with such a finding, especially when this being an
appeal against acquittal and this Court would be slow in reversing such a
finding unless the High Court had made a perverse or erroneous appreciation of
the evidence resulting in grave miscarriage of justice. The evidence adduced by
the prosecution can only throw some serious suspicion against these accused which
cannot be used as a substitute for evidence.
Now we
come to the question of the complicity of the ninth accused Paltan Mallah. His
case stands on a entirely different footing. There is evidence against this
accused and the High Court brushed aside the prosecution evidence against him
on flimsy reasons. There are several items of evidence to show that the ninth
accused and none else caused the death of Shankar Guha Niyogi. This accused is
a person hailing from Gorakhpur in the State of Uttar Pradesh. He had come to Bhilai
and was engaged in petty jobs. He had been involved in a series of criminal
cases and happened to be in custody for some period.
PW-63
who was the sub-jailor at Durg jail for the period 1988 to 1992 deposed that
the ninth accused Paltan Mallah was lodged as an under-trial prisoner at Durg
jail from 1995 to 1998. The second accused Gyan Prakash Mishra and the third
accused Avdhesh Rai were also under-trial prisoners in Durg jail during this
period. Accused Paltan Mallah had involved himself in several criminal cases
registered for offences punishable under Section 457, 380, 370, 394 IPC and
Section 25 of the Arms Act. He was also involved in another case registered
under Section 353, 307, 397, 341, 294, 506-B, 323 IPC and Section 25 of the Arms
Act and he was lodged as a prisoner from 1.3.1988 to 10.8.1988 in Durg jail.
PW-121 is a photographer who deposed that in the beginning of 1991, he had
taken photograph of a prisoner and he identified the Exh. P-318 photograph .
This photograph is admittedly that of the ninth accused Paltan Mallah.
The
High Court in the impugned judgment stated that there is absolutely no evidence
to show that Paltan Mallah could have been at Bhilai during the relevant
period. In a murder that took place during night, there would not be any direct
evidence to prove the fact, but various circumstances would show that the ninth
accused was in Bhilai during 1991. This accused was staying with PW-51 Reshami Bai.
She deposed that accused Paltan Mallah had gone to Bombay and this evidence was
erroneously taken into consideration by the High Court. It is common knowledge
that the wife of an accused, leave aside the exceptional cases, would always
give evidence only to support the husband.
There
is also evidence of PW-66 Nuruuddin. PW-66 is running an arms shop at Sadar Bazar
in Raipur. He deposed that on 14.9.1991 one Birendra Kumar came to his shop
along with a boy to purchase certain material. He showed his licence and
expressed his intention to purchase a gun. He told him that he was acquainted
with a person who was an expert in firearms. He then left the boy in the shop
to fetch that armourer. After 15-20 minutes, Birendra Kumar came with PW-59 Rajbahadur
who selected a twelve bore gun of single barrel and entries were made in the
register. He deposed that Birendra Kumar purchased five cartridges along with
the gun and few L.G. cartridges by using the licence of a person, by name, Satya
Narayan Singh. PW-66 deposed that all along the boy was sitting in his shop and
he identified the boy as the ninth accused Paltan Mallah. He further stated
that the CBI officials came and questioned him and showed him the photograph of
that boy. This witness identified the ninth accused Paltan Mallah in the court.
The
counsel for the accused vehemently attacked the evidence of PW- 66. It was
submitted that going by the evidence of PW-75, P-61 Jakruddin and PW-72 Jainarayan
Tripathi, the accused Paltan Mallah could not have been present in the shop and
that those who were in the shop were Birendra Kumar, PW-59 Rajbahadur and the
father of PW-59. According to PW-61, he had sold 13 cartridges to Satyanarayan
Singh and Birendra Kumar had signed in the register. PW-59 Rajbahadur deposed
that he is an armourer in the police department. He deposed that Ram Bahadur, a
police constable told him that his son had taken a licence and he wanted to
purchase a gun. Rajbahadur and his son went to the shop of PW-61 for purchasing
a gun. Based on the evidence of PW-59, PW-61 and PW-72 it was stated that the
ninth accused Paltan Mallah could not have been in the shop of PW-61, but in
the face of the evidence of PW-66, we do not think that there was any mistake
as to the identity of Paltan Mallah. Of course, the fact that the prosecution
wanted to prove further that the L.G. cartridges were passed on to these
accused and the same were used in the commission of the crime is not proved by
any direct evidence. PW-66 appears to be an independent reliable witness and
from his evidence, it is clear that the accused was at Bhilai during the
relevant period. It is also proved by satisfactory evidence that the accused Paltan
Mallah had been involved in cases relating to illegal use of arms.
The
next evidence against the ninth accused came to surface in 1993 at the time of
his arrest by an air-force officer alleging that he was in illegal possession
of certain firearms. The air-force officer handed over the ninth accused to
PW-125, who was a sub-inspector at the Rudrapur police station.
On
questioning Paltan Mallah, PW-125 came to know that he had been involved in the
murder of Shankar Guha Niyogi. He informed the CBI officials and recorded the
confession made by Paltan Mallah. Based on the confession given by accused Paltan
Mallah, certain recoveries were effected.
Based
on the information furnished by him, PW-125 along with PW-104 Dinesh Baloni
left for the village Nibahi and reached the place which according to the
prosecution was the house of the accused Paltan Mallah.
Another
witness Farukh Mirza Baig accompanied them. This witness is a resident of Nibahi.
The accused pointed out that near the northern wall of the house he had buried
certain articles. The accused Paltan Mallah removed the earth, took out a
bundle wrapped in a plastic sheet. The bundle contained a country-made pistol
with 13 cartridges, 2 L.G. cartridges and others were .38 bore cartridges.
PW-125 recovered these articles and in the seizure memo, Dinesh Baloni, one Ram
Bahadur and Farukh Mirza Baig and the accused had signed. From there, they left
and reached the house of PW- 105, Satyaprakash Nishad, in village Chainpur,
where the accused had hidden his TVS Suzuki motorcycle. The motorcycle was
recovered and there was no number plate on the motorcycle.
The
recovery of the country-made pistol at the instance of the accused Paltan Mallah
was seriously challenged on various grounds. It was contended by the counsel
that the recovery of the weapon was not effected in accordance with law and the
witness PW-104 Dinesh Baloni was not a resident of the village Nibahi and that
he was brought from a different place only for the purpose. It was argued that
as recovery was not effected in accordance with law, the entire evidence is
inadmissible as the search itself is illegal. The counsel further contended
that the recovery of weapons at the instance of the accused Paltan Mallah is
not admissible in evidence as the disclosure statement marked Exh. P-285 would
only show that the accused had the knowledge of the concealment of the weapon
and that he was not the author of that concealment. Counsel for the accused Paltan
Mallah placed reliance on two decisions, namely, (1976) 1 SCC 828 Mohmed Inayatullah
vs. State of Maharashtra and (1980) 1 SCC 530 Pohalya Motya Valvi vs. State of Maharashtra.
The above two decisions are not relevant in this case as in the Exp. P-285 the
accused specifically says that he concealed the weapon himself. As the alleged
confession clearly states that the accused himself has concealed it, the
recovery of the weapon assumes importance in this case.
The
counsel for the respondent-accused further contended that PW-125 was not
investigating the case of accused Paltan Mallah and that the custody of the
accused Paltan Mallah was entrusted to him alleging that he had unlawfully
trespassed into the prohibited area belonging to Air Force and PW- 125 could
have conducted investigation of that case only and if at all he had come to
know of the involvement of the accused in other cases, he should have contacted
the CBI and informed them of the alleged concealment of weapon. It was pointed
out that the CBI officers had reached that place and met PW-125 even before he
went with the accused Paltan Mallah for the alleged search and seizure. The
counsel submitted that the search and seizure was completely illegal and therefore
the evidence obtained under such illegal search is to be completely excluded.
The plea of the appellant cannot be accepted.
In
India, the evidence obtained under illegal search is not completely excluded
unless it has caused serious prejudice to the accused. The discretion has
always been given to the court to decide whether such evidence is to be
accepted or not. In Radha Krishan vs. State of U.P. AIR 1963 SC 822, speaking
for a three Judge Bench, Justice Mudholkar held :
"So
far as the alleged illegality of the search is concerned, it is sufficient to
say that even assuming that the search was illegal and the seizure of the
articles is not vitiated. It may be that where the provisions of Sections 103
and 165 of the Code of Criminal Procedure are contravened the search could be
resisted by the person whose premises are being searched. It may also be that
because of the illegality of the search the Court may be inclined to examine
carefully the evidence regarding the seizure.
But
beyond these two consequences, no further consequence ensues." In a
subsequent decision reported in Pooran Mal vs. Director of Inspection (1974) 1
SCC 354, this Court held :
"So
far as India is concerned its law of evidence is modeled on the rules of
evidence which prevailed in English Law, and Courts in India and in England
have consistently refused to exclude relevant evidence merely on the ground
that it is obtained by illegal search or seizure. It would thus be seen that in
India, as in England, where the test of admissibility of evidence lies in
relevancy, unless there is an express or necessarily implied prohibition in the
Constitution or other law, evidence obtained as a result of illegal search or
seizure is not liable to shut out." This decision was later followed in
Dr. Pratap Singh vs. Director of Enforcement (1985) 3 SCC 72.
The
provisions contained in the Criminal Procedure Code relating to search and seizure
are safeguards to prevent the clandestine use of powers conferred on the law
enforcing authorities. They are powers incidental to the conduct of
investigation and the legislature has imposed certain conditions for carrying
out search and seizure in the Code. The courts have interpreted these
provisions in different ways. One view is that disregard to the provisions of
the Code of Criminal Procedure relating to the powers of search and seizures
amounts to a default in doing what is enjoined by law and in order to prevent
default in compliance with the provisions of the Code, the courts should take
strict view of the matter and reject the evidence adduced on the basis of such
illegal search. But often this creates a serious difficulty in the matter of
proof. Though different High Courts have taken different views, the decisions
of this Court quoted above have settled the position and we have followed the
English decisions in this regard. In the Privy Council decision in Kuruma v.
The Queen (1955) A.C. 197, Lord Goddard, C.J. was of the firm view that in a
criminal case the Judge always has a discretion to disallow evidence if the
strict rule of admissibility would operate unfairly against an accused. The
trend of judicial pronouncements is to the effect that evidence illegally or
improperly obtained is not per se inadmissible. If the violation committed by
the investigating authority is of serious nature and causes serious prejudice
to the accused, such evidence may be excluded.
It may
also be noticed that the Law Commission of India in the 94th Report suggested
the incorporation of a provision in Chapter 10 of the Indian Evidence Act,
1872. The suggestion was to the effect that in a criminal proceeding, where it
is shown that anything in evidence was obtained by illegal or improper means,
the court, after considering the nature of the illegality or impropriety and
all the circumstances under which the thing tendered was obtained, may refuse
to admit it in evidence, if the court is of the opinion that because of the
nature of the illegal or improper means by which it was obtained, its admission
would tend to bring the administration of justice into disrepute. The
Commission also quoted the various circumstances surrounding the proceedings
that may entail the exclusion of such evidence but the suggestion of the Law
Commission was not accepted and no legislation was effected in line with the
recommendations of the 94th Report of the Law Commission and the position
continues to be that the evidence obtained under illegal search could still be
admitted in evidence provided there is no express statutory violation or violation
of the constitutional provisions. For example, if certain specific enactments
are made and the search or seizure is to be effected in accordance with the
provisions of such enactment, the authorities shall comply with such
provisions. The general provisions given in the Criminal Procedure Code are to
be treated as guidelines and if at all there is any minor violation, still the
court can accept the evidence and the courts have got discretionary power to
either accept it or reject it.
In the
instant case, we do not think that the court has violated any such provision
merely because the witness was not from the same locality and his evidence
cannot be rejected.
The
next important evidence against the respondent-accused Paltan Mallah are the
two extra-judicial confessions allegedly made by him to two witnesses. The
first is the confession the appellant is alleged to have made to PW-105 Satyaprakash
Nishad and the second to PW-124 Bishambhar Prasad Sahni. PW-105 Satyaprakash Nishad
is related to Paltan Mallah. He deposed that in 1991 Paltan Mallah came to Chainpur
village which is about 35-40 kms. away from his village at Nibahi. PW-105
deposed that Paltan Mallah told him that he is involved in the murder of a
leader and the CBI was in search of him and on further questioning he told the
entire details. He gave the names of other accused also and informed the
witness that CBI had announced Rupees one lakh as reward for his capture and
therefore he wanted to go to Nepal. The witness agreed to take him to Pohari Bazar
where his sister was married to one Keshnath Nishad. The witness further
deposed that he took Paltan Mallah to his brother-in-law who was working in the
Railways, but his brother-in-law said he could not hide Paltan Mallah. He had
also given evidence to the effect that Paltan Mallah left his motorcycle at his
residence and he later came to know that in August, 1993 Paltan Mallah was
caught by the police. The evidence of this witness was seriously challenged in
cross- examination. He was extensively cross-examined and a perusal of his
cross- examination would show that the witness could withstand the
cross-examination successfully. His evidence is to be appreciated in the light
of the evidence of PW-124 and also the recovery of the motorcycle from the
premises of the witness. The evidence of PW-124 fully supports the evidence of
PW-105.
PW-124
Bishambhar Prasad Sahni was the headmaster of a school during the relevant time
and he was working in the Higher Secondary School of Navalparsi since 1976. He
is a post-graduate from Tribhuvan University and his relatives are in village Kusha
(U.P.). PW-124 deposed that accused Paltan Mallah came to his house along with Keshnath,
the brother-in-law of PW-105. They came in the evening and on the next morning
he asked Paltan Mallah about the purpose of his visit. Then Keshnath told that Paltan
Mallah was a distant relative of his brother-in-law and that he should get some
safe place for him in Nepal. The witness asked why he wanted to stay in Nepal
and Paltan Mallah had a detailed discussion and he revealed that he had
murdered Shankar Guha Niyogi in complicity with Gyan Prakash Mishra. The
witness deposed that he got agitated and angry and scolded his brother-in-law Keshnath
and asked them to leave the place immediately. The statement of PW-124 was
recorded in 1993, but in the cross-examination, he mistakenly stated that CBI
officers had come there fifteen days after the departure of Paltan Mallah. This
evidently is a mistake and for this sole reason the evidence of this witness
was discarded. The extra-judicial confession made by the accused Paltan Mallah
to PW-124 is unimpeachable. PW-124 is a headmaster of a school who had no axe
to grind against the accused and he was working at a far distant place and the
CBI must have come to know of the alleged extra-judicial confession made on the
basis of questioning the accused. The questioning of PW-124 by police was in
1993. The extra-judicial confession implicating the second accused Gyan Prakash
Mishra is not strictly admissible as it is a confession made by a co-accused
and could be used only as a supporting evidence.
Though
the evidence as such cannot be used against Gyan Prakash Mishra, the
extra-judicial confession revealed by PW-124 Bishambhar Prasad Sahni is reliable
and trustworthy and fully supported by the evidence of PW-125 and we find no
reason to discard the same.
Then
the most important item of evidence against the accused, Paltan Mallah, is the
report of the ballistic expert. PW-192, the Deputy Superintendent of Police of
the CBI deposed that after the arrest of the appellant Paltan Mallah on
25.8.1993, he recovered one 12 bore country-made pistol, 13 live cartridges 12
bore, one foreign made pistol, 6 live cartridges of .38 bore and a motorcycle.
The country-made pistol, the foreign made pistol and the cartridges were sent
for examination by the ballistic expert to the Central Forensic & Science
Laboratory, New Delhi. During the post-mortem of the deceased Shankar Guha Niyogi,
three pellets were extricated from his body. These pellets were sent to
Forensic Laboratory at Sagar and thereafter they were deposited in the court by
PW-192 and these pellets were also later on obtained from the court and sent
for examination by the CFSL. PW-159, the ballistic expert conducted detailed
laboratory test-fires and microscopic examination and he gave Exh.P-398 report
wherein he opined that three lead pellets marked P-1 to P-3 must have been
fired from a 12 bore country-made pistol. He deposed that he had prepared the
report on the basis of the microscopic examination and he had also taken
photographs of the pellets and Exh. P-398 are the work-sheets of the report
prepared by him.
The
evidence of PW-159 and his report are seriously challenged by the counsel for
the respondent accused. He extensively referred to the text books written by
foreign ballistic experts such as Burrad, Hatcher and Taylor. It was argued
that in the instant case, the weapon was a country-made pistol and the barrel
was not grooved and there was absolutely no question of any identifiable
marking coming on the pellets to enable the expert to give any opinion
whatsoever. Reliance was placed by him on the observations of this wherein this
Court relied on the opinion of J.S. Hatcher in his text book of Fire Arms &
Investigation to the effect that "unless there were rifling marks in the
bullets which were not defaced by the entry in the bodies of the victims, no
expert can ordinarily and generally give an opinion." It was also pointed
out that in the case of country-made pistol, it was difficult to assume that
the ballistic expert could have found identifying marks on the pellets. The
evidence given by the ballistic expert was questioned in great detail. He was
cross-examined extensively by counsel for all the accused. He deposed in the
cross-examination that when these pellets are fired, then they among themselves
would press each other inside the barrel [on inside parts] their effect could
be on one side of inner side of barrel, they will take special individual mark
on them and these marks will be in the form of a line on the pellets and if the
barrel is tight then pellets will be more rubbed, and on more parts, lines will
come. If barrel is tight then half part of the pellets are pressed and the
barrel was nicely tight and the witness himself said that in the test fire
which he did on all of the six pellets good marks of barrel had come.
He had
also stated that he had taken micro-photograph of only one pellet and had
compared all pellets but he had not made any separate comparative record or
photograph.
It was
argued that micro-photographs were not produced and mere observation by the
expert was not sufficient and that he should have produced these photographs.
We do not think that there was any such necessity to produce the micro
photographs when the expert has given convincing reasons to support his
opinion. This Court in Ramanathan vs. State of Tamil Nadu [1978] 3 SCC 86 held
that the production of such photographs is not necessary and such a plea was
rejected. In paragraph 26, it was held as under :
"It
is true that there has been considerable difference of opinion amongst
investigators regarding the use of photographs in a court for the purpose of
illustrating the matching of the markings, and while it may be that microscopic
photographs, when taken with due care and in the best of conditions, may enable
the evidence to be placed on the record in a visible form, it cannot be denied
that a court would not be justified in rejecting the opinion of an expert who
has examined the markings under the comparison microscope simply for the reason
that he has not thought it necessary to take the photographs. It is therefore
not possible for us to reject the evidence of Ramiah (PW 23) who has
categorically stated that he had compared the land and groove markings on the
bullets under a comparison microscope, simply because he did not think it
necessary to take the photographs." In the case of the respondent-accused Paltan
Mallah, there is overwhelming evidence to prove his complicity in the crime.
The recovery of the country-made pistol at his instance, which is proved to
have been used for causing the death of Shankar Guha Niyogi; and the evidence
of the ballistic expert coupled with two extra-judicial confessions made to
PW-105 and PW- 124 support the prosecution case fully. There is also
prosecution evidence to the effect that the accused had got accessibility to
the weapons and that he was staying at the place of occurrence and doing
various jobs. It is also established that accused Paltan Mallah is involved in
other offences relating to fire-arms. Though there is no direct and convincing
evidence against other accused, the case against Paltan Mallah is proved beyond
reasonable doubt.
He was
acquitted by the High Court on fanciful reasons. The evidence of extra-judicial
confessions was rejected without any valid reasons. The report of the ballistic
expert also was not appreciated in the correct perspective by the High Court.
In our view, the Division Bench seriously erred in acquitting the
respondent-accused Paltan Mallah.
In the
result, we reverse the acquittal of the respondent-accused Paltan Mallah. The
incident leading to these appeals had taken place as early as 1991. As there is
a long lapse of time, we do not think that the sentence of death imposed upon
him by the Sessions Court is justified in the circumstances.
We set
aside the acquittal of respondent-accused Paltan Mallah and find him guilty of
the offence punishable under Section 302 IPC and sentence him to undergo
imprisonment for life.
The
appeals preferred by the State and also by the Chhatishgarh Mukti Morcha are
allowed to the extent indicated above. All other appeals shall stand dismissed.
The acquittal of other accused by the High Court is confirmed.
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