State of Madhya Pradesh
Vs. Dharkole @ Govind Singh & Ors [2004] Insc 663 (29 October 2004)
Arijit Pasayat &
C.K.Thakker Arijit Pasayat, J.
State of Madhya Pradesh calls in question legality of the judgment rendered
by a Division Bench of the Madhya Pradesh High Court, at Jabalpur directing
acquittal of the respondents (hereinafter referred to as the 'accused') on the
ground that prosecution failed to prove their guilt beyond reasonable doubts.
Originally eight persons faced trial. Out of them co-accused Sunita and Kapoor
Singh were acquitted. During the pendency of the trial one Ramkishore
absconded.
Two others Bhoora and Jabar Singh had died during trial. Trial Court
convicted accused Komal Singh, Manni and Dharkole. During pendency of the
appeal before this Court, accused Komal has died and the appeal stands abated
so far as she is concerned. All the three accused were convicted for offences
punishable under Section 302 read with Section 149 of the Indian Penal Code,
1860 (in short the 'IPC'). Appellant Manni was convicted for an offence
punishable under Section 148 I.P.C.
while the other two have been convicted for an offence punishable under
Section 147 I.P.C. Each one of them has been sentenced to undergo imprisonment
for life with a fine of Rs.5,000/-.for the offence punishable under Section 302
read with Section 149 of I.P.C. Manni was directed to suffer rigorous
imprisonment for two years for the offence punishable under Section 148 I.P.C.
while the other two with rigorous imprisonment for one year for the offence
punishable under Section 147.
Prosecution Version in a nutshell is as follows:
One Hamid Khan (hereinafter referred to as the deceased) was posted as a
police constable in police station-Seodha. On the fateful day i.e. on
13.10.1989 at around 7 o'clock in the evening an information was received in
the police station that one Manni and his friends, who were wanted, were hiding
in the house of one Mannu Teli.
The deceased accompanied by head-constable Dayaram went in their search to
the house of that Mannu Teli. At the house of Mannu Teli, his daughter Sunita
met the police party and quarreled with them. Later on, on the same day at
about 7.45 P.M. she provoked the present respondents and four others viz., Bhure,
Jabar Singh, Ramkishore and Kapoor Singh by weeping before them and telling
them that the deceased had insulted her. They all conspired to kill the
deceased on that very day. Thereafter when the deceased Hamid Khan came to the
betel shop of one Santosh in Seodha itself, those persons excluding Kapoor
Singh came there in two batches of three each armed with sword, Gupti etc.
After reaching near the shop of said Santosh, accused Bhure caught hold of the
deceased and thereafter Jabbarsingh gave a blow by sword injuring the deceased
below his left ear. Then accused Manni inflicted an injury below his right ear
with a Gupti. As the deceased fell on ground, Kapoor Singh asked others to kill
him. Accused Dharkole picking up a stone which was lying nearby; assaulted on
the head of deceased.
Kapoor Singh warned all those present there not to utter a word.
Accused Komal thereafter kicked the deceased and all of them went away from
there. However, one Ashok Sindhi informed head-constable Dayaram, who was on
duty at that time at the Municipal House that some one has beaten one constable
near the shop of Santosh. On receiving this information, head-constable Dayaram
reached the spot and found the deceased lying seriously wounded. Suspecting the
hands of present respondents and their friends in it because of the earlier
attempt for their arrest, he informed his officer at police station. The
Officer- in-charge of the police station thereafter reached the spot, inspected
it and seized the blood stained and non-stained mud from the spot and the blood
stained stone which was also lying nearby together with a wooden handle of Gupti.
Subsequently, after his arrest accused Manni had led to the discovery of the
remaining part of the Gupti, which was used by him in the crime. The deceased
who was at that time only injured was immediately referred to Hospital and from
the Hospital was referred to Gwalior for better treatment. On reaching Gwalior
he was declared dead at Gwalior Hospital by the doctor concerned. Autopsy was
performed by Dr. Vijay Kumar Diwan (PW-5) and it was found that he has
succumbed to the injuries found on the body. Dr. V.S. Singh (PW-15), who had
examined the deceased in Seodha, had found one lacerated wound on the parietal
region, one abrasion on the neck and five incised wounds. Out of these five
incised wounds two were on the left side of his face, one below the ear and the
other on the mandible and remaining three were on the right side of the face,
one on the ear and two on the mandible.
The three accused persons who were tried jointly with two other co-accused
persons preferred an appeal before the High Court. The primary stand before the
High Court was that the medical evidence was at variance with the ocular
evidence. Many persons who were stated to be present during the occurrence were
not examined and on the basis of evidence of partisan witnesses, the conviction
has been recorded and, therefore, the judgment was indefensible. The High Court
by the impugned judgment held that the medical evidence was at variance with
the ocular evidence, by reference to PW 15 who has stated that the Gupti which
was supposed to be used was not sharp enough to cause the injuries. There was
manipulation in records. Though the place of occurrence was nearby the police
station, the information at the police station was lodged after a considerable
lapse of time.
The High Court noticed that there was inconsistency in the evidence of so
called eye witnesses i.e. PWs. 13 and 16. It was observed discrepancies were
not only between the statements of these witnesses but the statement of each
one of them was also inconsistent with his earlier statement recorded during
investigation. Therefore, they cannot be relied upon in view of the fact that
some of them had a criminal background their evidence was not worthy of
credence.
Accordingly the judgment of the trial Court has been set aside.
In support of the appeal learned counsel for the appellant-State submitted
that the High Court has without any justifiable reason discarded the cogent and
credible evidence of the prosecution version.
There were three eye witnesses who have categorically stated about the
manner in which the injury was caused. The medical evidence shows that there
was a possibility that the injuries were not possible by the weapon held by one
person. But it was not sufficient to discard their evidence. Three witnesses
were examined and they were not partisan witnesses, and on the contrary they
were independent witnesses. The prosecution has tendered evidence to show as to
why the examination of other persons was unnecessary. That being so it was
submitted that the judgment of the trial court should be restored and that of
the High Court set aside.
In response, Mr. S.K. Dubey, learned senior counsel for the respondents
submitted that there has been suppression of the genesis of the dispute and
prosecution has not been fair. There has been manipulation of the first
information report and the prosecution has gone to the extent of manipulating
records to show that one person was an eye witness, but in fact he was not so.
The conspiracy as projected by the prosecution has been disbelieved. The
chemical examiner's report has not been exhibited which could have shown that
there was any human blood present on the alleged weapon. There was no injury
which could have been possible by the throwing of the stone. Non-examination of
person who had claimed to be present as eye witness shows that there is a great
deal of doubt on the acceptability of prosecution version.
The witnesses have not only lied but also exaggerated to establish the
prosecution case. View taken by the trial Court was not a correct view and was,
therefore, rightly set aside.
A bare perusal of the judgment of the High Court shows that it has disposed
of the appeal in a rather casual manner. Most of the conclusions arrived at by
the High Court are per se not on sound footing. The appellate Court will not
abjure its duty to prevent miscarriage of justice by interfering where
interference is imperative.
Where doubt is based on irrelevant grounds or where the Court allows itself
to be deflected by red herrings drawn across the track, or where the evidence
accepted by the Trial Court is rejected by the High Court after a perfunctory
consideration or where the baneful approach of the Court has resulted in vital
and crucial evidence being ignored or for any such adequate reason, the Court
should feel obliged to secure the ends of justice, to appease the judicial
conscience, as it were. The High Court has noted that the names of witnesses do
not appear in the first information report. That by itself cannot be a ground
to doubt their evidence as noted by this Court in Bhagwan Singh and Ors. v.
State of M.P. (JT 2002(3) SC 387), Chittar Lal v. State of Rajasthan (2003
AIR SCW 3466) and State of Madhya Pradesh v. Man Singh and Ors.
(2003 (6) Supreme 202). There is no requirement of mentioning the names of
all witnesses in the first information report.
Coming to the plea that the medical evidence is at variance with ocular
evidence, it has to be noted that it would be erroneous to accord undue primacy
to the hypothetical answers of medical witnesses to exclude the eye-witnesses'
account which had to be tested independently and not treated as the
"variable" keeping the medical evidence as the "constant".
It is trite that where the eye-witnesses' account is found credible and
trustworthy, medical opinion pointing to alternative possibilities is not
accepted as conclusive. Witnesses, as Bentham said, are the eyes and ears of
justice. Hence the importance and primacy of the quality of the trial process.
Eye witnesses' account would require a careful independent assessment and
evaluation for their credibility which should not be adversely prejudged making
any other evidence, including medical evidence, as the sole touchstone for the
test of such credibility. The evidence must be tested for its inherent
consistency and the inherent probability of the story; consistency with the
account of other witnesses held to be credit-worthy; consistency with the
undisputed facts; the 'credit' of the witnesses; their performance in the
witness-box; their power of observation etc. Then the probative value of such
evidence becomes eligible to be put into the scales for a cumulative
evaluation.
A person has, no doubt, a profound right not to be convicted of an offence
which is not established by the evidential standard of proof beyond reasonable
doubt. Though this standard is a higher standard, there is, however, no
absolute standard. What degree of probability amounts to 'proof' is an exercise
particular to each case? Referring to of probability amounts to 'proof' is an
exercise the inter-dependence of evidence and the confirmation of one piece of
evidence by another a learned author says: (See "The Mathematics of Proof
II": Glanville Williams: Criminal Law Review, 1979, by Sweet and Maxwell,
p.340 (342).
"The simple multiplication rule does not apply if the separate pieces
of evidence are dependent.
Two events are dependent when they tend to occur together, and the evidence
of such events may also be said to be dependent. In a criminal case, different
pieces of evidence directed to establishing that the defendant did the
prohibited act with the specified state of mind are generally dependent. A
junior may feel doubt whether to credit an alleged confession, and doubt
whether to infer guilt from the fact that the defendant fled from justice. But
since it is generally guilty rather than innocent people who make confessions
and guilty rather than innocent people who run away, the two doubts are not to
be multiplied together. The one piece of evidence may confirm the other."
Doubts would be called reasonable if they are free from a zest for abstract
speculation. Law cannot afford any favourite other than truth. To constitute
reasonable doubt, it must be free from an over emotional response. Doubts must
be actual and substantial doubts as to the guilt of the accused persons arising
from the evidence, or from the lack of it, as opposed to mere vague
apprehensions. A reasonable doubt is not an imaginary, trivial or a merely
possible doubt; but a fair doubt based upon reason and commonsense. It must
grow out of the evidence in the case.
The concepts of probability, and the degrees of it, cannot obviously be
expressed in terms of units to be mathematically enumerated as to how many of
such units constitute proof beyond reasonable doubt. There is an unmistakable
subjective element in the evaluation of the degrees of probability and the
quantum of proof.
Forensic probability must, in the last analysis, rest on a robust common
sense and, ultimately, on the trained intuitions of the judge.
While the protection given by the criminal process to the accused persons is
not to be eroded, at the same time, uninformed legitimization of trivialities
would make a mockery of administration of criminal justice. This position was
illuminatingly stated by Venkatachaliah, J. (as His Lordship then was) in State
of U.P. v.
Krishna Gopal and Anr. (AIR 1988 SC 2154).
On that score also the High Court's conclusion that the medical evidence
varied with the ocular evidence suffers from vulnerability.
It is not necessary for prosecution to examine somebody as a witness even
though the witness was not likely to support the prosecution version.
Non-examination of some persons per se does not corrode vitality of prosecution
version, particularly when the witnesses examined have withstood incisive
cross-examination and pointed to the respondents as the perpetrators of the
crime.
In the instant case the prosecution has indicated the reasons as to why it
did not choose to examine the alleged independent persons.
There is nothing unusual in the conduct of the eye witnesses as was inferred
by the High Court. The High Court has put unwarranted stress on certain aspects
like the political party accused Dharkoke belonged, or the place from where the
witnesses came together. The High Court found that the business of the PW1 was
claimed to be a supply of milk, but no sufficient basis have been indicated as
to where he was going to sell milk at the time of alleged offence. These minor
points do not affect the credibility of evidence and should not have been
magnified.
Looking at from the aforesaid perspective the judgment of the High Court is
indefensible and therefore set aside. It is true that in case acquittal has
been recorded the Appellate Court should not lightly interfere with the same.
But where the evidence has not been properly analysed or the Court has acted on
surmises or conjectures, it is the duty of the appellate Court to set right the
wrong. The case at hand is one where the High Court ignored the relevant
aspects and unnecessarily put emphasis on certain aspects which did not have
any foundation. That being so, the appeals are allowed and the judgment of the
trial Court is restored by reversing the judgment of the High Court. The
respondents shall surrender to custody forthwith to serve remainder of
sentence.
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