M.A.
Murthy Vs. State of Karnataka & Ors [2003] Insc 427 (2 September 2003)
Arijit
Pasayat, J
Leave
granted.
(Arising
out of SLP(C) Nos. 8113-8114/2002)
Both
these appeals have common factual matrix, and legal panorama and, therefore,
are dealt with by this common judgment.
Factual
backdrop in a nutshell is as follows:
Karnataka
State Financial Corporation (hereinafter referred to as the 'Corporation')
invited applications for recruitment to two posts of Manager (Finance and
Accounts) by advertisement dated 18.7.1995. The advertisement inviting
applications for the two posts of Manager (Finance and Accounts), one post for
general and one post of scheduled caste, prescribed the requisite educational
qualification. It was stipulated in the advertisement that the age and other
qualifications were to be reckoned as of 31.7.1995. It was also indicated that
the applications in the prescribed format with complete information should
reach the prescribed authority before 29th July, 1995 and incomplete applications and
applications without necessary enclosures were to be rejected.
Appellant
and respondents 4 and 5 were applicants in response to the advertisement.
Though respondent No.4 was not qualified on the last date of submission of
application, he was permitted to attend and appear for the written test.
However, on the date of interview he was eligible. The written test was
conducted on 1.10.1995 and the viva vice was conducted on 25.11.1995. Similar
was stated to be the position vis- à-vis respondent No.5. When respondent No.4
was selected, appellant challenged his selection to be not in accordance with
law. It is to be noted that waiting list is prepared and respondent No.5 was
placed in the waiting list.
A writ
application was filed before the Karnataka High Court at Bangalore challenging the selection of
respondent No.4 and placing respondent No.5 in the waiting list. Though,
learned Single Judge of the High Court held that respondent No.4 was ineligible
as on the date of employment, he held that in public interest the selection was
to be maintained.
A
reference was made to the decision of this Court in Ashok Kumar Sharma and Anr.
v. Chander Shekher and Anr. (1993 Supp (2) SCC 611) (described hereinafter as Ashok
Kumar Sharma – case No.I) where it was held that if the applicant had acquired
qualification by the time of interview that is sufficient.
A writ
appeal was filed before the Division Bench. The view of the learned Single
Judge was affirmed by the Division Bench. A review application was filed inter alia
taking the stand that the view in Ashok Kumar Sharma's case No.I has been later
on over-ruled in Ashok Kumar Sharma and Ors. v Chander Shekhar and Anr. (1997
(4) SCC 18) (described hereinafter as Ashok Kumar Sharma – case No.II).
Therefore, a review of the judgment of the Division Bench was necessary. The
High Court by the impugned judgment held that though admittedly on 18.7.1995
i.e. on the date of advertisement the respondent No.4 was not qualified to make
an application, yet few dates and facts are relevant. He had appeared for the
M.B.A. examination in April 1995 and the results were declared on 4.9.1995. The
written examination was held on 1.10.1995 and viva voce was conducted on
25.11.1995. At least by the time the written examination and the viva voce
tests were held, he had acquired the requisite qualification. Judgment in Ashok
Kumar Sharma's case No. I was delivered on 18.12.1992 and decision in the
review petition in the said case was rendered on 10.3.1997. The appointment of
respondent No.4 was made when the earlier decision of Ashok Kumar Sharma's case
No.I held the field. It was, therefore, held that on the date of selection, the
first judgment held the field; and, therefore, by applying logic of that
decision the selection of respondent No.4 cannot be questioned.
Learned
counsel for the appellant submitted that the approach of the High Court is
erroneous as the law declared by this Court is presumed to be the law at all
times. Normally, the decision of this Court enunciating a principle of law is
applicable to all cases irrespective its stage of pendency because it is
assumed that what is enunciated by the Supreme Court is, in fact, the law from
inception.
The
doctrine of prospective over-ruling which is a feature of American
jurisprudence is an exception to the normal principle of law, was imported and
applied for the first time in L.C. Golak Nath and Ors. v. State of Punjab and Anr. (AIR 1967 SC 1643). In
Managing Director, ECIL, Hyderabad and Ors. v. B. Karunakar and Ors.
(1993 (4) SCC 727) the view was adopted. Prospective over-ruling is a part of
the principles of constitutional canon of interpretation and can be resorted to
by this Court while superseding law declared by it earlier.
It is
a device innovated to avoid reopening of settled issues, to prevent
multiplicity of proceedings, and to avoid uncertainty and avoidable litigation.
In other words, actions taken contrary to the law declared prior to the date of
declaration are validated in larger public interest. The law as declared applies
to future cases. (See Ashok Kumar Gupta v. State of U.P. (1997) 5 SCC 201, Baburam v. C.C. Jacob (1999) 3 SCC
362). It is for this Court to indicate as to whether the decision in question
will operate prospectively. In other words, there shall be no prospective
over-ruling, unless it is so indicated in the particular decision. It is not
open to be held that the decision in a particular case will be prospective in
its application by application of the doctrine of prospective over-ruling. The
doctrine of binding precedent helps in promoting certainty and consistency in
judicial decisions and enables an organic development of the law besides
providing assurance to the individual as to the consequences of transactions
forming part of the daily affairs. That being the position, the High Court was
in error by holding that the judgment which operated on the date of selection
was operative and not the review judgment in Ashok Kumar Sharma's case No.II.
All the more so when the subsequent judgment is by way of Review of the first
judgment in which case there are no judgments at all and the subsequent
judgment rendered on review petitions is the one and only judgment rendered,
effectively and for all purposes, the earlier decision having been erased by
countenancing the review applications. The impugned judgments of the High Court
are, therefore, set aside.
That
brings us to the ticklish question as to how the reliefs can be moulded. It is
not in dispute that subsequently the appellant has also been appointed on 9.11.2002.
Though it was permissible for this case to set aside the appointments of
respondent no.4 and respondent no.5, on the peculiar facts of this case, we
consider it to be not called for and the rights of parties instead could be
adjusted by working out equities, in the interests of substantial justice by
adopting a different course. The appellant shall rank senior to respondent No.4
by treating his appointment to be with effect from the date of selection of
respondent No.4. This shall be only for the purpose of fixing the seniority and
continuity of service only not for entitlement to any salary or other financial
benefits. As respondent No.5 was only in the waiting list, and it is stated
that he has been subsequently appointed, he will also rank below the appellant
and respondent No.4. The appeals are accordingly allowed. There shall be no
order as to costs.
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