State
of Punjab Vs. Darshan Singh [2003] Insc 536 (29 October 2003)
Doraiswamy
Raju & Arijit Pasayat
(Arising
out of SLP(C) Nos. 22777-22778/2002) ARIJIT PASAYAT, J
Leave
granted.
Both
the appeals are taken up together for disposal.
The
State of Punjab questions correctness of judgment rendered by learned Single
Judge of Punjab and Haryana High Court in Second Appeals Nos. 3618/1987 and
1472/1988 affirming the judgment and decree passed in appeal by the learned
Additional District Judge, Patiala. The First Appellate court had reversed the
judgment and decree passed by learned Senior Subordinate Judge, Patiala dismissing the suit filed by the
respondent-employee.
Factual
background giving rise to these appeals in a nutshell is as follows:
Respondent
as plaintiff filed a suit in the Court of Senior Subordinate Judge, Patiala for
a declaration that the order dated 13.3.1977 passed by the State through the
Collector, Patiala removing him from service is unconstitutional, illegal, null
and void, mala fide, ineffective, inoperative, improper and discriminatory. A
further prayer was for a declaration that he was entitled to have his pay fixed
in the appropriate scale by counting the period of his alleged forced absence.
Averments
in the plaint were to the following effect: He was employed as a Senior
Compositor in the Government Press, Printing and Stationary Department, Patiala. He was appointed in 1970 and was
removed from service by order dated 13.3.1977. He made several representations
to the Government and by order dated 14.2.1979 the Government passed an order
for appointing him as a Junior Compositor and consequentially the Additional
Controller, Patiala issued fresh order of appointment
appointing him as a Junior Compositor on temporary basis as a new appointee.
Three issues were framed which read as follows:
"1.
Whether the plaintiff is entitled to the declaration prayed for?
2.
Whether suit is not maintainable?
3.
Whether the suit is bad for non-joinder and mis-joinder of necessary
parties?"
After
considering the evidence on record the suit was dismissed.
An
appeal was preferred before the Additional District Judge who held that the
dismissal was bad. Though it was the stand of the State that the work of the
respondent-employee was not up to the required mark, the first Appellate Court
held that the review of performance should have been done every year, and since
it was done after several years, the order of termination was bad and when the
plaintiff was taken back in service it could not have been ordered that he will
be taken back as fresh recruit. The order being whimsical in nature, no reason
was forthcoming as to why his representations were not rejected altogether and
why he was allowed to be taken back as fresh recruit. While granting this
relief the following order was also passed:
"It
is made clear that it is up to the department to grant him or not to grant him
increments for the past service rendered by him. It will be again for the
department to decide whether he is or he is not fit to be promoted after taking
his past service into account".
The
respondent-employee filed an application purported to be made under Section 152
of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (in short the 'Code') claiming that the
afore-quoted directions were not in order and deserve to be deleted. By order
dated 3.2.1988 learned Additional District Judge, Patiala deleted the afore-quoted portion on
the ground that if the said portion remains, it would have the effect of
neutralizing the relief granted to the plaintiff-appellant before it.
In the
aforesaid manner, the judgment and decree passed on 4.6.1987 in appeal was
reviewed. The State filed Second Appeals Nos. 3618/87 and 1472/1988 under
Section 100 of the Code before the High Court which by the impugned judgment
dismissed the same. It is relevant to note that first appeal related to
original judgment of the first appellate Court while second one related to the
order dated 3.2.1988 passed under Section 152 of the Code modifying the
judgment.
The
High Court by the impugned consolidated judgment in the two appeals came to
hold that the decision of this Court in Central Inland Water Transport
Corporation Ltd. and Anr. v. Brojo Nath Ganguly and Anr.(AIR 1986 SC 1571) was
clearly applicable. When the employee was taken back to service it could not
have been ordered that he will be taken back as fresh recruit. The
plaintiff-employee's services should not have been terminated without assigning
any reason after six to seven years of service.
In
support of the appeals, learned counsel for the State of Punjab submitted that the
respondent-employee did not approach the Court with clean hands. He was
appointed on 22.12.1970 and was terminated by order dated 18.3.1977. He went on
making representations and finally an order was passed by the Government on
14.2.1979 for taking him back as a fresh recruit on temporary basis. The
consequential order was issued on 23.2.1979. The suit was filed more than five
years of the fresh appointment on 8.12.1984, with a prayer to declare the
termination in 1977 to be bad. Specific stand of the department had not been
taken note of that there was no challenge in fact to the fresh order of
appointment. It was not open to the First Appellate Court or the High Court to
make out a new case for interference. The period of limitation prescribed under
the Limitation Act, 1963(in short the 'Limitation Act') for filing a
declaratory suit is 3 years and admittedly a suit was filed after seven years.
In any event, there was no scope for amending the order in the manner done in
purported exercise of power under Section 152 of the Code.
In
response, learned counsel for the respondent-employee submitted that the
decision in Central Water Transport's case (supra) is clearly applicable in
view of the unblemished conduct of the employee. There was scope for applying
Section 152 of the Code when the original order did not reflect the true
intention of the Court passing the order.
We
shall first deal with the case relating to the suit being belated. It appears
that no specific issue was framed in that regard though the Government in its
written statement specifically took the plea. Learned counsel for the State
submitted that issue No.(2) was wide enough to take note of the plea relating
to limitation. If the issue was not framed specifically a different course was
available to be adopted by the respondent which does not appear to have been
done. In Second Appeals preferred before the High Court also there was no
specific plea regarding the question of limitation. That being so, we are not
inclined to go into the question as to belated filing of the suit.
But
learned counsel for the appellant is on terra firma so far as the submission
relating to the scope of exercising power under Section 152 is concerned.
Section
152 provides for correction of clerical or arithmetical mistakes in judgments,
decrees or orders or errors arising therein from any accidental slip or
omission. The exercise of this power contemplates the correction of mistakes by
the Court of its ministerial actions and does not contemplate of passing
effective judicial orders after the judgment, decree or order. The settled
position of law is that after the passing of the judgment, decree or order, the
same becomes final subject to any further avenues of remedies provided in
respect of the same and the very Court or the tribunal cannot, on mere change
of view, is not entitled to vary the terms of the judgments, decrees and orders
earlier passed except by means of review, if statutorily provided specifically therefor
and subject to the conditions or limitations provided therein.
The
powers under Section 152 of the Code are neither to be equated with the power
of review nor can be said to be akin to review or even said to clothe the Court
concerned under the guise of invoking after the result of the judgment earlier
rendered, in its entirety or any portion or part of it. The corrections
contemplated are of correcting only accidental omissions or mistakes and not
all omissions and mistakes which might have been committed by the Court while
passing the judgment, decree or order. The omission sought to be corrected
which goes to the merits of the case is beyond the scope of Section 152 as if
it is looking into it for the first time, for which the proper remedy for the
aggrieved party if at all is to file appeal or revision before the higher forum
or review application before the very forum, subject to the limitations in
respect of such review. It implies that the Section cannot be pressed into
service to correct an omission which is intentional, however erroneous that may
be. It has been noticed that the courts below have been liberally construing
and applying the provisions of Sections 151 and 152 of Code even after passing
of effective orders in the lis pending before them. No Court can, under the cover of the
aforesaid sections, modify, alter or add to the terms of its original judgment,
decree or order. Similar view was expressed by this Court in Dwaraka Das v.
State of Madhya Pradesh and Anr. (1999 (3) SCC 500) and Jayalakshmi
Coelho v. Oswald Joseph Coelho (2001 (4) SCC 181) The basis of the provision
under Section 152 of the Code is founded on the maxim 'actus curiae neminem gravabit'
i.e. an act of Court shall prejudice no man. The maxim "is founded upon
justice and good sense, and affords a safe and certain guide for the
administration of the law", said Cresswell J. in Freeman v. Tranah (12
C.B. 406). An unintentional mistake of the Court which may prejudice the cause
of any party must and alone could be rectified. In Master Construction Co. (P)
Ltd. v. State of Orissa (AIR 1966 SC 1047) it was observed that the
arithmetical mistake is a mistake of calculation, a clerical mistake is a
mistake in writing or typing whereas an error arising out of or occurring from
accidental slip or omission is an error due to careless mistake on the part of
the Court liable to be corrected. To illustrate this point it was said that in
a case where the order contains something which is not mentioned in the decree,
it would be a case of unintentional omission or mistake as the mistake or
omission is attributable to the Court which may say something or omit to say
something which it did not intend to say or omit. No new arguments or
re-arguments on merits can be entertained to facilitate such rectification of
mistakes. The provision cannot be invoked to modify, alter or add to the terms
of the original order or decree so as to, in effect, pass an effective judicial
order after the judgment in the case.
Above
being the position, the first Appellate Court was not justified in exercising
power under Section 152 of the Code and the High Court was equally in error by
putting its seal of approval thereon.
Therefore,
the appeal relatable to the judgment in Second Appeal No.3618/1987 is dismissed
while the one relating to Second Appeal No.1472/1988 is allowed. There shall be
no order as to costs.
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