Subhash
Ramkumar Bind @ Vakil & Anr Vs. State of Maharashtra [2002] Insc 466 (12 November 2002)
Umesh
C. Banerjee & B.N. Agrawal. Banerjee, J.
On a
reference to the High Court by the Principal Judge of the Sessions Court at Bombay for confirmation of an order of
death sentence passed against the appellants herein in Sessions Case No.477 of
1996, the High Court recorded its finding in the affirmative to the order of
conviction and sentence passed by the learned Sessions Judge. It is this order
of confirmation which is before this Court presently under consideration.
Significantly,
accused Nos.4 to 10 are absconding and the matter was dealt with thus against
accused Nos.1, 2 and 3. Since the matter has been argued before this Court in
rather great a length, we think it fit and proper to note the charges so framed
in extenso at this juncture and before entering on to the arena of merits. The
charges read as below :
"Firstly
That you No.1 along with Nos.2 and 3 above named and absconding accused Nos.4
to 10 above named on the aforesaid date, time and place and prior to it agreed
to murder Harish Vallabhdas Bhatia hatched a criminal conspiracy to that effect
and in pursuant to the agreement you No.2 and 3 above named, did commit murder
of said Harish Vallabhdas Bhatia by means of pistol and revolver and inflicted
such bullet injuries on his person as were sufficient in ordinary course of
nature to cause his death and in fact caused his death and thereby you all
committed an offence punishable u/s 120-B r/w 302 of I.P.C. and within my
cognizance.
Secondly
- Alternatively you Nos. 2 and 3 above named on or about 13th June, 1995 at
20.20 hrs., on the ground floor of Lalchand Bungalow at Shankar Lane, Kandivali
(W), Mumbai in furtherance of common intention of you both did commit murder by
causing death of Harish Vallabhdas Bhatia, by means of pistol and revolver
causing bullet injury on the person of said Harish Vallabhdas Bhatia, which
were sufficient in the ordinary course of nature to cause his death and in fact
caused his death and thereby committed an offence punishable u/s 302 r/w 34 of
I.P.C. and within my cognizance.
Thirdly
That you Nos.2 and 3 above named, on the aforesaid date, time and place, did
possess, carried and used the fire arms to wit committing the murder of
deceased Harish Vallabhdas Bhatia by the said fire arms and thereby committed
an offence punishable u/s 27(3) of the Arms Act and within my cognizance."
The charge thus itself records two counts, namely, on the first count under
Section 302 read with Section 34 of IPC and on the second count under Section
27(3) of the Arms Act, 1959. It is at this juncture, however, it would be
convenient to advert to the true purport of the punishment of death and the
social ramifications therefor. On this score we, however, deem it expedient to
note an earlier decision of this Court in the case of Jai Kumar v. State of
M.P. (1999 (5) SCC 1) (in which one of us was a party : U.C. Banerjee, J). In
Jai Kumar (supra) this Court while considering the above stated as below :
"Section
302 of the Indian Penal Code authorises the Court to punish the offender of
murder with death or imprisonment for life the statute therefore has provided a
discretion to the court to sentence the offender either with death or with
imprisonment for life:
obviously,
a serious decision and a heavy burden imposed on the Court This discretion
conferred, however, shall have to be thus exercised in a manner and in
consonance with the concept of law so as to sub- serve the ends of justice and
it is on this aspect of the matter that in a long catena of cases this Court in
no uncertain terms laid down that the award of death sentence though within the
ambit of jurisdiction of the courts, but that does not clothe the courts to
exercise the same in a manner indiscriminate. This Court has been candid enough
to record on more occasions than one that it is only in the rarest of the rare
cases that this discretion as regards capital punishment ought to be exercised.
Ours is a civilised society a tooth for a tooth and eye for an eye ought not to
be the criterion; the civilisation and the due process of law coupled with
social order ought not to permit us to be hasty in regard to the award of
capital punishment and as a matter of fact the Courts ought to be rather slow
in that direction.
Justice
is supreme and justice ought to be beneficial for the society so that the
society is placed in a better off situation. Law courts exist for the society
and ought to rise up to the occasion to do the needful in the matter, and as
such ought to act in a manner so as to sub-serve the basic requirement of the
society. It is a requirement of the society and the law must respond to its
need. The greatest virtue of law is its flexibility and its adaptability, it
must change from time to time so that it answers the cry of the people, the
need of the hour and the order of the day. In the present day society, crime is
now considered a social problem and by reason therefore a tremendous change
even conceptually is being seen in the legal horizon so far as the punishment
is concerned.
One
school of thought on this score propagates that the function of the law court
is that of a social reformer and as such in its endeavour to act as such,
question of deterring punishment would not arise since the society would
otherwise be further prone to such violent acts or activities by reason of the
fact that with the advancement of the age the mental frame of boys of tender
age also go on changing and in the event of any arrogance being developed or a
sense of revenge creeping into the society, the society would perish to the
detriment of its people. The other school, however, expressly recorded and
rather emphatically that unless the severest of the severe punishments are
inflicted on an offender (obviously depending upon the nature of the crime) the
society would perish.
The
other school professes that since one has taken the life of another that does
not mean that his life shall have to be taken but during the trial if it
transpires the method and manner or the nature of the activities which have
resulted in the elimination of a human being from this world, there should not
be any laxity on the part of the law courts, otherwise people will and in turn
the society will be engulfed in a false sense of security of life in the event
of there being the most heinous crime of the earth.
The
law courts as a matter of fact have been rather consistent in the approach that
a reasonable proportion has to be maintained between the seriousness of the
crime and the punishment. While it is true that a sentence disproportionately
severe, ought not to be passed but that does not even clothe the law courts
with an option to award the sentence which would be manifestly inadequate
having due regard to the nature of the offence since an inadequate sentence
would fail to produce a deterrent effect on the society at large.
Punishments
are awarded not because of the fact that it has to be an eye for an eye or a
tooth for tooth, rather having its due impact on the society: while undue
harshness is not required but inadequate punishment may lead to sufferance of
the community at large." Turning attention on to the second count, to wit,
the charge under Section 27(3) of the Arms Act, 1959 first, and for the
purposes of proper appreciation of the submissions on this count as well, we
deem it fit to note the provisions as provided in the Statute and the same
reads as below :
"27.
Punishment for using arms, etc. (1) (2) .(3) Whoever uses any prohibited arms
or prohibited ammunition or does any act in contravention of section 7 and such
use or act results in the death of any other person, shall be punishable with
death." Before, however, detailing out the applicability of Section 27(3)
of the Act, we do feel it expedient to advert to the factual backdrop of the
matter presently before us. On the contextual facts it appears that on 13th June, 1995 at about eight o'clock in the evening, the deceased, his mother, father, maid Pramila
and Anjana were watching Television in the hall. Shortly, thereafter, however,
somebody pressed the doorbell of the house and Pramila, the maid, went to see
as to who was at the door. As the maid was coming back, Anjana also went to
gallery to see who was at the door whereupon she saw that one person was
standing on the step near the grill and the other person was standing below the
step.
She
asked the person standing on the step as to who he was. He gave his name as Arvind.
She asked him as to what work he had.
He
told her that he was a friend of Harishbhai and that he had some work with Harishbhai.
At that time Harish on being told by Pramila came to the passage. He went to
the grill of the gallery and he asked the person standing on the step as to who
he was.
That
person was talking in a very low voice. In order to ascertain as to what he was
talking Harish leaned on the grill and that person immediately put his hand
inside the grill and caught hold of the kurta of Harish just to give a violent
jerk. He then put his second hand inside the grill. At that time Anjana saw
that he was holding a pistol in his right hand and pointed it at the abdomen of
Harish and started firing. At that time the second person climbed on the grill.
He also had a pistol in his hand. He started firing on the head of Harish and Harish
collapsed thereafter. This collapse of Harish dumb-founded Anjana by reason wherefor
it took about a minute or so before Anjana started shouting and ran inside. She
went to the western balcony to see them where she heard the sound of high
acceleration of a vehicle in which accused Nos.2 and 3 fled from the place of
occurrence. Harish was then shifted to Bhagwati Hospital, where however he was
pronounced dead. Complaint of Anjana came to be recorded immediately thereafter
i.e. on the same day at about 10 p.m.
The
records depict that from the scene of offence empty cartridges and bullets were
recovered. Panchanama was drawn up and the empty cartridges, bullets and two
pieces of bullets recovered from the stretcher on which the deceased was kept
were sent to the Chemical Analyser by the Police.
The
further factual score depicts that on 3.7.1995 accused Nos.2 and 3 were
arrested in LAC No.49 of 1995 at Goregaon and various arms and ammunitions were
recovered from them under a panchanama. Amongst them were one 9 mm pistol and
one .38 bore imported revolver. On 14.8.1995 the custody of the accused was
obtained in DCB CR No.177 of 1995 and on 15.8.1995 judicial custody of the
accused was obtained and it is on 16.8.1995 identification parade of accused
Nos.2 and 3 was held in which P.W.1 Anjana and P.W.3 Pramila identified the
accused.
As
regards the injuries suffered by the deceased, PW.8 Dr. Shinde conducted the
post-mortem examination and had the following to state :
"On
my external examination I found the following injuries on the person were noted
by me in Column No.17 of my P.M. Reprot.
(1)
Fire arm wound of Entry on left eye brow medical and (if side forehead front)
0-8 cm.
Diameter
with 0-5 c.m. semicircular abraded collar on upper and outer aspect, inverted
margins. No Tattooing or singeing of hair, dried blood/clots within circular
shape.
(2)
Fire arm wound of Entry on right side chest front, at the level of right
nipple, 9-5 cm. from right nipple, 3-2 cm. from midline, 0-8 cm.
Diameter
with 0-1 cm. Abraded collar encircling, inverted margins. No tattooing/singeing
of hair, dried blood/clots within, circular shape.
(3)
Fire arm wound of entry on left side chest front 3-5 cm from midline, 10-0 c.m.
below and medical to left nipple, 0-8 cm. Diameter with 0-1 cm. Abraded collar
encircling inverted margins.
No
tattooing, singeing of hair, dried blood/clots within circular shape.
(4)
Fire arm wound of entry on right side abdomen, epigastric area, 1-5 cm. From
midline 2-0 cm. Below and lateral to right costal border.
9-8 cm.
Diameter with one cm. Semicircular abraded collar on upper aspect, inverted
margins.
No
tattooing, singeing of hair, dried blood/elects within, circular shape.
(5)
Fire arm wound of entry on the right side chest front, two cm. Lateral to
anterior armpit line, 20-0 c.m. below right exilla/152 c.m. Below and lateral
to right nipple. 0-8 cm. Diameter with 1-4 cm. Semicircular abraded singeing of
hair, dried blood/clots within circular shape.
(6)
Fire arm wound of entry on the left side abdomen front, pelvic/fossa, 15-1 cm.
From midline, 16-0 cm. Below and lateral to umbillicus 0-8 cm. Diameter with
0-2 cm. Semicircular abraded collar on medical aspect (medically) inverted
margins. No tattooing/singeing of hair, dried blood/ clots within circular
shape.
(7) Fire
arm wound of entry on the left side abdomen front, iliac fossa, 17-2 (17-2 cm)
from midline, 0-8 cm. Diameter with 0-5 cm.
Semicircular
or singeing of hair; dried blood/clots within circular shape.
(8)
Fire arm wound of exit on the left side chest back, 31-0 cm. Below neck throat
junction 3.5 cm.
From
midline, 1.1 cm. x 1.10 cm. Everted margins, blood oozes out, oval shape.
(9)
Fire arm wound of exit on the left side trunk back 41-0 cm. Below left shoulder
belt, 14.0 cm.
From
midline, 2.0 cm. x 1.4 cm. Everted margins oval shape.
(10)
Fire arm wound of exit on the left side trunk back, 6-1 cm. Below and medial to
ext. injury No.
(9)
(Nine) 13.5 cm. From midline, 2-0 cm. x 1.6 cm. Everted margins, oval shape.
(11)
Grazed abrasion on the left side trunk back extending from lower border of ext.
injury No.10 (Ten) to ext. injury No.9 (Nine) to left side chest back, length
22.0 cm. Breadth one c.m. Red colour tapering towards chest of breadth 0.5 cm.
(12)
Fire arm wound of entry on the left thigh lower 1/3 medially, 8.0 cm. Above
left knee joint, 0-8 cm. Diameter with 0-5 cm. Semi circular abraded collar on
lower and front aspect, inverted margins. No tattooing or singeing of hair,
dried blood/clots within circular shape.
(13)
Fire arm wound of exit on the left thigh upper 1/3 back, midline, 2.0 cm. x 1.4
cm.
Everted
margins, oval shaped, blood oozes out.
Also
multiple puncture wounds within everted irregular margins, extending from left
buttock lower part to left thigh middle 1/3 back of size varying from 0.8 cm. x
0.5 cm. To x 0.3 cm. x 0.2 cm. with a copper piece retrieved from left buttock
lower medial part and four small lead pieces retrieved from left thigh skin
underneath.
(14)
Multiple puncture wounds with inverted irregular margins, over right thigh upper
1/3 to middle 1/3 on back, of size varying from 0.4 cm. x 0.3 cm. to 0.2 cm. x
0.1 cm. with three small lead pieces retrieved from right thigh skin
underneath.
(15)
Fire arm wound of entry on the right lower arm (Forearm) middle 1/3 back (level
of little finger) 0.8 cm. Diameter with 0.5 cm. Semicircular abraded collar on
lower aspect (towards hand), inverted margins. No tattooing or singeing of
hair, dried blood/clots within circular shape.
(16)
Fire arm wound of exit on the right lower arm (forearm) front 8.0 cm. (Eight
cm.) below right cabital fossa, 1.3 cm. x 1.1 cm. Oval shape everted margins,
blood oozes out.
(17) Abrassion
red colour on the left lower leg below knee, middle 1.3, front 1.4 cm. x 1.3
cm.
On the
internal examination the doctor found the following internal injuries :
(1)
Corresponding with ext. injury No. One (1) Perforated skin and muscles
underneath, passes through left nose to right side nose with perforated nasal
septum, perforated and passes through tight maxillarly sinus to patate right
side perforated.
Passes
and perforated right side tongue fossa and pharyngeal fossa muscles to right
side neck muscles laterally with injured and perforated right carotid sheath of
cervical fourth and fifty vertebra intervertebral disc. with its contains i.e.
right common carotid artery, right internal jugular veins, nerve accompanying
with haemorrhage into adjacent muscles of neck, passes to right side chest back
muscles with perforated 1st inter-costal space on right side chest back near
vertebra, perforated right lung upper lobe. Haemorrhage along passage of
bullet. A copper jacketed lead long (slender) bullet retrieved from right side
chest cavity in blood/clots.
(2)
Corresponding with ext. injury No.2 (2) :- Perforated skin and muscle
underneath with haematoma underneath. Perforated 4th rib (fourth rib) costal
cartilage, perforated pericardium, perforated right ventricle through and
through, perforated pericardium perforated right pleura, perforated right limb,
lower lobe through and through, perforated right pleura, perforated 11th rib
with fracture 11th rib right side chest back.
Penetrate
right side chest back muscles.
Haemorrhage
along passage of bullet. A copper jacketed lead small bullet retrieved from
right side chest back muscles at 11th rib level with haematoma and haemorrhage
wound.
(3)
Corresponding with Ext. injury No.three
(3).Perforated
skin and muscles underneath with haematoma underneath. Perforated 7th rib
costal cartilage at left side chest front, perforated diaphragm, perforated stomach
through and through upper part, perforated diaphragm, perforated 11th
inter-costal space on left side chest.
Perforated
left side chest back muscles with exit wound corresponding to ext. injury no.
eight (8).
Haemorrhage
along passage of bullet.
(4)
Corresponding with ext. Injury No.four
(4)
Perforated right side abdomen skin and muscles underneath with haemotoma
underneath.
Perforated
peritoneum, perforated ilea coils at two places through and through with
mesentery with its vessels and nerves. Perforated peritoneum, perforated
bladder through and through penetrate and passes right pelvic floor muscles to
buttock muscles. Haemorrhage along passage of bullet.
A
copper jacketed lead small bullet retrieved from right buttock muscles lower
medial quadrant with haemorrhage and haematoma around.
(5)
Corresponding with ext. Injury No.five
(5)
Perforated right side chest laterally skin and muscles underneath with haematoma
underneath.
Perforated
9th inter-costal space on right side chest laterally, perforated diaphragm,
perforated right lobe of liver through and through. Perforated diaphragm,
perforated 11th inter-costal space on right side chest back, penetrate right
side chest back muscles. Haemorrhage along passage of bullet. A copper jacketed
lead along (slender) bullet retrieved from right side chest back muscles at
12th rib level with haemorrhage and haematoma around.
(6)
Corresponding with Ext. Injury No.Six
(6)
Ext. Injury No.Six Entry passes through muscles.
Ext.
Injury No. Nine exist Haemorrhage along passage.
(7)
Corresponding with Ext. Injury No. twelve (12) Ext. Injury No.Twelve passes
left thigh lower entry.
Ext.
injury No. thirteen Exist 1/3 medial muscles to left thigh back upper 1/3. Muscles
with injured and perforated left femoral artery and vein underneath. Haemorrhage
along passage of bullet.
(8)
Corresponding with Ext. Injury No. fifteen (15) Ext. Injury No. fifteen passes
through underneath.
Entry:
muscles only Haemorrhage Ext. Injury No. Sixteen along passage of bullet
exist." It is in this context Ballistic Expert's Report seems to go a long
way as regards the pistol and revolver recovered from the accused persons'
possession (marked with article Nos.19 and 20 respectively). The Report
indicated that the bullets and pieces of bullets retrieved from the body of the
deceased on 14.6.1995 were fired from 9 mm pistol and .38 caliber revolver.
Bullets and empties seized under panchanama Exhibit 63 from the scene of
offence tallied with bullets and pieces of bullets retrieved from the body of the
deceased and they were fired from 9 mm and .38 revolver. Bullets retrieved from
the body of the deceased and those bullets and empties recovered from the scene
of offence were fired from articles 19 and 20.
At
this juncture, however, it be noticed that the submissions in support of the
appeal can thus be summarised under two specific counts, namely,
(i) submissions
pertaining to the Arms Act, 1959; and
(ii) under
the provisions of Indian Penal Code. Admittedly, the provisions, both under the
Arms Act as also under the Indian Penal Code prescribe death sentence. It would
thus be convenient to deal with the above noted two several aspects in two
distinct manners since one is strictly statutory and technical in nature and
the other is to be borne out on the basis of the facts and circumstances of the
matter under consideration.
Re:
Arms Act, 1959 Referring at this stage to Section 27(3) of the Arms Act, 1959
it appears that the statutory provision provides for a definite punishment for
a definite offence : to wit, user of any prohibited arms, which results in the
death of another person and in that event the Statute has been categorical
enough to prescribe that user shall be punishable with death. There are thus
two specific requirements of the Statute in order to bring home the guilt of
the accused within the meaning of Section 27(3) : the requirements being (a)
user of a prohibited arm; and (b) resultant death of a person by reason of such
user. Incidentally, prohibited arms as defined under Section 2 (1) (i) of the
Arms Act means –
"(i)
firearms so designed or adapted that, if pressure is applied to the trigger,
missiles continue to be discharged until pressure is removed from the trigger
or the magazine containing the missiles is empty, or
(ii)
weapons of any description designed or adapted for the discharge of any noxious
liquid, gas or other such thing, and includes artillery, anti-aircraft and
anti-tank firearms and such other arms as the Central Government may, by
notification in the Official Gazette, specify to be prohibited arms."
Rule 3
of the Arms Rules, 1962 prescribes that for the purposes of the Arms Act, 1959
and the Rules, "arms" and "ammunition" shall be of the
categories specified in Columns 2 and 3 respectively of Schedule 1.
The
relevant extract of Schedule 1 stands as under:
SCHEDULE
1 Category Arms Ammunition 1 2 3 (a) Prohibited arms as defined Prohibited arms
as defined in Section 2(1) (i) and other in Section 2(1)(h) and such arms as
the Central other articles as the Central Government may, by Government may, by
Notification in the official Notification in the official Gazette specify to be
Gazette, specify to be prohibited arms. prohibited ammunition.
(b)
Semi-automatic firearms, Ammunition for arms of other than those included category
(b) in categories 1(c) and iii (a) smooth bore guns having barrel of less than
20" in length.
(c)
Blot action or semi- Ammunition for fire-arms automatic fires of 303" or
of category 1(c) 7.62 mm. Bore or any other bore which can chamber and fire
service ammunition of 303" or 7.62 m.m. calibre; muskets of .410"
musket ammunition pistols, revolvers or carbines of any bore which can chamber
.380" or .455" rimmed cartridges or service 9 m.m. or .445"
rimless cartridges.
(d) ..III
Firearms other those in Ammunition for fire-arms categories I,II and IV, other
than those in namely: categories I,II and IV, namely:
(a)
Revolvers and pistols Ammunition for fire- arms of category III (a).. .
It is
on this score that Mr. Ranjit Kumar has been rather emphatic that since weapons
of offences have been alleged to be a 9 mm pistol and a .38 revolver and since
they are not automatically triggered but use of both these arms would depict
that only one shot can be fired by the pull of trigger and for firing the
second shot, the trigger has to be released first and pulled again, the arms in
question cannot come within the purview of 'Prohibited Arms' as defined under
Section 2(1)(i) of the Act of 1959. It is on this score the Statement of
Objects and Reasons of the Legislation has been referred to by Mr. Ranjit Kumar
in aid of his submissions.
But
before recording such a submission be it noted that the Statement of Objects
and Reasons is not otherwise admissible as an aid to the construction of a
Statute but the same simply assists as to the necessity of introduction of such
a law and since the decision of this Court in Aswini Kumar Ghosh & Anr. v. Arabinda
Bose & Anr. (1953 SCR 1), the law seems to be well settled without a contra
note being sounded till now that while construing the clear terms of an Act the
Court is not required to ascertain the object of the enactment. We, however,
hasten to add that though, in case of an urgent need of the situation by reason
wherefor the intent of the legislature is to be assessed, the Statements and
Objects can be looked into for the limited purpose of ascertaining the
conditions prevailing at the time which prompted or actuated the proposer of
the Bill to introduce the same and the extent of remedying the existing evil of
the society.
Be that
as it may apropos the Statement of Objects and Reasons and having felt the
necessity of considering the same by reason of the factum of introduction of
deterrent punishment for offences relating to prohibited arms and ammunitions
and to meet the challenges from anti-national elements, we do feel it expedient
to note the same in extenso.
"Statement
of Objects and Reasons of Arms (Amendment) Act, 42 of 1988 The Arms Act, 1959,
had been amended to provide for enhanced escalating terrorist and anti-national
activities. However, it was reported that terrorist and anti-national elements,
particularly in Punjab, had in the recent past acquired
automatic firearms, machine guns of various types, rockets and rocket
launchers. Although the definitions of the expressions "arms",
"ammunitions", "prohibited arms" and "prohibited
ammunitions" included in the Act are adequate to cover the aforesaid
lethal weapons in the matter of punishments for offences relating to arms, the
Act did not make any distinction between offences involving ordinary arms and
the more lethal prohibited arms and prohibited ammunitions. Further, while the
Act provided for punishment of persons in possession of arms and ammunition
with intent to use them for any unlawful purpose, it did not provide for any
penalties for the actual use of illegal arms. To overcome these deficiencies,
it was proposed to amend the Act by providing for deterrent punishment for
offences relating to prohibited arms and ammunition and for the illegal use of
firearms and ammunition so as to effectively meet the challenges from the
terrorist and anti-national elements. Accordingly, the Arms (Amendment)
Ordinance, 1988, was promulgated by the President on the 27th May, 1988."
The punishment provided stands to be the severe most one and under the general
law of the land it is only in the rarest of the rare cases that such a
punishment can be inflicted on to an accused.
Obviously,
the intent of the legislature as appears from the Statement of Objects and
Reasons cannot possibly be decried by reason of the situation prevalent during
the period in question. In more than one State of the country it was rather a
dismal picture.
The
use of prohibited arms and deadly weapons turned out to be a regular feature
and the existing state of law was not in a position to subvert these moves by
the anti-national elements and in the event of incorporation in the Statute
Book of a legislation which stands engrafted therein to protect the society
from these unruly elements, it is a bounden obligation of the law Courts to
attribute its widest possible amplitude to the words used in the legislature
and interpret the legislation in accordance therewith. Question of there being
a restrictive meaning to be attributed thus would not arise. It is on the basis
as noticed above that Mr. Ranjit Kumar's submission that in fact there was no
notification as required by law (vide Category A, Schedule I noticed above), in
the absence of which the articles being marked 19 and 20 ought to be treated
within category 'C' noted above and thus cannot be termed to be a prohibited
item shall have to be considered.
Incidentally,
there is on record a note in the form of instructions to all the States. Before
delving on to the same the note is extracted hereinbelow :
"I
am directed to say that in accordance with Rule 7(a) (iii) on the Indian Arms
Rules, 1951 the import into India of .38 bore Pistols/ revolvers is prohibited.
Representations
have been received that .38 bore pistols which are not in use in the Armed
Services may be excluded from the classification of prohibited bore weapons,
import of which is prohibited under the Indian Arms Act. Some doubts also been
raised as the whether .38 bore Pistols/Revolvers for this purpose. The Govt. of
India has been advised by their technical experts that .38 or .380 bore pistols
(self loaded or automatic Colt) which fire .38 Rimles cartridges are not in use
in the Armed Services. It has accordingly been decided that these pistols
should not be treated as weapons of prohibited bores falling under Rule of the
Indian Arms Rules
2. It
has further been decided that the following weapons of prohibited bore, import
of which shall not be granted under Rule 7 of the Indian Arms Rules, namely :
1.
.380 bore revolver.
2.
9.65 MM Caliber Revolvers (This should be equivalent to .38 bore Revolvers).
3. All
weapons firing rimmed cartridges having bore diameter across lands in the range
between .340 to .365 and
4. All
9 MM caliber pistol which can load and fire service cartridges rifles 9
MM."
3. The
State Govt. are already aware that the question of revision of the Indian Arms
Act & Rule is under consideration of the Govt. of India and it is intended
to incorporate the classifications mentioned above in the Indian Arms Rules
when revised. In the meantime, I am to request that the other State Govt. may
give effect to the above decision at once." (As per the paper book filed).
The
High Court on this score stated :
"On
a fair interpretation of the relevant provisions of the Arms Act; the rules
made thereunder; the relevant schedule and in the light of the above letter, we
are of the opinion that Articles 19 and 20, seized from the accused are
prohibited arms within the meaning of Arms Act, 1959 and hence Section 27(3)
thereof is squarely attracted to the facts of the present case." The
submission of the State, however, has been that the note issued by the Central
Government as noticed above, ought to be treated as an authorisation within the
meaning of the first schedule to the Statute. Mr. Ranjit Kumar vis-a-vis the
note had a two pronged attack on the score : On the first count, it has been
contended that the note pertaining to the 9 mm pistol and .38 bore imported
revolver stands out to be prohibited for the purposes of importation only, as
such the general definition as regards the prohibited weapons would not in any
way thus stand attracted and hence the note to be treated as an instruction and
not a notification, thus does not authorise a punishment under Section 27(3) of
the Arms Act. We find, however, that there is some justification in such a
contention but the second count is rather important inasmuch as the requirement
of the Statute is the issuance of a notification.
Notification
in common English acceptation mean and imply a formal announcement of a legally
relevant fact and in the event of a Statute speaking of a Notification being
published in the Official Gazette, the same cannot but mean a Notification
published by the authority of law in the Official Gazette. It is on formal
declaration and publication of an order and shall have to be in accordance with
the declared policies or in the event the requirement of the Statute then in
that event in accordance therewith.
It is
on this score the observations of this Court in Union of India & Anr. v. Charanjit
S. Gill & Ors. (2000 (5) SCC 742) may be of some relevance. This Court
while dealing with the Army Act, 1950 and the Court Martials thereunder
observed that the "Notes" have been issued by the authorities of the
Armed Forces for the guidance of the officers connected with the implementation
of the provisions of the Act and the Rules and not with the object of
supplementing or superseding the statutory Rules by administrative instructions
thus more or less on similar situation as is presently under consideration
since the "Note" cannot but be termed to be an administrative
instruction. This Court in Charanjit S. Gill (supra) on the basis of the
aforesaid stated that the administrative instructions issued or the notes
attached to the Rules which are not referable to any statutory authority cannot
be permitted to bring about a result which may take away the rights vested in a
person governed by the Act we do record our concurrence with such a statement
since in our view question of issuance of an administrative order or a note
pertaining to special type of weapons to bring it within the ambit of the Arms
Act which was hitherto not being included therein cannot be said to be included
in the manner as it has sought to have been so done. Section 27(3) of the Arms
Act prescribes a death penalty in the event the arm or weapon concerned stands
out to be a prohibited arm, user of which results in a death a rather stringent
provision. A person, howsoever graver the offence may be, cannot be punished
more than as is prescribed under Section 27(3) of the Arms Act. On a
comparative analysis of Section 302, there is some amount of laxity involved as
regards the resultant death of a person by reason of a deliberate act of the
accused it is on this score the legislature prescribes two objects, namely,
imprisonment of life or death thus leaving it to the wisdom of the Court to
pass the sentence in accordance with the gravity of the nature of offence and
the methodology used to bring an end to the life of the assassin. It is in this
perspective that the law is settled enough to record that it is only in the
rarest of the rare cases that the maximum penalty, namely, the death sentence
ought to be levied since that would be a barbarous act as that would run
counter to the civilised notion and concept of the justice delivery system.
True, a man's life comes to an end but would the justice delivery system
require that he should equally be punished in the same fashion and manner. This
issue has been answered in the negative with a rider that in the event,
however, the methodology adopted by the accused cannot but be termed to be
rarest of the rare, this court would be at liberty to punish the offender with
a death penalty. The jurisprudential system has developed in the country on
this backdrop and it is in this perspective this possible attraction of Section
27(3) of the Arms Act shall also have to be dealt with.
The
Court must use the greatest amount of caution in the matter of exercise of
jurisdiction under Section 27(3) and unless, needless to record that the issue
in question stands covered in all its perspective and no two opinions can be
had thereon, the Court will not be justified to bring home the charge under
Section 27(3) of the Arms Act. Liberty is precious but life is more precious
than liberty and the latter cannot possibly be taken away, if one does not
cross the limits even at the cost of unforensic language in judicial
phraseology on 'the drop of a hat' but one needs to bring home the attributes
without any doubt as regards Section 27(3) of the Arms Act. The Statute speaks
of a notification in the Official Gazette can an administrative note in
relation to importation of a prohibited arm be termed to be sufficient so as to
come within the ambit of the statutory requirement of a notification in the
Official Gazette the answer cannot but be in the negative. Administrative
instructions cannot possibly be a substitute for a notification which stands as
a requirement of the Statute.
On the
wake of the aforesaid, question of there being any notification even in the
guise of an administrative order does not and cannot arise. The requirement of
the Statute is sacrosanct and since the issue shall have to be dealt with
utmost care and caution, without the issuance of a notification question of a
conviction under Section 27(3) of the Arms Act would not arise. We are thus
unable to record our concurrence with the submissions of the State that the
administrative instructions ought to be treated as a notification the same
cannot be sustained for reasons noticed hereinbefore and by reason of the
stringency of the provision as laid down in Section 27(3), we do find some
justification in the criticism of the judgment of the High Court as regards the
acceptability of the administrative note.
In
that view of the matter, the first contention of Mr. Ranjit Kumar in support of
the appeal succeeds that conviction under Section 27(3) cannot be sustained.
Turning
attention on to the offence under the general law of the land, the High Court
thought it fit to confirm the death sentence as granted by the learned Sessions
Judge. Be it noted that Section 354(3) of the Criminal Procedure Code, 1973
specifically records that in the event of a sentence of death the Court must
state special reasons for such a sentence. Let us, however, at this juncture
see for ourselves as to whether in fact the High Court confirming the death
sentence have recorded any special reasons therefor. In paragraph 83 of the
judgment, the High Court recorded as below :
"Deceased
Harish Bhatia was only trying to recover legitimate dues of the brother-in-law
P.W.6 Rajesh by persuasion and requests. He was a respectable person not
involved in any crimes.
When
the incident occurred he was totally defenceless. He was shot at in a most brutal
manner. Depravity of the accused is evident from the way in which they fired at
the deceased by going to his door steps when he was unarmed. We have no manner
of doubt that this is one of the rarest of rare cases which warrant imposition
of death penalty." This, however, in our view, does not satisfy the
statutory requirement as noticed hereinbefore since the same cannot be termed
to be a special reason for imposition of such a penalty.
Gunshot
injuries were caused and at that point of time the deceased was unarmed and was
taken aback as to the whole situation in every incidence of murder brutality is
involved. It is not as that what we find on the factual score in Jai Kumar
(supra). Brutality, obviously would be an existing factor but how the same did
take place is the relevant and necessary material to be considered. In Jai
Kumar (supra) the accused was trying to commit rape on his brother's wife and
having failed to achieve the object committed a brutal murder by severing her
head from the body and hanging her head on the tree. The accused further
committed a murder of the 8 years old daughter of deceased sister-in-law who
had witnessed the incident and the facts establish the depravity and
criminality of the accused in no uncertain terms that has been the factual
finding in Jai Kumar (supra) and the Court confirmed the sentence of death :
Is it
with the same brutality or can the acts be termed to be similar in nature so
far as brutality is concerned, the answer cannot but be in the negative. The
High Court placed reliance on the decision of this Court in Dhananjoy (Dhananjoy
Chatterjee alias Dhana v. State of W.B. - 1994(2) SCC 220) and in particular
relied upon the following observation :
"In
our opinion, measure of punishment in a given case must depend upon the
atrocity of the crime;
the
conduct of the criminal and the defenceless and unprotected state of the
victim. Imposition of appropriate punishment is the manner in which the courts
respond to the society's cry for justice against the criminals. Justice demands
that courts should impose punishment befitting the crime so that the courts
reflect public abhorrence of the crime. The courts must not only keep in view
the rights of the criminal but also the rights of the victim of crime and the
society at large while considering imposition of appropriate punishment."
In the last noticed decision the factual score prompted this Court to confirm
the death sentence. Paragraph 16 of the judgment gives us a glimpse thereof and
as such the same is set out hereinbelow :
"The
sordid episode of the security guard, whose sacred duty was to ensure the
protection and welfare of the inhabitants of the flats in the apartment, should
have subjected the deceased, a resident of one of the flats, to gratify his
lust and murder her in retaliation for his transfer on her complaint, makes the
crime even more heinous. Keeping in view the medical evidence and the state in
which the body of the deceased was found, it is obvious that a most heinous
type of barbaric rape and murder was committed on a helpless and defenceless
school-going girl of 18 years. If the security guards behave in this manner who
will guard the guards? The faith of the society by such a barbaric act of the guard,
gets totally shaken and its cry for justice becomes loud and clear. The offence
was not only inhuman and barbaric but it was a totally ruthless crime of rape
followed by cold blooded murder and an affront to the human dignity of the
society. The savage nature of the crime has shocked our judicial conscience.
There are no extenuating or mitigating circumstances whatsoever in the case. We
agree that a real and abiding concern for the dignity of human life is required
to be kept in mind by the courts while considering the confirmation of the
sentence of death but a cold blooded preplanned brutal murder, without any
provocation, after committing rape on an innocent and defenceless young girl of
18 years, by the security guard certainly makes this case a "rarest of the
rare" cases which calls for no punishment other than the capital
punishment and we accordingly confirm the sentence of death imposed upon the
appellant for the offence under section 302 IPC. The order of sentence imposed
on the appellant by the Courts below for offences under Sections 376 and 380
IPC are also confirmed along with the directions relating thereto as in the
event of the execution of the appellant, those sentences would only remain of
academic interest. This appeal fails and is hereby dismissed." Ours being
a civilised society a tooth for a tooth and an eye for an eye ought not to be
the criterion and as such the question of there being acting under any haste in
regard to the capital punishment would not arise : Rather our jurisprudence
speaks of the factum of the law courts being slow in that direction and it is
in that perspective a reasonable proportion has to be maintained between the
heinousness of the crime and the punishment. While it is true punishment
disproportionately severe ought not to be passed but that does not even clothe
the law courts, however, with an option to award the sentence which would be
manifestly inadequate having due regard to the nature of offence since an
inadequate sentence would not subserve the cause of justice to the society. In
the contextual facts, we do not find the brutality of such a nature so as to
exercise the discretion of passing an order of capital punishment undoubtedly
brutality is involved but that brutality by itself will not bring it within the
ambit of the rarest of the rare cases. On the wake of the aforesaid and having
regard to the nature of the offence and the methodology adopted, we are
convinced that the punishment awarded to the appellants herein is in excess of
the requirement of the situation and as such while recording our concurrence
with the finding as recorded by the High Court in the judgment impugned, as
regards the guilt of the accused under Section 302 read with Section 34 of the
Indian Penal Code, we are inclined to modify the sentence of death to that of
life imprisonment under Section 302 read with Section 34 of the Indian Penal
Code as against the appellants herein, and it is ordered accordingly: Except
however, as above, this appeal fails and is dismissed.
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