State
of Haryana Vs. State of Punjab & Anr
[2002] Insc 21 (15
January 2002)
G.B.
Pattanaik & Ruma Pal Pattanaik, J.
The
State of Haryana has filed the present suit, under
Article 131 of the Constitution of India, impleading the State of Punjab as defendant No. 1 and the Union of
India as defendant No.2, for the following reliefs:
"(a)
pass a decree declaring that the order dated March 24, 1976, the Agreement of
December 31, 1981 and the Settlement of July 24, 1985 are final and binding
inter alia on the State of Punjab casting an obligation on Defendant No. 1 to
immediately restart and complete the portion of the Sutlej Yamuna Link Canal
Project as also make it usable in all respects, not only under the aforesaid
order of 1976, Agreement of 1981 and Settlement of 1985 but also pursuant to a
contract established by conduct from 1976 till date;
(b)
pass a decree of mandatory injunction compelling defendant No. 1 (failing which
defendant No. 2 by or through any agency) to discharge its/their obligations
under the said Notification of 1976, the Agreement of 1981 and the Settlement
of 1985 and in any case under contract established by conduct, by immediately
restarting and completing that portion of the Sutlej-Yamuna Link Canal Project
in the State of Punjab and otherwise making it suitable for use within a time
bound manner as may be stipulated by this Hon'ble Court to enable the State of Haryana
to receive its share of the Ravi and Beas waters;
(c)
Award costs of the present suit to your plaintiff and against the Defendant
No.1; and
(d) pass
such other or further order or orders to such directions as this Hon'ble Court may deem fit and proper in the
facts and circumstances of the case and to meet the ends of justice."
It has
been averred in the plaint that Sutlej-Yamuna Link Canal is in fact, the
lifeline of the farmers of Haryana and the livelihood of the farmers depends on
the water, which is not only a natural resource, but a valuable national asset
and completion of the aforesaid Canal, would enable the State of Haryana to
receive its share of waters of the rivers Ravi and Beas. The plaintiff-State
has averred that after the partition of India in 1947, the emergence of two
independent countries India and Pakistan, division of the waters of rivers
Indus and its tributaries became an international issue and in the year 1960,
the Government of India signed a Treaty with Pakistan called the Indus Water
Treaty of 1960. Under the aforesaid treaty, the waters of the three Eastern
rivers, namely the Sutlej, the Beas and the Ravi were acquired for unrestricted
use in India, to the exclusion of Pakistan and towards consideration, the
Government of India agreed to make a fixed contribution of Pounds Sterling
62.06 million (equivalent to about 110 Crores rupees) to Pakistan. In a meeting
of the beneficiary States namely, the State of Punjab, as it existed then,
State of Kashmir, State of Rajasthan and State of PEPSU, which meeting had been
convened by the Govt. of India on 29th January, 1955, a workable agreement was
arrived at for development and utilization of the waters of Rivers Ravi and Beas
and under the said agreement, the share of undivided Punjab was 5.90 M.A.F.
When there was a bifurcation of the erstwhile State of Punjab into two separate States of Punjab
and Haryana w.e.f. November
01, 1966 under Punjab Reorganisation
Act of 1966, special provisions had been made with regard to the rights and
liabilities of the successor States in relation to the water from Bhakra Nanagal
Project and Beas Project. Section 78 of the Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966,
deals with such rights and liabilities of the successor States. Dispute arose
between the two States of Punjab and Haryana as to their respective share of
water which had earlier been allocated to the erstwhile State of Punjab and in
the meeting called by the Government of India, a decision was taken on ad hoc
basis that 35% of water would go to Haryana and 65% for Punjab, pending finalisation
of the dispute. The State of Haryana
approached the Government of India in October, 1969, invoking its jurisdiction
under Section 78 of the Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966. A Committee was
appointed by the Central Government, which reported that Haryana would be
entitled to 3.78 MAF. Even the then Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission
had examined this question and had recommended that Haryana would get 3.74 MAF
and Punjab would get 3.26 MAF, while Delhi would get 0.20 MAF. A notification,
ultimately was issued on 24th of March, 1976, allocating the surplus Ravi- Beas
waters between the two states of Punjab and Haryana. Under this order, 3.5 MAF had been allotted to the
plaintiff-State. The State of Haryana, not
being a riparian State, the water allocated to it has to be drawn by digging
canal. By the existing arrangement for carrying waters of River Sutlej through Bhakra Main Line Canal, it is not possible to draw water
allocated to the State of Haryana under
the Order of the Government of India dated 26th of March, 1976. The State of Haryana proposed that a link canal called
the Sutlej Yamuna Link Canal be constructed in the territories of the State of Punjab and Haryana, so that the State of Haryana could draw its allocated share of
water. The plaintiff State has averred that the length of Sutlej Yamuna Link Canal was 214 kilometers out of which 122 kilometers is in the territory of Punjab and 92 kilometers is in the territory of Haryana. The alignment of the proposed
canal was alongside the Nangal Hydel Channel and the Bhakra Main Line Canal. The Chief Minister of Haryana had
requested the Prime Minister of India by his letter dated 23rd April, 1976 that the Sutlej Yamuna Link Canal should be completed by June, 1978. After several rounds of
discussion, the two States had agreed upon the alignment of 30 kilometers of
the SYL Canal adjoining Haryana within the territory of Punjab and in fact the State of Punjab accepted money for that purpose.
The State of Punjab issued various notifications for
the acquisition of the land for the purposes of constructing the canal. The
State of Haryana, on its part started construction
of the canal in its territory.
The Haryana
portion of the canal stood completed in June, 1980 but the State of Punjab adopted dilatory tactics on the
construction of the canal on one pretext or the other. As the canal within the
State of Punjab had not been constructed, the State
of Haryana filed a suit in the Supreme Court
in the year 1979, being Suit No. 1 of 1979. The State of Punjab filed a suit in
this Court under Article 131 of the Constitution, challenging the validity of
the Orders of Government of India dated 24th of March, 1976 and also challenged
the vires of Section 78 of the Punjab Reorganisation Act, which was registered
as Suit No. 2 of 1979. During the pendency of the aforesaid two suits, an
agreement was entered into between the States of Haryana, Punjab and Rajasthan
in the presence of the Prime Minister of India on 31st of December, 1981.
Under
the said agreement, the net surplus of Ravi Beas waters were estimated at 17.17
MAF and that stood allotted as 4.22 MAF to Punjab, 3.50 MAF for Haryana, 8.60
MAF for Rajasthan, 0.20 MAF for Delhi Water Supply and 0.65 MAF for Jammu and
Kashmir. Clause (IV) of the said agreement provided:
"Clause
(IV): The Sutlej-Yamuna Canal Project shall be implemented in a time bound
manner so far as the canal and appurtenant works in the Punjab territory are
concerned within a maximum period of two years from the date signing of the
Agreement so that Haryana is enabled to draw its allocated share of waters. The
canal capacity for the purpose of design of the canal shall be mutually agreed
upon between Punjab and Haryana within 15 days, failing
which it shall be 6500 cusecs, as recommended by former Chairman, Central Water
Commission." The said clause also provided that the suits filed by the
State of Haryana and State of Punjab should be withdrawn, without any
reservations whatsoever but subject to the terms of the agreement and
accordingly both the State Governments applied for withdrawal of the suits.
This Court allowed the suits to be withdrawn by order dated 12th of February,
1982.
The
alignment of the canal within the State of Punjab was proposed to be changed, to which the State of Haryana also agreed. The State of Punjab started construction of canal but
the progress was rather slow. The State of Punjab also released a white paper on 23rd of April, 1982, highly appreciating
the agreement which had resulted in an increase of 1.32 MAF of the water to the
share of Punjab. On November 5, 1985, the Punjab Legislative Assembly passed a resolution,
repudiating the agreement of 31st December, 1981. On 24th of July, 1985, a settlement was arrived at between the then
Prime Minister of India and Late Sant Harchand Singh Longowal, the then
President of Akali Dal, commonly known as "Punjab Settlement", and
the said settlement also contained an express provision that the construction
of the SYL Canal would be continued and completed by 15th of August, 1986. In
accordance with the terms of the settlement, more particularly Clause 9.1, the
issues relating to the usage, share and allocation of the Ravi- Beas waters
were referred to the adjudication of a Water Tribunal, under the Notification
dated 2nd April, 1986. The tribunal submitted its Report
to the Central Government on 30th of January, 1987 and the tribunal also
indicated in its report that the Punjab should complete its portion of SYL
Canal expeditiously. In July, 1990, the
construction of the canal within the State of Punjab was completely stopped but by then, over 90% of the
construction had stood completed.
Failure
on the part of the State of Punjab to
construct the SYL Canal within its territory, has prevented the State of Haryana from utilizing the water allocated
to its share. The plaintiff State has further averred that more than Rs. 600 Crores have been
spent on the construction of the SYL
Canal in Punjab territory, which is in addition to Rs. 250 Crores spent for
the construction of the Canal within the Haryana territory. Non-completion of
the SYL Canal has debarred over three lac hectares of irrigation potential
created in the State of Haryana and the said State is losing agricultural
production over eight lac tonnes per annum. According to the plaintiff, if the
canal would have been completed in 1983, as envisaged, then the State of Haryana would have been in a position to
produce an additional 100 lac tonnes of food- grains, the value of which would
work out to Rs.5000 Crores.
When
the State of Punjab did not carry out the construction
of the SYL Canal, the State of Haryana sought for intervention of the Union of India and the Prime Minister of
India convened a meeting on 20th of February, 1991. In the said meeting, the
Prime Minister directed that arrangements should be made for the Border Roads Organisation
to take- over the work in the minimum time possible and the work should be
dealt with on an emergency footing. At that point of time, there was no
political government in the State of Punjab and it was under the Presidents Rule. In July 1995, the State of Punjab
circulated a white paper, clearly expressing its intention not to proceed with
the work of the construction of SYL Canal and took a stand that Haryana's share
of the water should be delivered through the existing Bhakra Canal System,
which is an absolute impossibility.
The plaintiff,
thereafter filed the present suit for the relief as already stated.
The
Defendant No.1, State of Punjab had filed its written statement,
raising several preliminary objections. It is contended that the dispute
clearly falls within the scope of the Inter-State Water Disputes Act, 1956 and
consequently the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court is barred on a combined
reading of Section 11 of the Inter-State Water Disputes Act and Article 262 of
the Constitution of India. It is further contended that the validity of the
order dated 24th of March, 1976 as well as agreement dated 31.12.1981 has been
challenged before the Ravi-Beas Water Tribunal and the report of the said
tribunal has not become final inasmuch as the application filed by the State of
Punjab under Section 5(3) of the Act has not yet been disposed of. It has been
further stated that the plaintiff State has no legal right to invoke Article 131 of the
Constitution and further the suit must be held to be barred by limitation. The
further stand of the Defendant No. 1 is that the earlier suit filed in the year
1979, having been withdrawn without leave of the Court, the present suit is
barred under Order 23 Rule 1 of the Code of Civil Procedure as well as under
Order 2 Rule XXXII of the Supreme Court Rules. According to the Defendant No.
1, no legal right can be said to have accrued to the State of Haryana under the
Notification dated 24.3.1976 and further the agreement dated 31st December,
1981 is invalid. It is also contended that the said agreement of 1981 stands
superseded by the settlement of July 24, 1985. According to the Defendant No. 1, the terms and conditions
contained in paragraph 9.3 of the Punjab Settlement was only a unilateral
concession made by Sant Harchand Singh Longowal, and it was never intended to
be a legal obligation, binding on the State of Punjab. The Defendant No. 1 admitted in the written statement that
the issues arising from paragraphs 9.1 and 9.2 of the self-same Punjab
Settlement were referred to the adjudication of the Ravi-Beas Water Tribunal.
But paragraph 9.3 had not been referred to any tribunal and it was merely a
concession given by said Harchand Singh Longowal. The Defendant No. 1 does not
dispute the observations of the tribunal in its Report dated 30th of January,
1987, relating to the aforesaid paragraph 9.3, but contends that such
observations were in fact beyond the jurisdiction of the tribunal. According to
the Defendant No. 1, plaintiff's claim to have share from Beas Project would
not exceed 0.9 MAF and that quantity of water would always be made available
through the main Canal, which is in existence and functioning. The said
Defendant No. 1 also averred that the State of Haryana is getting an additional
water supply through River Yamuna under the Agreement dated 12th of May, 1994,
between the States of Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan, Delhi and Himachal
Pradesh and, therefore, there is no need for the SYL Canal in any event. It has
been further averred that Haryana is already getting 1.62 MAF of water in Ravi-Beas
waters through the existing canal system of Bhakra Main Line/Narwana Branch and
the present system is fully capable of conveying the said quantity of water.
Consequently, there is no need for SYL Canal. The Defendant No. 1 further
contends that in Section 78 of the Punjab Reorganisation Act, there has been no
reference to River Ravi and, therefore, question of conveying any water from
River Ravi through SYL Canal does not arise.
According
to this defendant, the claim of the State of Haryana, over and above the
allocations made in the Beas Project were neither legal nor proper and were
only for extraneous considerations. According to the State of Punjab, water of
River Ravi do not find mention in any scheme resulting from the Beas Project
and, therefore, any order containing allocation of Ravi water to the plaintiff
State is invalid. The Defendant No. 1 has also averred that only the supplies
from River Beas are being transferred to Bhakra reservoir. According to the
Defendant No. 1, the allocation of 3.5 MAF to Haryana would deprive the State
of Punjab of irrigation facilities to lacs of acres of land, which are being
irrigated in the State of Punjab. So far as the issuance of a white paper is
concerned, the Defendant No. 1 has averred that the same was a political
decision of the Chief Minister at that time and did not bind the State and at
any rate, the subsequent resolution of the Punjab Legislative Assembly,
repudiating the earlier agreement clinches the matter. So far as the
construction of SYL Canal already undertaken in the State of Punjab is
concerned, it has been averred that the State had to undertake the same under
duress and the said work was stopped because of turmoil in the State and when
the militants killed a Chief Engineer and Superintending Engineer. The
defendant No. 1 admitted that there has been an expenditure of Rs.520 Crores on
the construction of SYL Canal in Punjab portion and further admitted that there
has been a recurring expenditure on establishment, which money the Government
of India pays to the State of Punjab.
According
to the Defendant No. 1, no cause of action has accrued to the plaintiff to file
the present suit, invoking Article 131 of the Constitution and at no stage, the
State of Punjab committed itself to the construction of the SYL Canal.
The
Defendant No. 2, Union of India in its written statement, took the stand that
relief claimed by the plaintiff can be only against the State of Punjab and
there is no obligation on the part of the Government of India to take up the
construction work of SYL Canal. According to the defendant No. 2, the Union of
India had already discharged its obligation by pursuing and directing the
Government of Punjab for early completion of Punjab portion of the canal. It
has been further averred that the Union of India had constituted the Ravi and Beas
Waters Tribunal, which gave its interim report on 30th of January, 1987 and the
final report of the tribunal is awaited. It has also been reiterated in the
written statement that the Ravi and Beas Waters Tribunal in its interim report
had observed that this canal is the lifeline for the farmers of Haryana and
unless it is expeditiously completed, Haryana will not be in a position to
utilize the full quantum of water allocated to it. The said defendant has also
averred that the concept of a carrier for Haryana's share in surplus Ravi-Beas
waters was envisaged in inter-State Agreement of 1981. Further, the Central
Government determined the rights and liabilities of the successor States in
accordance with Section 78 of the Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966 and allocated
3.5 MAF of surplus Ravi-Beas water to Haryana as per Government of India
Notification dated 24.3.1976. The said defendant has stated in the written
statement that the Union of India made its best efforts to settle the issue. On
the question of amount of money, the defendant No. 2 has averred that the Union
of India has provided Rs. 499.12 Crores to the Government of Punjab till March,
1994 for completion of Punjab portion of SYL Canal.
It has
also been stated that due to non-completion of SYL Canal by Punjab, the State
of Haryana is not able to utilize its full share of Ravi-Beas water. The Union
Government has also stated that it is essential that Punjab portion of the SYL
Canal is completed at the earliest. The said defendant has further averred that
construction of SYL Canal is solely the responsibility of the Government of
Punjab and the Union of India has made all efforts including the financial
assistance to the State of Punjab for early completion of the canal. The said
defendant has finally stated that while Government of India will continue to
play its role for the settlement of dispute between the two States, the
alternative relief claimed in para (b) of the plaint against the Government of
India is not tenable and the same is liable to be rejected.
On the
aforesaid pleadings, by Order dated 15.12.1997, the Court settled the following
agreed issues:
"1.
Whether in the facts and circumstances of the case, defendant No. 1 (the State
of Punjab) and alternatively, defendant No. 2 (the Union of India), were and
are bound to construct and complete in a time-bound manner, the Sutlej- Yamuna
Link Canal Project, in the Punjab portion/territory and whether the plaintiff
(State of Haryana) is entitled to the reliefs prayed for against the defendants
?
2. Is
the suit not maintainable as contended in the written statements ?
3. Is
the suit barred by limitation ?"
Thereafter,
parties have filed several documents which have been exhibited without
objection and interrogatories have been served and answered. Plaintiff's
documents Exhibits P-1 to P-26 have been marked on admission of defendant No. 1
and documents Exhibits P(D)-1 to P(D)-8 have not admitted by defendant No. 1.
The documents filed on behalf of defendant No. 1 Exhibits D-1 to D-9 have been
admitted by the plaintiff. Documents Exhibits D(D)-1 to D(D)-5 of the defendant
No. 1, have not been admitted by the plaintiff.
Though
initially an order had been passed to decide Issue Nos. 2 and 3 as preliminary
issues but that order stood modified by the subsequent order dated 5th of
September, 2000, as it was found that the preliminary issues cannot be disposed
of without examining the relevant records and without going into the rival
contentions in detail.
ISSUE
NO. 2:
This
issue on the question of maintainability of the suit arises because of the
stand taken by the State of Punjab in the
written statement. According to the defendant No. 1, Article 262 of the
Constitution is specifically designed, authorising the Parliament to provide
for adjudication of any water dispute in relation to any inter-State river by
making a law in that regard and sub-Article (2) of Article 262 authorises the
Parliament to make law, ousting the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court or any
other Court in respect of any dispute or complaint coming within Article
262(1). The Parliament having enacted the Inter-State Water Disputes Act, 1956
and the said Act having ousted the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court and any
other Court from exercising jurisdiction in respect of any water dispute, which
may be referred to a tribunal under the Act as provided under Section 11 of the
said Act, the present dispute is not amenable to the jurisdiction of this Court
under Article 131 and consequently, the suit must fail.
The
stand of the State of Haryana, on the other hand is that the dispute relating
to the digging of SYL Canal, pursuant to the earlier agreement between the
parties, cannot be termed to be a dispute, relating to sharing of water of a
river and, therefore, neither Article 262 of the Constitution nor Section 11 of
the Inter-State Water Disputes Act would be a bar for this Court to exercise
jurisdiction under Article 131 of the Constitution. According to Mr. Bobde, the
learned counsel appearing for the plaintiff-State, the expression "water
dispute" having been defined in Section 2(c) of the Act, the present
dispute and the relief sought for by the plaintiff, cannot be held to be a
water dispute and as such the jurisdiction of the Court cannot be held to be
ousted.
The
moot question that requires to be considered in answering this issue is whether
the dispute in the case in hand, can at all be held to be a water dispute, as
defined in Section 2(c) of the Inter-State Water Disputes Act ? There cannot be
any dispute with the proposition that in the event the present dispute between
the two states would come within the definition of "water dispute" in
Section 2(c) of the Act and as such is referable to a tribunal under Section 11
of the Act, then certainly the jurisdiction of this Court would be barred, in
view of Article 262 of the Constitution read with Section 11 of the Act.
Section 2(c) defines the "water dispute" thus:
"Section
2(c): "water dispute" means any dispute or difference between two or
more State Governments with respect to
(i) the
use, distribution or control of the waters of, or in any inter-State river or
river valley; or
(ii) the
interpretation of the terms of any agreement relating to the use, distribution
or control of such waters or the implementation of such agreement; or
(iii)
the levy or any water-rate in contravention of the prohibition contained in
Section 7."
Out of
the three clauses mentioned above, we would be concerned with clauses (i) and
(ii) inasmuch as clause (iii) deals with the levy of water-rate in
contravention of the prohibition contained in Section 7. Clause (i) of Section
2(c) deals with a dispute concerning the use, distribution or control of the
waters of, or in any inter-State river or river valley, whereas Clause (ii)
deals with the interpretation of the terms of any agreement relating to the
use, distribution or control of such waters or the implementation of such
agreement. Essentially, therefore, the dispute would be a water dispute within the
meaning of Section 2(c) when the dispute is in relation to the use,
distribution or control of the waters of any inter-State river or
interpretation of the terms of an agreement, relating to the use, distribution
or control of such water or implementation of such agreement. The averments in
the plaint and the relief sought for by the State of Haryana is not in any way
related to the use, distribution or control of the water from Ravi-Beas
Project. The entire dispute centres round the question of the obligation on the
part of the State of Punjab to dig the portion of SYL Canal within its
territory which canal became necessary for carrying water from the project to
the extent the said water has already been allocated in favour of the State of Haryana
under the provision of the Punjab Reorganisation Act and the subsequent
agreement between the parties. Dr. Dhawan, appearing for the State of Punjab, forcefully argued that the
construction of SYL Canal is inextricably linked to allocation of distribution of water
from Ravi-Beas Project and that being the position, it would be difficult to
take the dispute out of the purview of the definition of dispute in Section
2(c). It is in this connection, Dr. Dhawan pointed out the assertions made in
the plaint, wherein it has been averred that portion of Sutlej Yamuna Link
Canal is the lifeline for the farmers of the State of Haryana inter alia for
carrying its share of Ravi- Beas water and the farmers of Haryana would not be
in a position to utilize the full quantum of waters allocated to it.
According
to Dr. Dhawan, the allocation of water of rivers Ravi and Beas is the basis
which necessitate the construction of SYL Canal and its completion and
consequently the two are inextricably inter-linked. Dr. Dhawan also pointed out
to that part of the plaintiff's case where the plaintiff has averred that the
said canal was to receive supply from the Tail end of the Anandpur Hydel
Channel and the canal must be completed to enable Haryana to draw its share of
water from the river. He also pointed out to assertions made in paragraph 61 of
the plaint whereunder it had been averred that it is necessary to complete the
SYL Canal, not only for carrying this share but also to serve as an alternate
carrier system for the waters already being drawn by Haryana. The question
whether the dispute raised and the relief sought for is essentially a water
dispute or not, has to be answered on an analysis of the averments in the
plaint as a whole and it is not possible to consider some averments in isolation
and then come to a conclusion one way or the other. If the plaint is read as a
whole, it appears to us that the State of Haryana has made out a case that when
the State of Haryana was carved- out from the erstwhile State of Punjab under
the provisions of the Punjab Reorganisation Act, the Union of India, in
exercise of its power under Section 78 of the said Act issued a Notification on
24th of March, 1976. Under the said notification, taking note of the fact that
the Haryana has large arid tract and several drought prone areas and the
development of irrigation in the State of Haryana is substantially less as
compared to that in the State of Punjab and further the water is needed in a
large quantity for irrigation in the State of Haryana and there is limited
availability of water from other sources in the said State, the Union
Government allotted 3.5 MAF in favour of the State of Haryana. The said
notification further contained a stipulation that in the event, water in the Beas at Mandi is more or less in a particular year, the
share of the State of Haryana would be increased or decreased
pro-rata. It is nobody's case that water in the river Beas has decreased in the meanwhile. The existing canal
system not being capable of utilizing 3.5 MAF of water allocated to the State
of Haryana, the idea of having SYL Canal was
mooted and ultimately agreed to. Thus the construction of SYL Canal is
essentially one for the purpose of utilizing the water that has already been
allotted to the share of Haryana and consequently, cannot be construed to be in
any way inter-linked with the distribution or control of water of, or in any
inter-State river or river valley. In the Constitution Bench decision of this
Court in the case of State of Karnataka vs. State of Andhra Pradesh and others,
2000(9) S.C.C. 572. this Court considered the provisions of Article 262(2) of
the Constitution and Section 11 and Section 2(c) of the Inter-State Water
Disputes Act and its impact on a suit filed under Article 131 of the
Constitution. It was held that the question of maintainability has to be
decided upon the averments made by the plaintiff and the relief sought for and
taking the totality of the same and not by spinning up one paragraph of the
plaint and then deciding the matter. What is necessary to be found out is
whether the assertions made in the plaint filed by the plaintiff-State and the
relief sought for, can be held to be a water dispute, which could be referred
to the tribunal, so as to oust the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court under
Article 131. It must be borne in mind that after allocation of the water
between the two States in exercise of power under sub-Section (1) of Section 78
of the Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966 under the notification dated 24th of
March, 1976, it is the State of Punjab, who had sought for a review of the
notification, claiming increased share of water for Punjab and linked the
matter of construction of SYL Canal with the same. While the request of the
Punjab Government was pending before the Union Government, the State of Haryana
had filed a suit in this Court for a direction to the State of Punjab for
expeditious digging of the Sutlej- Yamuna Link Canal in Punjab territory and
the Punjab Government had also filed a suit, challenging the competence of the
Central Government to make any allocation under Section 78 of the Punjab Reorganisation
Act. During the pendency of these two suits, an agreement was arrived at
between the two plaintiff States viz. the State of Haryana and the State of
Punjab as well as the State of Rajasthan under the intervention of the then
Prime Minister of India and that agreement was arrived at, on 31st December
1981.
The
terms of the agreement were signed by the Chief Ministers of the three States
as well as the then Prime Minister of India. Under the said agreement, the mean supply of 17.17 MAF was allocated
as under:
Share
of Punjab : 4.22 MAF Share of Haryana : 3.50
MAF Share of Rajasthan : 8.60 MAF Quantity earmarked for Delhi Water Supply :
0.20 MAF Share of J& K : 0.65 MAF Clause (4) of the aforesaid agreement was
to the effect:
"(iv)
The Sutlej-Yamuna Link Canal project shall be
implemented in a time bound manner so far as the canal and appurtenant works in
the Punjab territory are concerned within a
maximum period of two years from the date of signing of the agreement so that Haryana
is enabled to draw its allocated share of waters. The canal capacity for the
purpose of design of the canal shall be mutually agreed upon between Punjab and Haryana within 15 days, failing
which it shall be 6500 cusecs, as recommended by former Chairman, Central Water
Commission." On the basis of the aforesaid agreement between the parties,
the two suits that had been filed before this Court were withdrawn and under
the agreement, the notification dated 24th of March, 1976 stood modified to the
extent varied under the agreement. It would thus be apparent that so far as the
State of Haryana is concerned, the earlier allocation of 3.5 MAF of the water
remained the same and it became necessary to construct another canal, almost
parallel to the main canal, as the existing canal system was not capable of
utilizing the allocated share of water to the extent of 3.5 MAF in favour of
the State of Haryana. The order of this Court dated 12th of February 1982 in
these two suits filed, so far as relevant, is quoted herein-below:
"............The
prayer of the plaintiffs for withdrawal of suits is allowed and the suits are
dismissed as withdrawn in view of the agreement dated 31st December, 1981 between the parties to the suits.
There will be no order as to costs." It is a well known fact that the
State of Punjab, soon got plunged into militancy
and it has been averred in the written statement in the present suit that the
work of construction of canal within Punjab was stopped, when militants killed a Chief Engineer and a
Superintending Engineer. According to the defendant-State of Punjab, there was
severe resentment in the State, which culminated in the unfortunate event
leading to serious law and order problem in the said State and ultimately on
24th of July, 1985, an accord was arrived at between the Prime Minister of
India and Sant Harcharan Singh Longowal, commonly called the "Punjab
Settlement".
It is
no doubt true that the aforesaid settlement cannot be said to be a settlement
on behalf of the State of Punjab, as Longowal
had no constitutional authority to enter into any agreement. But the terms of
that settlement, more particularly, paragraph (9) thereof were given effect to,
by appointment of a tribunal to be presided over by a Judge of the Supreme
Court. Paragraph (9) of the said accord is extracted herein below in extenso:
"9.
Sharing of River Waters
9.1
The farmers of Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan will
continue to get water not less than what they are using from the Ravi-Beas
system as on 1.7.85 waters used for consumptive purposes will also remain
unaffected. Quantum of usage claimed shall be verified by the Tribunal referred
to in para 9.2 below.
9.2
The claims of Punjab and Haryana regarding the shares in
their remaining waters will be referred for adjudication to a Tribunal to be
presided over by a Supreme Court Judge.
The
decision of this Tribunal will be rendered within six months and would be
binding on both parties. All legal and constitutional steps required in this
respect be taken expeditiously.
9.3
The construction of the SYL canal shall continue. The canal shall be completed
by 15th August, 1986." Paragraph (9.1) of the
accord reaffirms the share which the States were getting from the Ravi-Beas system
on 1.7.1985.
Paragraph
(9.2) relates to the claim of both the States regarding their share in the
remaining water which was sought to be referred for adjudication to a tribunal
to be presided over by a Judge of the Supreme Court and Paragraph (9.3) was in
relation to the construction of SYL
Canal. The terms and conditions of the
settlement contained in paragraph 9 were recognized by the Parliament and an
amendment was inserted to the Inter-State Water Disputes Act, 1956 by Act 20 of
1986, under which Section 14 was added to the said Act. Section 14 with its
explanation may be extracted herein-below in extenso:
"Section
14: Constitution of Ravi and Beas Waters Tribunal:- (1) Notwithstanding
anything contained in the foregoing provisions of this Act, the Central
Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette , constitute a Tribunal
under this Act, to be known as the Ravi and Beas Waters Tribunal for the
verification and adjudication of the matters referred to in paragraphs 9.1 and
9.2 respectively of the Punjab Settlement.
(2)
When a Tribunal has been constituted under sub-section (1), the provisions of
sub- sections (2) and (3) of Section 4, sub- sections (2), (3) and (4) of
Section 5 and Sections 5A to 13 (both inclusive) of this Act relating to the
constitution, jurisdiction, powers, authority and bar of jurisdiction shall, so
far as may be, but subject to sub- section (3) hereof, apply to the
constitution, jurisdiction, powers, authority and bar of jurisdiction in
relation to the Tribunal constituted under sub-section (1).
(3)
When a Tribunal has been constituted under sub-section (1), the Central
Government alone may suo motu or at the request of the concerned State
Government refer the matters specified in paragraphs 9.1 and 9.2 of the Punjab
Settlement to such Tribunal.
Explanation: For the purposes of this section,
"Punjab Settlement" means the Memorandum of Settlement signed at New Delhi on the 24th day of July,
1985." The Parliament itself, therefore, under Section 14(3) unequivocally
indicated that a tribunal having been constituted under sub-section (1) of
Section 14, the matters specified in paragraphs 9.1 and 9.2 of the Punjab
Settlement could be referred to by the Central Government suo motu or at the
request of the concerned State Government but not the matters specified in
paragraph 9.3 which relates to the construction of SYL Canal. The expression
"Punjab Settlement" has been defined in the explanation to mean the
Memorandum of Settlement signed on 24th of July, 1985. In the teeth of the
legislation referred to above, it is difficult for us to accept the contention
of Dr. Dhawan, appearing for the State of Punjab that the so-called Settlement
of 24th of July, 1985 is nothing but a piece of paper without any sanctity and
is not enforceable. Pursuant to the provisions contained in sub-section (1) of
Section 14, a tribunal has been constituted and the dispute in relation to the
additional share of water from the Ravi-Beas Project and its allocation between
the States of Punjab and Haryana has been referred to the tribunal, which has
passed an interim Award and no final decision has been given. The Parliament,
therefore, having referred the matters of dispute under paragraphs 9.1 and 9.2
to a tribunal under the Inter-State Waters Disputes Act and refraining from
referring the dispute of construction of SYL Canal contained in paragraph 9.3
of the Settlement, is indicative of the fact that the construction of the SYL
Canal has absolutely no connection with the sharing of water between the States
and as such is not a "Water Dispute" within the meaning of Section
2(c) and consequently the question of referring such dispute to a tribunal does
not arise.
In
this view of the matter, howsoever wide meaning the expression "water
dispute" in Section 2(c) of the Inter-State Water Disputes Act be given,
the construction of the canal which is the subject matter of dispute in the
present suit cannot be held to be a "water dispute" within the
meaning of Section 2(c) of the Act and as such, such a suit is not barred under
Article 262 of the Constitution read with Section 11 of the Inter-State Water
Disputes Act. The aforesaid issue must be answered against the defendant and in
favour of the plaintiff State.
ISSUE
NO. 3:
Though
this issue had been framed because of the stand taken by the defendant No. 1 in
the written statement, but in course of hearing of the suit, Dr. Dhawan,
appearing for the State of Punjab did not
seriously press the same. It is also apparent from the written submissions
filed on behalf of the said defendant No. 1, wherein as many as seven
submissions have been enumerated in paragraph 1.5 of Part-A and the question of
limitation had not been raised therein.
Mr. Bobde,
the learned counsel, appearing for the plaintiff, however urged that though Article
112 of the Limitation Act relating to suits by or on behalf of the Central
Government or any State Government is 30 years but the suits filed before the
Supreme Court are specifically excluded from the purview of the same. According
to Mr. Bobde, Legislature, in its wisdom, left matters of limitation to be
prescribed by the Court and this Court in turn, though provided a period of
limitation in Part VIII, Order XL(2) and also so far as applications on
certificate by the High Court are concerned under Order XV(2) but did not
provide any limitation for suits under Article 131, possibly because such
matters are usually of grave public importance. Mr. Bobde also urged that there
has been no delay or latches on the part of Haryana in approaching this Hon'ble Court in view of the fact that cause of
action is a continuous one and even continued till date, as averred in the
plaint.
In our
considered opinion, the present suit cannot be thrown away, either on the
ground of limitation or latches on the part of the plaintiff in approaching the
Court, but we are not required to make an in-depth inquiry on the question of
limitation, since the defendant- State of Punjab did not press the issue seriously.
This issue accordingly is answered in favour of the plaintiff and against the
defendant No. 1.
ISSUE
NO. 1:
This
issue which in fact is the main issue and which covers within itself all the
arguments, both in favour and against, requires a thorough scrutiny of the
materials on record and an in-depth study of the rival submissions made on
behalf of the parties. Before we embark upon an inquiry on this issue, we think
it appropriate to notice at this stage, that when the arguments were closed on 9th August, 2001, we passed the following order:
"This
suit by the State of Haryana is for issuance of a mandatory
injunction to the State of Punjab and/or
the Union of India (UOI) to complete construction of the unfinished SYL canal.
In the written statement filed by the Union of India, there is a positive
averment that construction of SYL canal is solely the responsibility of the
Government of Punjab and the Union of India has made all efforts including
financial assistance to the State of Punjab for early completion of the canal
and further the Government of India will continue to play its role with the
settlement of the disputes between the two States.
In
course of his submissions, learned ASG appearing for the Union of India on
instructions states, that the UOI is still willing to negotiate for arriving at
a settlement between the two States. In view of the several agreements between
the two States, at the intervention of the Prime Minister of India, and the SYL
canal having been substantially completed for which more than Rs. 600 crores of
tax-payers' money has been spent and in view of offer made by the learned ASG,
we observe that notwithstanding hearing of the suit and keeping it reserved for
judgment, the Union Government through the Ministry of Water Resources and with
the blessings of the Prime Minister may continue the negotiations with the
Chief Ministers of the two States, namely, Punjab and Haryana and we hope that
if the Prime Minister intervenes with right earnest, then the dispute with
regard to the construction of canal could be amicably settled and the Court
will not be required to issue any order either way. The so-called settlement,
if any, may be made within four weeks from today and if any settlement is
arrived at then the same may be intimated to the Court. A copy of our order may
be handed over to the learned ASG." Having waited for the period of four
weeks, when no intimation was received from the Union of India, we have
proceeded to the judgment painfully, as in our view, it was indeed for the
Central Government to see that the canal is excavated and the recalcitrant
State should have been prevailed upon. In a semi-federal system of Government,
which has been adopted under the Indian Constitution, all the essential powers,
both legislative and executive have been conferred upon the Central Government.
True Federalism means the distribution of power between a Central Authority and
the Constituent Units. Dicey's concept of federalism is a national constitution
for a body of States, which desire union and do not desire unity. According to
him, a federal State is a political contrivance intended to reconcile national
unity and power with the maintenance of State rights. The essence of a
federation is, therefore, existence of a Union
and its States and the division of power between the Union and the States. If the component parts of a State
have no power of policy decision in any field, but are confined to carrying out
Central Government directives through the medium of an institutional fabric of
federal form, it is not a federal but a unitary State. Political integrity of
the Union and each State seems to be
essential to the federal concept. Authors, therefore, described our Government
to be one federal in structure but somewhat unitary in spirit. Constitution of India, defines the political authority,
locates the sources of political power and indicates, how the power has to be
exercised, setting out the limits on its own use. Our constitution is more than
fifty years old and during this half century, several developments have taken
place, which have moulded the working of the Constitution and brought out
several difficulties in its working and has provoked a number of controversies.
In the pre-independence politics in this country, the Congress Party was
committed to secure more powers for the provinces. But soon after independence,
the political scenario changed and the need for power sharing devices was
subordinated to the imperatives of State's security and stability. Weakness and
lack of confidence propelled the thrust towards centralisation. Unity of the
country was perceived as a paramount need. The partition of the country and the
events that followed in its aftermath, were events between commencement and
completion of work of the Constituent Assembly. These events have left
indelible imprint in several of its provisions, including the scheme of
distribution of legislative power. The second Report of 5th July, 1947 of the Union Constitution Committee
having taken note of the facts then prevalent, unequivocally recorded that weak
Centre would be injurious to the interests of the country. The said Report
states:
"We
have accordingly come to the conclusion a conclusion which was also reached by
the Union Constitution Committee that the soundest framework for our
Constitution is a federation with a strong Centre." It is in this context,
Mr. Bobde, appearing for the plaintiff- State of Haryana urged that if a State
does not abide by the discipline of the Constitution and goes to the extent of
flouting its basic structure, it is the duty of the Union of India to set things
right and where the Union fails in its duty, the Supreme Court must intervene
to correct the situation.
According
to the learned counsel, if balance of our federalism is upset by a recalcitrant
State which proceeds to act as if it has no obligations to other States or to
the nation as a whole and the Union remains a mute spectator either for the
lack of political will or any reason whatever, then the Supreme Court will have
to step in and preserve the basic feature of federalism. According to the learned
counsel, the principle of "co-operative" federalism has been accepted
in all modern democracies and we in India have a strong unitary tilt in the Constitution, where unlike the United States of America, the constitution points to the
primacy of the Union.
The
learned counsel further urged that constitution has conferred power on the
parliament to alter the boundaries and territories of all States and the Union can never allow secession. It is further imperative
that in every matter that concerns the interests of the nation, the Union has to ensure that the Constitution is faithfully
observed in letter and spirit by the States. Mr. Bobde urged that the Union cannot allow any State to act in a manner that is
hostile towards another State or the Union
nor would allow a State to renege on its commitments. Mr. Bobde went a step
ahead to urge that the State represents its inhabitants. If the rights of the
inhabitants under the Constitution gets adversely affected by any action or
inaction of another State or the Union,
then those rights are enforceable. According to the learned counsel, the need
of the State of Haryana to have SYL Canal being for the purpose of utilizing
the quantity of water that has already been allocated in its favour by the
Government of India under the provisions of the Punjab Reorganisation Act and
the State of Haryana has no other source to get water and which was a part of
the State of Punjab prior to its formation, any denial to get the allocated
quantity of water for being utilized in the State of Haryana would be a
deprivation of their rights under Article 21 and the State has been compelled
to file the suit mainly because the mighty Union with all its power under the
constitution as well as the power derived from the citizens of the country, has
failed to discharge its constitutional obligation either in persuading the
recalcitrant State of Punjab to get the canal dug and failing persuasion, to
get it executed otherwise.
Dr. Dhawan,
appearing for the State of Punjab in this
connection submitted that the digging of SYL
Canal is highly sensitive political
issue, connected to the conditions of turmoil and uncertainty which prevailed
in the State of Punjab as already stated in the written
statement. According to him ever-since the day of inauguration of digging of
canal by the then Prime Minister Mrs. Indira Gandhi, the farmers of Punjab boiled with resentment and
physically interfered with the digging of canal. Such popular resentment still
prevailed in the State of Punjab which
culminated in the unfortunate event leading to serious Law and Order problem in
the State of Punjab. The simmering discontentment which
prevailed amongst the people of Punjab, got further aggravated on account of the so-called settlement signed
by the then Prime Minister of India and Late Sardar Harchand Singh Longowal on
24.7.1985 and even the forcible digging of canal was ultimately stopped. This
being the position, it would not be in the interest of any concern or in the
interest of the nation to issue any direction for digging of the canal.
According
to the learned counsel, India no-doubt has a strong centralized centripetal
system, which can bring recalcitrant States into line by a combined use of
Article 355 and 365, but the Indian Federal system is also based upon certain
admitted features like territorial vulnerability; empowerment to the union;
State autonomy; A complex set of institutions and process to resolve disputes
and enable governance; and the judiciary's inclusion and exclusion from many
areas depending on the nature of the issue. Federalism no-doubt is the part of
the basic structure of the Constitution and the processes which are
specifically designated by the Constitution for specific purposes.
According
to Dr. Dhawan, India's federal system was devised to
enable a wide range of distribution of powers, directions, schemes, contractual
and non-contractual agreements, in order to facilitate governance. Within this
scheme, the judiciary especially the Supreme Court plays an important role in
matters for interpretation and adjudication. But not all aspects of these
arrangements were deemed to be legally enforceable or regarded as judicially
manageable.
According
to the learned counsel, some areas of judicial unmanageability are delineated
in the Constitution itself.
Bearing
in mind, the aforesaid principles and taking into account the claim made by the
State of Haryana, it must be said that the entitlements of Haryana cannot be
treated as private law entitlements with private implications but only as
public entitlements with public implications, including the social, economic,
political and security implications and, therefore, the Court would be well
advised, not to issue any direction in relation to the digging of SYL Canal.
Having
regard to the submissions made by the counsel appearing for the two neighbouring
States, who are fighting tenaciously like two adjacent owners and when the
Union government is keeping silence over the matter, as is apparent from the
fact that notwithstanding our order on the close of the arguments, there has
been no intimation to us from the Union Government through its counsel learned
Additional Solicitor General, we will be failing in our duty if we do not
notice faithfully what transpired in course of hearing.
Initially,
to our query as to the role and the stand of the Union Government, the counsel
who was appearing for the Union Government, candidly stated that the Union has
no role to play in the dispute between the two states and such a stand on the
part of the Union Government would not be appreciated by the Court while
hearing the matter. It is only when the Court expressed its disapproval to the
stand taken by the Union Government, learned Additional Solicitor General
appeared and initially prayed for an adjournment of hearing of the suit so as
to enable the Union government to play its role effectively. As we had already
started hearing of the suit and had by then heard for a considerable period,
when we found it not possible to adjourn the matter, we heard learned Additional
Solicitor General and then at the conclusion of the hearing, passed the order,
which we have already quoted earlier. But nothing appears to have happened and
to us, it appears that in the controversy between the two states, the Union
Government is feeling embarrassed to take any positive decision, which in our
view is not in the interest of the nation. The founding fathers of the
Constitution, advocated for a strong Central Government, so that there would
not be any disintegration of the States and the Central power would be able to
keep the States within its limits and will be able to force the States, in the
matter of good governance of the States, which would benefit the inhabitants of
the States, the inhabitants of the neighbouring States and the country as a
whole.
Within
India, the Indus basin lies in Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana
and Rajasthan. Most of the basin in Pakistan lies in North-West Frontier
Province, namely Punjab and Sind. According to the pre-1947 political sub-divisions,
the Indus basin in India comprised the British Provinces of the Punjab,
N.W.F.P. and Sind, as well as the then princely States of Jammu and Kashmir, Patiala,
Nabha, Faridkot, Jind, Kapurthala, Bikaner, Bahawalpur, Jaisalmer, Khairpur, Bilaspur,
Mandi, Chamba and several other small States in the Punjab hills, the
North-West Frontier States and tribal areas, together with parts of the British
Province of Baluchistan and of the Indian States of Jodhpur and Jaipur.
Approximately 46 million people lived in this basin in 1947 with agriculture as
the pivot of their economy. The Northern and Western boundaries of the Indus
basin are clearly marked by mountains and hills;
towards
the south, however the limits of the basin are relatively obscure. The
north-west mountain wall, comprising the Himalayan ranges and Siwaliks, has a
great influence on the physiography of the Indus region and the hydrology of
the region. The partition between India and Pakistan in 1947, which created a
new political boundary in fact cut across the Indus system of rivers and canals
from which 26 million acres of irrigated agriculture had already been
established and from which rivers many million acres of arid lands were still
waiting to be developed in turn. The Indus basin, a geographical entity, as
patent as anywhere else in the world, was divided between two henceforth
sovereign nations. Several proposals for sharing of water had been mooted, but
ultimately the proposal for a partition with a territorial division of rivers,
giving to India the exclusive use of the three Eastern Rivers (Sutlej, Beas and
Ravi) and to Pakistan the use of the waters of the three Western Rivers was
accepted, and an Indus Water Treaty was entered into between India and
Pakistan. Government of India had to pay a contribution which was fixed at 62.5
million Pounds to Pakistan. Development of river water resources for purposes
of irrigation and generation of hydro-electric power has been progressing
steadily since independence. Many multi- purpose river valley schemes have been
executed on interstate rivers. In many of these projects the states have
cooperated in jointly developing the river concerned in an integrated manner,
thus deriving the optimum benefits out of a river. But notwithstanding the same
the existence of friction amongst the States, through which river flows
continues and such friction between two States or two or more States has been
continuing on account of lack of political will at the central level to deal
with the problem with determination. The lack of interstate cooperation is the
main factor leading to such dispute for sharing the water of a river.
Even
as between two States Punjab and Haryana, which at one point of time
constituted only a single State, the dispute for additional allocation of water
from this Ravi Beas basin is still pending un-resolved before a Tribunal, which
had been constituted way back in the year 1986 in pursuance to the so-called 'Longowal
Agreement'. We are not concerned in the present suit with regard to the Award
that has been passed by the said Tribunal on 30th January, 1987;
but we
are certainly concerned with the continuance of such a Tribunal presided over
by a retired Judge of this Court, who is sitting idle as the other members of
the Tribunal had not been appointed or for some other reason, and continuance
of such a Tribunal has become a source of drainage from the public exchequer
without getting any return. It transpires, after the Tribunal passed the Award
on 30th January, 1987, an application under Section 5(3) of the Interstate
River Water Disputes Act was filed by the State of Punjab on 19th August, 1987,
and no final decision has been taken on that application as a result of which
the Central Government has not published the decision of the Tribunal in the
Official Gazette, as required under Section 6 of Interstate River Water
Disputes Act. We really fail to understand why such a high powered Tribunal
supposed to decide a water dispute, referred to it, between the States of
Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan in relation to use, distribution or control of
extra water from the Ravi Beas system, which Tribunal in terms of paragraphs
9.1 and 9.2 of Longowal Agreement dated 24th July, 1985, would be permitted to
just sit idle and why the Central Government in the appropriate Ministry has
not bestowed any attention for the proper functioning of such Tribunal. A Judge
by virtue of his training, always acts in a manner so as to avoid public
criticism for his conduct. A retired Supreme Court Judge, who has been appointed
as the Chairman of a Water Disputes Tribunal, would certainly not like to sit
idle at the cost of huge drainage from the public exchequer and even otherwise,
it would be beneath his dignity to continue as Chairman, without doing any
work.
The manner
in which this tribunal headed by a retired Judge of the Supreme Court has been
allowed to continue, has already been a matter of severe public criticism. To
avoid any further embarrassment and criticism we expect that the Central
Government would do well in filling up the vacancies in the Tribunal and the
Tribunal also would do well in concluding the proceeding before it, as
expeditiously as possible.
Coming
to the question of construction of SYL canal, it appears that way back in
January 29, 1955 in a meeting called by the Government of India of all the
concerned States a decision had been taken, allocating 5.90 MAF in favour of
undivided State of Punjab. We are not concerned with the allocation made in favour
of other States, like, Rajasthan, Kashmir and Pepsu. Several projects had been
taken like Madhopur Beas Link, Madhopur Head works with the idea that the water
from river Beas is diverted and is available for the utilisation to the States
of undivided Punjab and Rajasthan at Harike. The government had also proposed Beas
Project Unit I and Unit II which comprised of Beas Sutlej Link and this project
had started much before reorganisation and division of the undivided Punjab.
Since no river was flowing within the State of Haryana and the State had no
other water resources, even before the creation of the Haryana Development
Committee had been set up, which Committee had submitted its report
recommending the surplus Ravi Beas water for Haryana region, as is apparent
from Exhibit-P/21. The undivided State of Punjab was bifurcated into two States of Punjab and Haryana with effect from
1.11.1966, under the Parliamentary Act, called 'The Punjab Reorganisation Act,
1966. Under the Parliamentary Legislation a provision had been engrafted
providing that rights and liabilities of the existing State of Punjab in
relation to Bhakra Nangal Project and Beas Project, shall on the appointed day,
be the rights and liabilities of successor State in such proportion, as may be
fixed and subject to such adjustment, as may be made by an agreement entered
into by the said States, after consultation with the Central Government, or if
no such agreement is entered into within two years of the appointed day, as the
Central Government may by order determine having regard to the purposes of the
projects. The aforesaid Section of Punjab Re-organisation Act stipulated that
the order so made by the Central Government could be varied by any subsequent
agreement entered by the successor State after consultation with the Central
Government. In exercise of the aforesaid power, the Government of India in the
Ministry of Irrigation, determined the rights and liabilities in relation to
the Beas Project as the two States, namely, Punjab and Haryana could not reach
an agreement and a Notification was issued on 24th March, 1976. It would be
appropriate at this stage to extract a portion of the aforesaid Notification
for better appreciation of the controversy in issued:- "NOW THEREFORE, ion
exercise of the powers conferred by sub-section (1) of section 78 of the Punjab
Re-organisation Act, 1966 (31 of 1966), the Central government hereby makes the
following determination, namely:- Taking note of the facts that Haryana has
large arid tract and also several drought prone areas and the present
development of irrigation in the State of Haryana is substantially less as
compares to that in the State of Punjab, and further taking into consideration
that comparatively large quantity of water is needed for irrigation in the
State of Haryana and there is limited availability of water from other sources
in the State, the Central Government hereby directs that out of the water which
would have become available to the esrtwhile State of Punjab on completion of
the Beas Project (0.12 MAF whereof is earmarked for Delhi Water Supply), the
State of Haryana will get 3.5 MAF and the State of Punjab will get the
remaining quantity not exceeding 3.5 MAF. When further conservation works on
the Ravi are completed, Punjab will gewt 3.5 of 7.2 MAF which is the share of
the erstwhile State of Punjab. The remaining 0.08 MAF, out of 7.2 MAF is
recommended as additional quantum of water for Delhi water supply for
acceptance by both the Governments of Punjab and Haryana.
AND
WHEREAS the above allocation on completion of the Beas Project is based on the
1921-45 flow series corresponding to availability of 11.24 MAF in the Beas at Mandi
Plain (after allowing for 1.61 MAF as pre-partition uses) and the availability
of 4.61 MAF in the Ravi after allowing for pre-partition uses and losses in the
Madhopur Beas Link.
AND
WHEREAS the fluctuations in the Ravi flow have a very small effect on the
availability of water on completion of the Beas Project;" Even prior to
the aforesaid Notification issued by the Government of India the concept of
having SYL Canal had already emerged, which is apparent from Exhibit P-17, a
communication from the Government of Haryana to the Central Government dated
October 21, 1969. The relevant paragraphs from the aforesaid communication,
Exhibit P-17 are quoted hereunder :- "6. It is also important to point out
that Haryana Government have prepared a scheme linking Sutlej basin with
Western Yamuna Canal basin for utilising its share of 4.8 MAF when the same is
harnessed after the completion of the Beas Sutlej Link by 1973-74. The Project
estimate was submitted to the Government of India, Ministry of Irrigation and
Power of scrutiny and approval.
The
Government of India have intimated that the allocation of Ravi-Beas waters may
be got finalised before the Scheme is taken up for scrutiny.
7. The
Haryana State can have its share out of the Ravi-Beas waters only through Bhakra
and it would be a pity if the State is not in a position to utilise its share
of waters for want of adequate l;inks. The proposed scheme is, therefore, very vital
for Haryana and accordingly the entire provision for the Scheme costing Rs.27 crores
has been recommended by the State Government for being spent during the Fourth
Five Year Plan. It is accordingly very essential that the allocation of
7.2
MAF to erstwhile Punjab State is apportioned between the two successor States
without any loss of time so that this State may be able to execute the
afore-mentioned major scheme during the 4th Five Year Plan.
8.
Since the two successor States have not come to an agreement/decision in the
matter, it is requested that the matter may be decided under Section 78 of the
Punjab Re- organisation Act, 1966 wherein the Government of India take a
decision aftwer the stipulated period of two years which expired on
1.11.1968." On the demand of the State of Haryana the Central Government
appointed a high level Committee of experts in April 24, 1970, under Exhibit
P-18 and the said Committee submitted a report in February 1971 under Exhibit P(D)-3
recommending 3.782 MAF to Haryana and 3.087 MAF to Punjab. But that
recommendation was referred by the Planning Commission to the Chairman, Central
Water and Power Commission Shri Y.K. Murthy under Exhibit P-19 and Shri Murthy
had submitted a report introducing a concept of "divisible pool" but
finally the Government of India made the determination by issuing a
Notification on 24th March, 1976, as already stated. The State of Haryana could
draw its share in the surplus Ravi-Beas waters from Bhakra Nangal complex on
the river Sutlej where the supplies of Ravi and Beas are available and that is
why the proposal for construction of SYL Canal had been mooted, part of the
canal being in the State of Punjab. The State of Haryana all along has been
insisting for the completion of SYL canal and has been requesting the State of
Punjab and the Central Government reiterating inter alia that the large arid
tract of Haryana and several drought prone areas would need water badly and,
therefore unless the allocated share of water is allowed to be diverted by
digging an additional Link canal, as the existing main line canal will not be
in a position to get the water allocated to Haryana, for being utilised through
the said canal. Though the State of Haryana started constructing the canal
within its territory in 1976 and completed the same by June 1980, and a huge
amount has been spent on that score but the construction of canal within the
territory of Punjab was a non starter. When the persuation on the part of the
State of Haryana failed they filed a suit in this Court, which was registered
as Suit No. 1 of 1979 for implementation of the order of the Union Government
dated 24th March, 1976 and for the construction of SYL Canal within the
territory of Punjab within a period of 2 years. As a counter blast to the
aforesaid suit the State of Punjab also
filed a suit in this Court, which was registered as Suit No. 2 of 1979,
challenging the validity of the order of Government of India dated 24th March, 1976 and also challenging the validity
of Section 78 of the Punjab Re-organisation Act, 1966. While two suits were
pending in this Court an agreement was arrived at between the States of Haryana,
Punjab and Rajasthan in the presence of the Prime Minister of India on 31st
December, 1981, vide Exhibit P-2 and on account of the aforesaid agreement the
Suits filed by the two States stood withdrawn by order dated 12th February,
1982.
At
this stage, it would be appropriate to extract the relevant portions of the
agreement Exhibit P-2 as well as the order of this Court dated 12th February, 1982.
Exhibit
P-2 WHEREAS the Punjab Government sought a review of the aforesaid notification
for increasing the allocation of Punjab and linked this matter to the
construction of the Sutlej-Yamuna Link Canal for Haryana in Punjab territory and,
WHEREAS the Government of Haryana filed a suit in the Supreme Court praying
inter-alia that a directive be issued to Punjab for expeditiously undertaking
construction of the Sutlej Yamuna Link Canal in Punjab territory and for
declaring that the notification of the Government of India allocation the
waters becoming available as a result of the Beas Project issued on 24th March,
1976, is final and binding;
xx xx xx
xx xx "Now, therefore, we the Chief Ministers of Haryana, Rajasthan and
Punjab keeping in view the overall National interest and desirous of speedy and
optimum utilisation of waters of the Ravi and Beas Rivers and also having
regard to the imperative need to resolve speedily the difference relating to
the use of these waters in a spirit of give and take do hereby agree as under :-
"iv. The Sutlej-Yamuna Link Canal Project shall be implemented in a time
bound manner so far as the canal and appurtenant works in the Punjab territory are concerned within a
maximum period of two years from the date of signing of the agreement so that Haryana
is enabled to draw its allocated share of waters. The canal capacity for the
purpose of design of the canal shall be mutually agreed upon between Punjab and Haryana within 15 days, failing
which it shall be 6500 cusecs as recommended by former Chairman, Central Water
Commission.
Regarding
the claim of Rajasthan to convey 0.51 MAF of water through Sutlej-Yamuna Link Bhakhra
system, Secretary, Ministry of Irrigation, Government of India will hold
discussion with Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan with a view
to reaching an acceptable solution. These discussions shall be concluded in a
period of 15 days from the date of affixing signatures herein and before the
work starts. If no mutually acceptable agreement is reached, the decision of
Secretary, Ministry of Irrigation to be given within this period shall be
binding on all the parties. In case it is found necessary to increase the
capacity of Sutlej-Yamuna Link Canal beyond that decided under above
sub-para in any or entire reach thereof, the States concerned shall implement
the link canal in a time bound manner with such increased capacity at the cost
of Rajasthan Government.
The
differences with regard to the alignment of the Link Canal and appurtenant works in the Punjab territory would be discussed by the
Haryana and Punjab Governments who should agree to mutually acceptable canal
alignment in Punjab territory including appurtenant
works within a period of three months from the date of signing of this
agreement. If however, the State Governments are unable to reach complete
agreement within this period the matter shall be decided by the Central
Government within a period of two weeks. Both the State Governments shall
cooperate fully to enable Central Government to take timely decision in this
regard.
The
decision of the Central Government in this matter shall be final and binding on
both the Governments and the Canal and appurtenant works in Punjab territory shall be implemented in
full by Punjab Government. However, work on the already agreed reaches of the
alignment would start within fifteen days of the signing of the agreement and
work within the other reaches immediately after the alignment has been decided Haryana
shall provide necessary funds to the Punjab Government for surveys,
investigations and considerations of the Link Canal and appurtenant works in
Punjab territory./ Whereas a result of acquisition of land, extreme hardship is
caused to families the Punjab Government shall forward to the Haryana
Government suitable proposals for relieving hardship in line with such schemes
in Pounjab undertaken in respect of similar Canal works in Punjab territory.
The Haryana Government shall arrange to bear the cost of such proposals. In the
event, however, of any difference of opinion arising on the question of sharing
such cost, the parties shall abide by decision of the Secretary, Ministry of
Irrigation, Government of India. The progress of the work shall not, however,
be delayed on this account.
The
Central Government will be requested to monitor the progress of the work being
carried out in Punjab territory. v. The Agreement reached
in Paras (I) to (iv) above shall be implemented in full by the Government of Haryana,
Rajasthan and Punjab. If any signatory State feels that
any of the provisions of the Agreement are not being complied with, the matter
shall be referred to the Central Government whose decision shall be binding on
all the States.
In
this respect the Central Government shall be competent to issue such directions
or take such measures as may be appropriate and ensure such compliance.
vi.
The suits filed by the Government of Haryana and Punjab in the Supreme Court would be withdrawn by the respective
Governments without any reservations whatsoever but subject to the terms of
this agreement.
vii.
The notification of the Government of India allocating the waters becoming
available as a result of the Beas Project issued on 24th March, 1976, and
published in the Gazette of India, Part II, sections, the Section (ii) as well
as the 1966 Agreement stand modified to the extent by this Agreement and shall
be in force as modified herein.
In
case of any difference on interpretation of this Agreement, the matter will be
referred to the Central Government whose decision shall be final." Order
dated February 12, 1982:- "In these suits, the
plaintiffs namely, Government of Punjab and Haryana have filed petitions for
withdrawal of suits as the dispute between the States have been settled between
the parties and they are permitted to withdraw the suits in view of the
agreement dated 31st
December, 1981 between
the plaintiffs and the State of Rajasthan. The applications for withdrawal have been made on the basis of the
agreement dated 31st
December, 1981 reached
between the aforesaid parties.
A
number of applications to intervene and impleading parties to the suits have
been made, but these applications have been made by the private parties who
have absolutely no locus to appear in the suits. This matter has now been
concluded by the decision of this Court in 1978 (1) SCR 1 State of Rajasthan
and Others etc. etc. vs. Union of India etc. etc. which followed an earlier
decision of this Court in 1970 (2) SCR 522 State of Bihar vs. Union of India
and another.
Moreover,
the plain language of Article 131 of the Constitution clearly shows that this
Court has only a limited jurisdiction to hear suits filed by the States interse
or suits between States and Union Government. Article 131, therefore, does not
contemplate any other party to be heard or to intervene in the matter. For
these reasons, therefore, the applications for intervention and impleading
parties are rejected. The prayer of the plaintiffs for withdrawal of suits is
allowed and the suits are dismissed as withdrawn in view of the agreement dated
31st December, 1981 between the parties to the suits.
There will be no order as to costs".
It may
be stated at this stage that this agreement dated 31st December, 1981, which resulted in increase in the share of water to
Punjab, while keeping the share of Haryana
unchanged was very much appreciated by the Government of Punajb, as is apparent
from Exhibit P-14. Between 1982 to 1985, the SYL Canal within the territory of Punjab was constructed and a major portion had been completed.
Subsequent
to the insurgency in the State of Punajb and the operation 'Blue Star' by the Government of India, the State of Punajb was in turmoil. However under the
persuasion of the then Prime Minister of India Late Rajiv Gandhi, the then
President of Shiromani Akali Dal, Sant Harchand Singh Longowal entered into an
agreement commonly known as "Punjab Settlement". Exhibits P3 and P14
and Paragraph 9 of the said agreement were in relation to sharing of river
waters. It is significant to notice that while paragraphs 9.1 and 9.2 relating
to the sharing of water from Ravi-Beas system were required to be referred for
adjudication to a tribunal, to be presided by a Judge of the Supreme Court,
paragraph 9.3 unequivocally indicated that construction of SYL Canal shall
continue and shall be completed by 15th of August, 1986. It is true, as is
contended by Dr. Rajiv Dhawan that the aforesaid agreement was entered into by Sant
Harchand Singh Longowal, the then President of the Shiromani Akali Dal and as
such, has no constitutional sanctity to bind the State of Punjab. But having
regard to the fact that in terms of paragraphs 9.1 and 9.2, a tribunal was
constituted and even the provisions of the Inter-State Water Disputes Act were
amended, thereby granting Parliamentary recognition to the so-called agreement,
the terms of the said agreement cannot be thrown out as a piece of paper only.
The
tribunal, as stated earlier, submitted its report on 30th of January, 1987 and
even though the construction of canal was not a matter of reference to the
tribunal, but yet the tribunal took notice of the fact that the SYL Canal
construction is complete within the State of Haryana and is under construction
in the Punjab area and it also noticed the fact that this canal is the lifeline
for the farmers of Haryana and unless it is expeditiously completed, Haryana
will not be in a position to utilize the full quantum of water allocated to it
hereunder. The experession 'hereunder' obviously refers to the extra allocation
of water under the award of the Ravi- Beas tribunal, which award has not yet
been notified. But at the same time, the importance of the canal even for full
utilization of the water that has been already allocated in favour of Haryana,
cannot be minimised in any way. It is an admitted fact that for construction of
Punjab portion of the SYL Canal, more
than Rs.560 Crores have already been spent, as is apparent from Exh. P-13 and
the entire money has been paid by the Govt. of India. It is indeed a matter of
great concern that while huge amount of public exchequer has been spent in the
construction of the canal and only a few portion of the canal within the
territory of Punjab has not been dug, the canal is not being put to use on the
mere insistence of the State of Punajb. The attitude of the State of Punjab to say the least, is wholly
unreasonable dogmatic and is against the national interest. It is equally a
matter of great concern for this Court that the Central Government is taking an
indifferent attitude in the matter and is only trying to while away the time,
even though continues to pay the State of Punjab substantially, even for
maintenance of the operation of canal that has already been dug. From the
record, it transpires that in February, 1991, the Prime Minister of India had
convened a meeting of the concerned authorities of the State of Haryana and
Punjab, in which meeting certain decisions had been taken, including a decision
to employ the mobilisation of the officers of Border Road Organisation, but
even that decision could not be implemented and the Chief Minister of Haryana
had been reminding the Prime Minister of India by writing letters, seeking
intervention of the Prime Minister for completion of the Punjab portion of the
canal.
While
the matter stood thus, a news item having appeared in a Delhi Newspaper,
indicated that the Punjab Chief Minister had rejected any move to start
reconstruction of the SYL Canal, the State of Haryana was compelled to file the present suit. In a matter like this, it is
true that a decree of a Court in either way is not that effective, as it is the
political will of the authorities and the will of the people that matters. But
at the same time when the political authority becomes dogmatic, unreasonable
and indicates an attitude of irresponsible nature and when the court finds that
nothing is moving even though there has been a large-scale drainage of public
exchequer and that the decision to have the canal had been reached on an
agreement of all concerned, representing the will of the people, the Court must
pass appropriate orders and directions. What really bothers us most is the
functioning of the political parties, who assume power to do whatever that
suits and whatever would catch the vote-bank. They forget for a moment that the
constitution conceives of a Government to be manned by the representatives of
the people, who get themselves elected in an election. The decisions taken at
the governmental level should not be so easily nullified by a change of
government and by some other political party assuming power, particularly when
such a decision affects some other State and the interest of the nation as a
whole. It cannot be disputed that so far as policy is concerned, a political
party assuming power is entitled to engraft the political philosophy behind the
party, since that must be held to be the will of the people. But in the matter
of governance of a State or in the matter of execution of a decision taken by a
previous government, on the basis of a consensus arrived at, which does not
involve any political philosophy, the succeeding government must be held duty
bound to continue and carry on the unfinished job rather than putting a stop to
the same.
Dr. Rajiv
Dhawan, appearing for the State of Punjab referred to the averments made on
behalf of the State of Haryana in its replication to the effect: - "the
existing system through which the Haryana received Ravi Beas waters namely the Bhakra
Canal can carry only about 1.62 MAF" and submitted that in view of this
statement made by the State of Haryana and there being no further final
decision of the tribunal which had been appointed by the Central Government to
determine the share of the respective States from the waters available under Ravi-Beas
basin, the so- called agreement/decision in relation to the construction of SYL
Canal, is nothing but a futility and, therefore, this Court should not issue
any mandatory order in relation to the digging of the canal in the absence of
any right being established by the State of Haryana.
According
to Dr. Dhawan, the future utilization of the water resources not yet been
determined, the Court need not embark upon an adjudication relating to
construction of the canal. According to Dr. Dhawan, the decision taken by the
undivided State of Punjab in 1955 and the utilization as proposed in various
project reports and acted upon prior to reorganisation of the State of Punjab
in 1966, would not have been altered and should not be altered and neither the
order of the Central Government in exercise of power under Section 78 of the
Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966 nor the so-called agreement dated 31st
December, 1981, could be construed to have conferred an enforceable right on
the State of Haryana to get a mandatory order of injunction against the State
of Punjab for getting the unfinished portion of the canal within the territory
of Punjab. According to Dr. Dhawan, non obstante clause in Section 78(1) of the
Punjab Reorganisation Act as well as the scheme of Section 78 to Section 80 of
the said Act, unequivocally indicates that the said power is for distribution
of water and power on "project-wise" and "river- wise"
basis and the two projects which stood included have been mentioned to be Beas
(Unit I and II) and Bhakra Nangal, and therefore, it would not be legal or
equitable to bring within its concept any other project or river water for the
purpose of the sharing between the two States. The learned counsel also
contended that non-mention of the Thien (now Ranjit Sagar) Dam or Madhopur Beas
Link, is sufficient to indicate that those projects are to serve different
purposes between different States and the same cannot be brought by implication
since some aspects of it have been mentioned in the Beas Project. Dr. Dhawan
concedes that in the Project Report, the expression "integrated development"
has been used but a distinction must be drawn between the allocation of share
of water from different rivers and integrated development of the projects.
According to the learned counsel, integrated development is distinct from
independent allocation of share of water and this being the position, the
entire basis on which the State of Haryana has filed the suit for completion of the SYL Canal falls through.
Dr. Dhawan
also went to the extent of arguing that an order passed by the Central
Government under Section 78 of the Reorgansiation Act being outside the scope
of the Act itself, must be read down to make it legal and the only way the same
has to be read down is that the order is an Executive order, not enforceable
being beyond the scope of the Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966. In relation to
the so-called agreement entered into by the Chief Ministers of different States
and the Prime Minister of India dated 31st of December, 1981, Dr. Dhawan
contends that the agreement read as a whole, more particularly, Clause (7)
thereof unequivocally indicates that it incorporates fresh terms treating the
order of the Central Government dated 24th of March, 1976 as an Executive order
and re-works a fresh denovo agreement taking into account the agreement of 1955
and that agreement stood repudiated on 5.11.1985. It is further contended that
the said agreement is political in nature and thus cannot assume the
characteristic of conferring an enforceable right on the State of Haryana. So far as the Punjab Accord of 1985
is concerned, it is contended that the same cannot assume the status of an
agreement under the constitution and on the other hand, it must be held to be a
political thicket entered into between the Prime Minister and the head of the
political party, who neither was constitutionally entitled to sign any
agreement, binding the citizens of the State, and in any event the said terms
of agreement were rendered inoperative by the force of circumstances and stood
frustrated by the subsequent events.
According
to Dr. Dhawan in the continued threat of militancy and the canal itself being
in a totally damaged condition and no legal rights having accrued in favour of
the State of Haryana for getting the canal constructed, this Court will not be
justified in issuing an order of mandatory injunction, mandating the State of
Punjab to construct the unfinished portion of the canal. It is the submission
of Dr. Dhawan that relief of mandatory injunction being discretionary, the
Court while exercising the discretion, must bear in mind all facts and
circumstances as well as the consequences thereof and taking into account the
fact that Punjab has already passed through one of the dark periods of
militancy in the history of the country, it would not be advisable to issue any
order of injunction in exercise of the discretionary power of the Court.
Dr. Dhawan,
in course of his oral arguments as well as in his written submissions referred
to those averments made in the written statement of the State of Punjab,
indicating the turmoil situation through which the State has passed and on that
basis tried to emphasise the fact that any order or direction from the Court to
construct the canal within the territory of Punjab would again bring an uncanny
situation in the State and therefore, this Court should resist from issuing any
such order or direction which may not be in the national interest.
Having
given anxious consideration to the submissions made by Dr. Dhawan, appearing
for the State of Punjab, we are of the considered opinion
that those submissions are of no consequence and there could not be any fetter
on the power of this Court to issue appropriate directions. We have already
indicated the genesis of the construction of SYL Canal as well as the allocation of water
in favour of the State of Haryana and
the agreements entered into between the States in the presence of the Prime
Minister of India, which ultimately led to the withdrawal of the earlier suits
filed in this Court. The State Governments having entered into agreements among
themselves on the intervention of the Prime Minister of the country, resulting
in withdrawal of the pending suits in the Court, cannot be permitted to take a
stand contrary to the agreements arrived at between themselves. We are also of
the considered opinion that it was the solemn duty of the Central Government to
see that the terms of the agreement are complied with in toto. That apart, more
than Rs.700 crores of public revenue cannot be allowed to be washed down the
drain, when the entire portion of the canal within the territory of Haryana has
already been completed and major portion of the said canal within the territory
of Punjab also has been dug, leaving only minor patches within the said
territory of Punjab. If the apprehension of the State is that on account of
digging of canal, the State of Haryana would draw more water than that which
has been allocated in its favour, then the said apprehension also is thoroughly
unfounded inasmuch as the source for drawing of water is only from the
reservoir, which lies within the territory of Punjab and a drop of water will
not flow within the canal unless the connecting doors are open.
But
the quantity of water that has already been allocated in favour of the State of
Haryana, must be allowed to be drawn and that
can be drawn only if the additional link canal is completed inasmuch as the
existing Bhakara Main Canal has the capacity of supplying of
only 1.62 MAF of water. This being the position, we unhesitatingly hold that
the plaintiff- State of Haryana has made out a case for issuance of an order of
injunction in the mandatory form against the State of Punjab to complete the
portion of the SYL Canal, which remains incomplete and in the event the State
of Punjab fails to complete the same, then the Union Government-defendant No. 2
must see to its completion, so that the money that has already been spent and
the money which may further be spent could at least be utilized by the
countrymen. We have examined the materials from the stand point of existence of
a prime facie case, balance of convenience and irreparable loss and injury and
we are satisfied that the plaintiff has been able to establish each one of the
aforesaid criteria and as such is entitled to the injunction sought for. This
issue is accordingly answered in favour of the plaintiff and against the
defendants. We, therefore, by way of a mandatory injunction, direct the
defendant-State of Punjab to continue the digging of Sutlej Yamuna Link Canal, portion of which has not been completed as yet and make
the canal functional within one year from today. We also direct the Government
of India defendant No. 2 to discharge its constitutional obligation in
implementation of the aforesaid direction in relation to the digging of canal
and if within a period of one year the SYL Canal is not completed by the
defendant-State of Punjab, then the Union Government should get it done through
its own agencies as expeditiously as possible, so that the huge amount of money
that has already been spent and that would yet to be spent, will not be wasted
and the plaintiff-State of Haryana would be able to draw the full quantity of
water that has already been allotted to its share.
Needless
to mention, the direction to dig SYL Canal should not be construed by the State
of Haryana as a license to permit them to draw water in excess of the water
that has already been allotted and in the event the tribunal, which is still
considering the case of re-allotment of the water, grants any excess water to
the State of Haryana, then it may also consider issuing appropriate directions
as to how much of the water could be drawn through the SYL Canal.
The
plaintiff's suit is decreed on the aforesaid terms.
There
will be no order as to costs.
..........................................J.
(G.B.
PATTANAIK).J.
(RUMA
PAL) January 15, 2002.
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