M/S. Estralla
Rubber Vs. Dass Estate (Private) Ltd. [2001] Insc 477 (12 September 2001)
D.P.
Mohapatra & Shivaraj V. Patil Shivaraj V. Patil, J.
WITH CIVIL
APPEAL NO. OF 2001 (Arising out of SLP (C) No. 8737 of 2001) CIVIL APPEAL NO.
OF 2001 (Arising out of SLP (C) No.3581 of 2001)
Leave
granted.
This
appeal by the defendant in the suit, aggrieved by and directed against the
order dated 15th
September, 2000 made
in CO 665 of 2000. The plaintiff filed suit against the defendant in respect of
suit property for eviction on the ground of reasonable requirement for building
or rebuilding and on the ground of default in payment of rent. The defendant
filed an application under Section 17(2) and 17(2A) of the West Bengal Premises
Tenancy Act, 1956 (for short the Act) raising certain contentions including
that the relationship of landlord and tenant did not exist between the parties.
Thereafter the defendant filed an application for amendment under Order VI Rule
17 of the Code of Civil Procedure. The said amendment application was contested
by the plaintiff. The Trial Court rejected the application, taking a view that
the proposed amendment would be inconsistent and it will have the effect of
displacing the plaintiff from admission made by the defendant.
The
defendant filed a revision petition against the said order under Section 115A
of the CPC before the District Judge who allowed the revision petition,
reversed the order of the trial court and allowed the amendment application
filed by the defendant. It is, thereafter, the plaintiff filed petition under
Article 227 of the Constitution of India before the High Court. The High Court
set aside the order of the District Judge. Hence this appeal.
The
learned counsel for the appellant strongly contended that the High Court was
not right and justified in exercising power under Article 227 of the
Constitution of India as an appellate or a revisional court without bearing in
mind that the power under Article 227 is one of the superintendence; it was not
correct to say that the defendant wanted to withdraw the so-called admission
said to have been made in favour of the plaintiff, when no such admission was
there as a matter of fact. He added that the proposed amendment was only to
support the defence already taken by elaboration based on the revenue records.
It was not shown as to how any prejudice would be caused to the plaintiff by
allowing the amendment; a mere delay in filing application for amendment is
itself not a ground to reject the same; the proposed amendment was necessary to
adjudicate the dispute between the parties and to avoid further litigation.
Per
contra, the learned counsel for the respondent made submissions supporting the
impugned order passed by the High Court. He urged that in the proposed
amendment application, the defendant has taken inconsistent plea; he wanted to
take away the effect of admission made earlier in favour of the plaintiff.
We
have considered the submissions made on behalf of either side. The High Court
set aside the order passed by the learned District Judge stating that the
proposed amendment will have the effect of displacing the plaintiff from
admission made by the defendant in its petition filed under Sections 17(2) and
17(2A) of the Act and that such admission could not be permitted to be
withdrawn. We have perused the relevant records including the original
application and the proposed amendments. We are not able to see any admission
made by the defendant as such, which was sought to be withdrawn. By the
proposed amendment the defendant wanted to say that Ala Mohan Das was a
permissive occupier instead of owner. The further amendment sought was based on
the entries made in the revenue records. It is not shown how the proposed
amendment prejudiced the case of the plaintiff. It is also not the case of the
plaintiff that any accrued right to it was tried to be taken away by the
proposed amendment. The proposed amendment is to elaborate the defence and to
take additional plea in support of its case. Assuming that there was some
admission indirectly, it is open to the defendant to explain the same. Looking
to the proposed amendments it is clear that they are required for proper
adjudication of the controversy between the parties and to avoid multiplicity
of judicial proceedings. The High Court also found fault with the defendant on
the ground that there was delay of three years in seeking amendment to
introduce new defence. From the records it cannot be said that any new defence
was sought to be introduced. Even otherwise, it was open for the defendant to
take alternate or additional defence.
Merely
because there was delay in making the amendment application, when no serious
prejudice is shown to have been caused to the plaintiff so as to take away any
accrued right, the application could not be rejected. At any rate, it cannot be
said that allowing amendment caused irretrievable prejudice to the plaintiff.
Further, the plaintiff can file his reply to the amended written statement and
fight the case on merits.
The
impugned order passed by the High Court exercising jurisdiction under Article
227 of the Constitution to set aside the order passed by the learned District
Judge in revision under Section 115A of the CPC allowing the amendment
application filed by the defendant, is patently erroneous and unsustainable. In
the impugned order the High Court observed that the order of the learned
District Judge was apparently wrong but in our view it is otherwise.
The
scope and ambit of exercise of power and jurisdiction by a High Court under
Article 227 of the Constitution of India is examined and explained in number of
decisions of this Court.
The
exercise of power under this Article involves a duty on the High Court to keep
inferior courts and tribunals within the bounds of their authority and to see
that they do duty expected or required by them in a legal manner. The High
Court is not vested with any unlimited prerogative to correct all kinds of
hardship or wrong decisions made within the limits of the jurisdiction of the
courts subordinate or tribunals. Exercise of this power and interfering with
the orders of the courts or tribunal is restricted to cases of serious
dereliction of duty and flagrant violation of fundamental principles of law or
justice, where if High Court does not interfere, a grave injustice remains
uncorrected. It is also well settled that the High Court while acting under
this Article cannot exercise its power as an appellate court or substitute its
own judgment in place of that of the subordinate court to correct an error, which
is not apparent on the face of the record. The High Court can set aside or
ignore the findings of facts of inferior court or tribunal, if there is no
evidence at all to justify or the finding is so perverse, that no reasonable
person can possibly come to such a conclusion, which the court or Tribunal has
come to.
This
Court in Ahmedabad Mfg. & Calico Ptg. Co. Ltd vs. Ramtahel Ramanand and
Ors. [AIR 1972 SC 1598] in para 12 has stated that the power under Article 227
of the Constitution is intended to be used sparingly and only in appropriate
cases, for the purpose of keeping the subordinate courts and tribunals within
the bounds of their authority and, not for correcting mere errors. Reference
also has been made in this regard to the case Waryam Singh & Anr. vs. Amarnath
& Anr. [1954 SCR 565].
This
court in Babhutmal Raichand Oswal vs. Laxmibai R. Tarte and Anr. [AIR 1975 SC
1297] has observed that the power of superintendence under Article 227 cannot
be invoked to correct an error of fact which only a superior court can do in
exercise of its statutory power as a court of appeal and that the High Court in
exercising its jurisdiction under Article 227 cannot convert itself into a
court of appeal when the legislature has not conferred a right of appeal. Judged
by these pronounced principles, the High Court clearly exceeded its
jurisdiction under Article 227 in passing the impugned order.
It is
fairly settled in law that the amendment of pleadings under Order 6, Rule 17 is
to be allowed if such an amendment is required for proper and effective
adjudication of controversy between the parties and to avoid multiplicity of
judicial proceedings, subject to certain conditions such as allowing amendment
should not result in injustice to the other side; normally a clear admission
made conferring certain right on a plaintiff is not allowed to be withdrawn by
way of amendment by a defendant resulting in prejudice to such a right of
plaintiff, depending on facts and circumstances of a given case. In certain
situations a time barred claim cannot be allowed to be raised by proposing an
amendment to take away valuable accrued right of a party. However, mere delay
in making an amendment application itself is not enough to refuse amendment, as
the delay can be compensated in terms of money.
Amendment
is to be allowed when it does not cost serious prejudice to the opposite side.
This Court in recent judgment in B.K. Narayana Pillai vs. Parameswaran Pillai
and another [(2000) 1 SCC 712], after referring to number of decisions, in para
3 has stated, thus: -
3. The
purpose and object of Order 6 Rule 17 CPC is to allow either party to alter or
amend his pleadings in such manner and on such terms as may be just.
The
power to allow the amendment is wide and can be exercised at any stage of the
proceedings in the interests of justice on the basis of guidelines laid down by
various High Courts and this Court. It is true that the amendment cannot be
claimed as a matter of right and under all circumstances. But it is equally
true that the courts while deciding such prayers should not adopt a hyper
technical approach. Liberal approach should be the general rule particularly in
cases where the other side can be compensated with the costs. Technicalities of
law should not be permitted to hamper the courts in the administration of
justice between the parties. Amendments are allowed in the pleadings to avoid
uncalled-for multiplicity of litigation.
In para
4 of the same judgment this Court has quoted the following passage from the
judgment in A.K. Gupta and Sons Ltd.
The
general rule, no doubt, is that a party is not allowed by amendment to set up a
new case or a new cause of action particularly when a suit on new case or cause
of action is barred: Weldon v. Neal [(1887) 19 QBD 394 : 56 LJ QB 621]. But it
is also well recognized that where the amendment does not constitute the
addition of a new cause of action or raise a different case, but amounts to no
more than a different or additional approach to the same facts, the amendment
will be allowed even after the expiry of the statutory period of limitation:
See Charan Das v. Amir Khan [AIR 1921 PC 50 : ILR 48 Cal 110] and L.J. Leach
and Co. Ltd. V. Jardine Skinner and Co. [AIR 1957 SC 357 : 1957 SCR 438].
This
Court in the same judgment further observed that the principles applicable to
the amendment of the plaint are equally applicable to the amendment of the
written statement and that the courts are more generous in allowing amendment
of the written statement as the question of prejudice is less likely to operate
in that event. It is further stated that the defendant has a right to take
alternative plea in defence which, however, is subject to an exception that by
the proposed amendment the other side should not be subjected to serious
injustice and that any admission made in favour of the plaintiff conferring
right on him is not withdrawn.
Applying
the above stated principles to the case on hand we have no hesitation to state
that the impugned order of the High Court is unsustainable.
In
view of what is stated above this appeal is entitled to succeed. Accordingly it
is allowed, the impugned order is set aside and the order passed by the learned
District Judge is restored. No Costs.
CIVIL
APPEAL NO. 6328 OF 2001 (Arising out of SLP (C) No. 8737 of 2001)
Leave
granted.
The
facts stated and contentions raised in this appeal are similar to those in
Civil Appeal No...../2001 (Arising out SLP(C) No. 3581/2001) relating to
amendment. Hence this appeal is also allowed. The impugned order of the high
Court confirming the order of the courts below is set aside and the amendment
application filed by the defendant is allowed. No costs.
..................J.
[D.P. Mohapatra]
..................J.
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