Union of India & Ors Vs. Adani
Exports Ltd. & Anr [2001] Insc 580 (31 October 2001)
N. Santosh
Hegde & Ashok Bhan Santosh Hegde, J.
(With
C.A.No.6319/2000)
These
civil appeals are preferred by the Union of India and Others challenging the
judgment and order of the High Court of Gujarat at Ahmedabad made in Special
Civil Application Nos.3282/99 and 3279/99 wherein the High Court allowed the
said civil applications and granted the relief as prayed for by the petitioner
therein.
Though
in these appeals, principal contention involved pertains to the entitlement of
the respondents herein to the benefit of the Pass Book Scheme found in
paragraph 54 of the Import Export Policy introduced by the appellants herein w.e.f.
1st April, 1995 in relation to certain credits to be given on export of
Shrimps, the appellant firstly challenges before us the territorial
jurisdiction of the High Court of Gujarat at Ahmedabad to entertain the civil
applications and grant relief in favour of the respondents.
Mr. Mukul
Rohtagi, learned Additional Solicitor General of India and Mr. Jaideep Gupta,
learned counsel appearing for the appellants, contended that the High Court at Ahmedabad
did not have the territorial jurisdiction to entertain the special civil
applications since no part of the cause of action based on which the
applications were filed arose within the territorial jurisdiction of the High
Court at Ahmedabad. They contended that though this ground was specifically
urged, the High Court wrongly placing reliance on a judgment of this Court in
the case of Union of India & Ors. vs. Oswal Woollen Mills Ltd. & Ors.
(1984 (2) SCC 646) rejected the said objection of the appellants and granted
the relief which, of course, the appellants contend even on merits is not
liable to be granted. They contend that since the question of jurisdiction in
this case goes to the root of the matter, this issue should be first decided
and if it is held in favour of the appellants, then ipso facto the judgment
under appeal is liable to be set aside as having been delivered by a court of
no jurisdiction.
Per
contra, Mr. Ashok Desai, learned senior counsel appearing for the respondents,
contended that it is incorrect to say that no part to the cause of action arose
within the territorial jurisdiction of the High Court at Ahmedabad. According
to the learned counsel, a substantial part of the cause of action has arisen
within the territorial jurisdiction of the High Court at Ahmedabad, hence, the
judgment in question cannot be invalidated on this preliminary ground. He
placed strong reliance on the judgment of this Court in the case of Navinchandra
N.Majithia vs. State of Maharashtra & Ors. (2000 (7) SCC 640).
Having
considered the arguments addressed on behalf of the parties and having perused
the records, we are of the considered opinion that the question of jurisdiction
should be first decided by us before going into the merits of the case in hand.
As a matter of fact, we feel it would have been more appropriate on the facts
of these cases if the High Court had proceeded under Order XIV Rule 2 of Civil
Procedure Code by deciding the question of jurisdiction as a preliminary issue
first instead of deciding the case on merit.
For
deciding the above issue, it is necessary to first notice the contentions raised
in the special civil applications to establish the territorial jurisdiction of
the High Court. Contentions regarding the cause of action and the territorial
jurisdiction of the High Court are pleaded in the applications at para 16 which
read thus:
The
petitioners carry on business of export and import from Ahmedabad. The orders
for export and import are placed from and executed from Ahmedabad. The
documents and payments for export and imports are sent/made at Ahmedabad. The credit
of duty claimed in respect of exports were handled from Ahmedabad since export
orders were received at Ahmedabad and payments also received at Ahmedabad. The
non- granting and denial of utilisation of the credit in the said Pass Book
shall effect the business of the Petitioners at Ahmedabad. Respondent Nos. 1 to
3 have regional offices at Ahmedabad. A substantial part of the cause of action
has arisen within the jurisdiction of this Honourable Court. This Honourable
Court has therefore, jurisdiction to entertain, try and dispose of this
Petition.
The
appellants herein while opposing the civil applications had specifically
pleaded that the courts at Ahmedabad did not have the territorial jurisdiction
to adjudicate upon the claims of the respondents since no part of the cause of
action has arisen within the territorial jurisdiction of the High Court at Ahmedabad.
In their statement of objection rebutting the pleadings of the respondents, the
appellants had contended thus :- With reference to para 16 of the petition, I
say that since the Pass Book Licence was issued at Chennai by the designated
authority at Chennai and the transactions concerning the said pass book were
made from Chennai port and cause of action is lying at Chennai, it is in order
that the case is transferred to the jurisdiction of the Honble High Court of
Madras at Chennai notwithstanding the petitioners having their office at Ahmedabad
from where the export import planning work was being executed.
From
the above, it is seen that the appellants had taken a serious objection as to
the territorial jurisdiction of the High Court at Ahmedabad, contending that it
is the High Court at Chennai which alone had the jurisdiction to entertain the
applications as no part of the cause of action had arisen within the
territorial jurisdiction of the High Court at Ahmedabad. Hence, the appellants
had prayed for transfer of the case to the High Court at Chennai.
We
will now consider how the High Court dealt with this issue. Having noticed the
objection filed by the appellants in regard to its territorial jurisdiction,
the High Court following the judgment of this Court in the case of Union of
India v. Oswal Woollen (supra) held that in view of the observations of this
Court in the said case, a civil application can be filed at the place where the
registered office of the Company is situated and having regard to the fact that
the registered office of the respondent-Company is situated at Ahmedabad, it
accepted the argument of the learned counsel for the respondent that it is not
necessary to discuss this issue any further, meaning thereby it accepted the
contention of the respondents counsel that the High Court at Ahmedabad had the
territorial jurisdiction to decide the application.
We are
unable to accept this finding of the High Court. The view of the High Court
that this Court in the case of Oswal Woollen (supra) had held that the
existence of the registered office of a Company would ipso facto give a cause
of action to the High Court within whose jurisdiction the registered office of
such Company is situated, is not correct. As a matter of fact, in the case of Oswal
Woollen (supra), the question of territorial jurisdiction in the sense with
which we are concerned now, did not arise at all. In that case, the
observations of the Court were as follows :
Having
regard to the fact that the registered office of the Company is at Ludhiana and
the principal respondents against whom the primary relief is sought are at New
Delhi, one would have expected the writ petition to be filed either in the High
Court of Punjab and Haryana or in the Delhi High Court. The writ petitioners,
however, have chosen the Calcutta High Court as the forum perhaps because one
of the interlocutory reliefs which is sought is in respect of a consignment of
beef tallow which has arrived at the Calcutta Port. We do not desire to probe further
into the question whether the writ petition was filed by design or accident in
the Calcutta High Court when the office of the Company is in the State of Punjab and all the principal respondents
are in Delhi.
It is
in that context of noticing the motive of the parties concerned in that case in
choosing a forum, the above observation as to the place of the registered
office of the Company was incidentally made in the judgment. Having perused the
judgment in Oswals case (supra), we are of the opinion that that judgment is no
authority to decide as to the requirement of law in regard to establishing the
territorial jurisdiction of a court. We must say in all fairness, Mr. Desai,
learned senior counsel, has not placed any reliance on this judgment nor on the
basis of the finding of the High Court in this case in regard to its
territorial jurisdiction. He, however, contends that from the facts narrated in
the civil applications, more so in Paragraph 16 of the application, it is
crystal clear that a substantial part of the cause of action has arisen within
the jurisdiction of the High Court at Ahmedabad. He pointedly referred to the
bundle of facts mentioned in Paragraph 16 of the application as also the additional
fact pleaded in Paragraph 7 of the application in regard to the respondents
having furnished a bank guarantee as also a Bond in favour of the appellants.
He pointed out that the bank guarantee and the Bond were executed by the
respondents at Ahmedabad, hence, at least on this count a part of the cause of
action has arisen at Ahmedabad.
We
will now examine whether any of the facts mentioned in Paragraph 16 of the
applications or for that matter in the entire special civil applications would
give rise to any part of the cause of action at Ahmedabad, at least for the
purpose of conferring territorial jurisdiction on the High Court at Ahmedabad.
At this stage, it is relevant to mention that it is an admitted fact that none
of the respondents in the civil applications (Appellants herein) are stationed
at Ahmedabad. It is also an admitted fact that the pass- book in question,
benefit of which the respondent is seeking in the civil applications, is issued
by an authority who is stationed at Chennai. The Designated Authority who is
the competent person in respect of the matters concerning the Pass Book Scheme
and who discharges various functions under the Scheme is also stationed at
Chennai. The entries in the pass-book under the concerned Scheme are to be made
by the authorities at Chennai. The export of prawn made by the respondents and
the import of the inputs benefit of which the respondents are seeking in the
applications, also will have to be made through the same Port i.e. Chennai.
Inspite
of the above admitted facts, the respondents herein plead that as per the plea
raised by them in paragraph 16 of the special civil application, the following
facts give rise to the cause of action conferring territorial jurisdiction on
the Court at Ahmedabad. They are :-
(i) the
respondents carry on their business of export and import from Ahmedabad ;
(ii) their
orders of export and import are placed from and are executed at Ahmedabad ;
(iii) documents
and payments for export and import are sent/made at Ahmedabad ;
(iv) the
credit of duty claimed in respect of exports were handled from Ahmedabad since
export orders were received at Ahmedabad and payments also received at Ahmedabad
;
(v)
non-granting and denial of utilisation of the credit in the pass-book will
affect the business of the respondents at Ahmedabad ;
(vi) respondents
have executed a bank guarantee through their bankers at Ahmedabad as well as a
Bond at Ahmedabad.
Though
it is also contended in para 16 of the application that the appellants have
their office at Ahmedabad, that contention has not been pressed since it is
clear from the records that none of these appellants have their office at Ahmedabad.
De hors this fact, if we take into consideration the other facts enumerated
hereinabove in support of the cause of action pleaded by the respondents, it is
seen that none of these facts is in any way connected with the relief sought
for by the respondents in their civil applications so as to constitute the
cause of action at Ahmedabad.
Article
226(2) of the Constitution of India which speaks of the territorial
jurisdiction of the High Court reads : - The power conferred by clause (1) to
issue directions, orders or writs to any Government, authority or person may
also be exercised by any High Court exercising jurisdiction in relation to the
territories within which the cause of action, wholly or in part, arises for the
exercise of such power, notwithstanding that the seat of such Government or
authority or the residence of such person is not within those territories.
It is
clear from the above constitutional provision that a High Court can exercise
the jurisdiction in relation to the territories within which the cause of
action, wholly or in-part, arises. This provision in the Constitution has come
up for consideration in a number of cases before this Court. In this regard, it
would suffice for us to refer to the observations of this Court in the case of
Oil and Natural Gas Commission v. Utpal Kumar Basu and Ors. (1994 4 SCC 711 at
713) wherein it was held :
Under Article
226 a High Court can exercise the power to issue directions, orders or writs
for the enforcement of any of the fundamental rights conferred by Part III of
the Constitution or for any other purpose if the cause of action, wholly or in
part, had arisen within the territories in relation to which it exercises
jurisdiction, notwithstanding that the seat of the Government or authority or
the residence of the person against whom the direction, order or writ is issued
is not within the said territories. The expression cause of action means that
bundle of facts which the petitioner must prove, if traversed, to entitle him
to a judgment in his favour by the Court.
Therefore,
in determining the objection of lack of territorial jurisdiction the court must
take all the facts pleaded in support of the cause of action into consideration
albeit without embarking upon an enquiry as to the correctness or otherwise of
the said facts. Thus the question of territorial jurisdiction must be decided
on the facts pleaded in the petition, the truth or otherwise of the averments
made in the petition being immaterial.
It is
seen from the above that in order to confer jurisdiction on a High Court to
entertain a writ petition or a special civil application as in this case, the
High Court must be satisfied from the entire facts pleaded in support of the
cause of action that those facts do constitute a cause so as to empower the
court to decide a dispute which has, at least in-part, arisen within its
jurisdiction. It is clear from the above judgment that each and every fact
pleaded by the respondents in their application does not ipso facto lead to the
conclusion that those facts give rise to a cause of action within the courts
territorial jurisdiction unless those facts pleaded are such which have a nexus
or relevance with the lis that is involved in the case. Facts which have no
bearing with the lis or the dispute involved in the case, do not give rise to a
cause of action so as to confer territorial jurisdiction on the court concerned.
If we apply this principle then we see that none of the facts pleaded in
Paragraph 16 of the petition, in our opinion, fall into the category of bundle
of facts which would constitute a cause of action giving rise to a dispute
which could confer territorial jurisdiction on the courts at Ahmedabad.
As we
have noticed earlier, the fact that the respondents are carrying on the
business of export and import or that they are receiving the export and import
orders at Ahmedabad or that their documents and payments for exports and
imports are sent/made at Ahmedabad, has no connection whatsoever with the
dispute that is involved in the applications. Similarly, the fact that the
credit of duty claimed in respect of exports that were made from Chennai were
handled by the respondents from Ahmedabad have also no connection whatsoever
with the actions of the appellants impugned in the application. The
non-granting and denial of credit in the pass-book having an ultimate effect,
if any, on the business of the respondents at Ahmedabad would not also, in our
opinion, give rise to any such cause of action to a court at Ahmedabad to
adjudicate on the actions complained against the appellants.
Mr. Ashok
Desai, however, pleaded that the respondents have executed a bank guarantee and
a Bond at Ahmedabad which in law the respondents are entitled to get cancelled
through the intervention of the courts at Ahmedabad. This fact having been
specifically pleaded in the application and a relief being sought for that
purpose, would definitely give rise to a part of cause of action at Ahmedabad,
but on behalf of the appellants, it is pointed out to us that the
subject-matter involved in the applications pertains to the denial of the
benefit of the import-exports scheme which ended w.e.f. 31.3.1997 while the
bank guarantee and the Bond in question were not part of the Pass Book Scheme
which is the subject-matter of the special civil applications with which we are
concerned now. Execution of the bank guarantee was not with reference to the demand
of the respondents to give it due credit in the pass book but the same was
executed much later than 31.3.1997 in regard to certain disputes pending with
the customs authorities in regard to the valuations made by the said
authorities as to the value of the export and import of prawn and its inputs.
It was also pointed out that these customs authorities, as a matter of fact,
are not even parties to these special civil applications. Thus, it is contended
that the factum of the respondents having executed a bank guarantee and a Bond
at Ahmedabad will have no direct nexus or bearing on the disputes involved in
these applications. It is pointed out to us by learned counsel for the
appellants that in regard to the correctness of the valuation, separate proceedings
have been initiated and against the findings in those proceedings, separate
appeals are pending in this Court, therefore, the bank guarantee and the Bond
executed by the respondents, as a matter of fact, have nothing to do with the
cause of action that may arise to challenge the denial of the benefit of the
Pass Book Scheme.
Inclusion
of this totally extraneous claim in the present writ petition cannot be
construed as being a factor giving rise to a cause of action. In the case of
ONGC (supra), this Court negatived the contentions advanced on behalf of the
respondents therein that either the acquisition of knowledge made through media
at a particular place or owning and having an office or property or residing at
a particular place, receiving of a fax message at a particular place, receiving
telephone calls and maintaining statements of accounts of business, printing of
letterheads indicating branch offices of the firm, booking of orders from a
particular place are not the factors which would give rise to either wholly or
in part cause of action conferring territorial jurisdiction to courts. In the
said case, this Court also held that the mere service of notice is also not a
fact giving rise to a cause of action unless such notice is an integral part of
the cause of action.
Mr.
Desai, however, placed reliance on a recent judgment of this Court in Navinchandra
v. State of Maharashtra (supra) wherein this Court had held that a part of the
cause of action had arisen within the jurisdiction of the Bombay High Court. It
is to be noted that in the said petition, among other reliefs, the writ
petitioner had prayed for a writ of mandamus to the State of Meghalaya to
transfer the investigation to Mumbai Police as also allegations of mala fides
were made as to the filing of the complaint at Shillong.
It was
also averred in that case that the petitioner was primarily aggrieved by the
criminal complaint filed at Meghalaya because the bulk of the investigation was
carried on at Bombay. The said writ petition was dismissed by the Bombay High
Court solely on the ground that since the complaint in question was filed in Shillong
in the State of Meghalaya and the petitioner had sought for quashing of the
said complaint, such a writ petition was not maintainable before the High Court
of Bombay. According to this Court, that finding was given without taking into
consideration the other alternative prayers in the writ petition to which we
have made reference hereinabove, which prayers according to this Court, gave
rise to a cause of action to move the High Court at Bombay for relief.
Therefore, in our opinion, this judgment does not help the writ petitioner to
justify its action in filing a writ petition before the Gujarat High Court.
That apart, we must notice that the said judgment is delivered in a matter
involving criminal dispute and consequences of such dispute have a direct
bearing on the personal freedom of a citizen guaranteed under Article 21 of the
Constitution. Therefore, the consideration that arises in deciding the question
of territorial jurisdiction in cases involving criminal offences may not always
apply to cases involving civil disputes like the special civil applications
with which we are concerned. Mr. Desai then urged that since the High Court has
elaborately dealt with the merits of the case and given a finding in favour of
the respondents in the interest of justice, we should not interfere with the
said finding and uphold the same. We are not inclined to accept this argument
of the learned counsel because the appellants herein had taken objection to the
entertainment of the special civil applications by the Gujarat High Court on
the ground of lack of territorial jurisdiction in the first instance itself and
the same was rejected, according to us, wholly on unsustainable grounds. As a
matter of fact, the appellant on the entertainment of the civil application and
grant of interim order, had challenged the said order on the ground of want of
jurisdiction by way of a civil appeal in this Court which appeal is pending
consideration by this Court, therefore, the objection having been taken at the
first instance itself and the court having not proceeded to decide this
question of territorial jurisdiction as contemplated under Order XIV Rule 2
CPC, we think we cannot deny relief to the appellant solely on the ground that
the High Court has chosen to proceed to decide the case on merit. This being a
judgment of a court having no territorial jurisdiction, the judgment has to be
set aside.
However,
the special civil applications cannot be dismissed on this ground because it
has been the contention of the appellants themselves in the objections filed by
them before the High Court, that these applications ought to be transferred to
the High Court at Chennai, in the interest of justice, we agree with this plea.
For
the reasons stated above, these appeals succeed and the same are hereby
allowed. The impugned judgment is set aside. We further direct that Special
Civil Application Nos. 3282/99 and 3279/99 filed by the respondents are hereby
directed to be transferred to the High Court of Madras at Chennai forthwith and
on receipt of the papers, we request the Chief Justice of the High Court of
Madras to place them before an appropriate Bench for disposal in accordance
with law. We are also of the opinion that since the parties have already
undergone one round of litigation before the High Court at Ahmedabad and
thereafter in these appeals before us, it is appropriate to request the High
Court to dispose of these appeals as early as possible. The appeals are,
accordingly, allowed.
J.
(N Santosh
Hegde) ..J.
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