State
of Rajasthan & Ors Vs. Vatan Medical &
General Store & Ors [2001] Insc 172 (26 March 2001)
R.C.Lahoti,
S.V.Patil R.C. Lahoti, J.
Appeal (civil) 2377 of 2001 Special Leave Petition (civil)
14845 of 1994 Appeal (civil) 172 of 1995 Appeal (civil) 2378 of 2001 Special
Leave Petition (civil) 11674 of 1995 Appeal (civil) 2204-2208 of 1993
L.I.T.J
Leave
granted in S.L.P.(C) Nos.14845/1994 and 11674/1995.
The
Rajasthan Excise Act, 1950 (Act No.2 of 1950) was passed by the State
Legislature of Rajasthan to enact for Rajasthan a uniform law relating to the
import, export, transport, manufacture, sale and possession of intoxicating
liquor and of intoxicating drugs. It came into force w.e.f. 1.5.1950. For the
purpose of this judgment it would suffice to notice the definitions of
intoxicating drug and liquor as given in clauses (14) and (15) of Section 3 of
the Act which read as under:- 3. Definitions.-In this Act unless there is
something repugnant in the subject or context__ xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx
xxx xxx (14) Intoxicating drug means-
(i)
the leaves, small stalks and flowering or fruiting tops of the hemp plant (Cannabia
Sativa) including all forms known as Bhang, Sidhi or Ganja;
(ii) charas,
that is, the resin obtained from the hemp plant, which has not been submitted
to any manipulations other than those necessary for packing and transport;
(iii) any
mixture, with or without neutral materials, of any of the above forms of
intoxicating drug, or any drink prepared therefrom; and
(iv)
any other intoxicating or narcotic substance which the State Government may
declare; by notification in the Official Gazette, to be an intoxicating drug,
such substance not being opium, coca leaf or a manufactured drug as defined in
the Dangerous Drugs Act, 1930 (Central Act II of 1930).
(15)
Liquor means intoxicating liquor and includes spirit of Wine, Spirit, Wine, Tari,
Pachawar, Beer and all liquid consisting of, or containing alcohol, as also any
substance which the State Government may from time to time by notification in
the Official Gazette declare to be liquor for the purposes of this Act;
In
exercise of the powers conferred by Section 41 of the Rajasthan Excise Act
1950, the State Government framed the Rajasthan Intoxicating Spirituous
Preparations, Import, Export, Transport, Possession and Sales Rules, 1989
(hereinafter referred to as Rajasthan ISP Rules, for short) and published the
same vide notification dated November 6, 1989. In these rules, vide clauses (g)
of Rule 3, intoxicating spirituous preparations are defined to mean spirituous
preparations notified as liquor by the Government from time to time. Extensive
provisions are made in the rules governing possession, import, export and
transport, sale of intoxicating spirituous preparations (ISPs, for short).
On
8.5.1990, the State of Rajasthan issued the following notification :-
NOTIFICATION
No. F1(2) FD/Ex/89, S.O.25__dated 8.5.1990 __In exercise of the power conferred
by sub-section (15) of section 3 and sub-section(1) of Section 4 of the
Rajasthan Excise Act, 1950 (Raj. Act No.2 of 1950), read with rule 3(9) of the
Rajasthan Intoxicating Spirituous Preparations, Import, Export, Transport,
Possession and Sales Rules, 1989 and in continuation of Notification No.F 49/(8)SR-53
dated 15.2.1957, R.G.G.I. (B) dated 28.2.57, the State Government is pleased to
declare all medicinal and toilet preparations and other spirituous preparations
containing more than 20% proof alcohol to be liquor for the purpose of the said
Act and Rules.
Several
writ petitions were filed in the High Court of Rajasthan laying challenge to
the constitutional validity of Rajasthan ISP Rules published vide notification
dated November 6, 1989 and the notification dated 8.5.1990
abovesaid. The writ petitions were filed mostly by the manufacturers of such Ayurvedic
medicines which contained, as one of their ingredients, more than 20% proof
alcohol. Some of the druggists and chemists holding valid licence for dealing
in drugs and medicinal preparations, some of the doctors practising in Ayurvedic
system of medicines and some of the patients consuming such medicines on
medical prescriptions were also joined as parties. Some of the medicines which
were brought within the purview of Rajasthan Excise Act consequent upon the
issuance of the impugned notifications were Mrit Sanjivni, Mrit Sanjivni Sura, Mrit
Sanjivni Sudha, Pudin Hara manufactured by Dabur India Ltd.
According
to the petitioners, the said notifications were beyond the legislative competence
of the State Government and also constituted unreasonable restriction on
fundamental right to trade and hence were violative of Article 19(1)(g) of the
Constitution. The plea has found favour with the High Court of Rajasthan
striking down the impugned notifications dated 6.11.1989 and 8.5.1990 as
unconstitutional.
Before
we may proceed to notice the findings arrived at in the impugned judgment and
the reasonings in support thereof, it would be useful to set out various
relevant entries from Seventh Schedule of the Constitution:
SEVENTH
SCHEDULE (Article 246) List I - Union List Entry 1. Public order (but not
including [the use of any naval, military or air force or any other armed force
of the Union or of any other force subject to the control of the Union or of
any contingent or unit thereof] in aid of the civil power).
dispensaries
Entry 6. Public health and sanitation; hospitals and Entry 52. Industries, the
control of which by the Union is declared by Parliament by law to
be expedient in the public interest.
Entry
84. Duties of excise on tobacco and other goods manufactured or produced in India except__
(a) alcoholic
liquors for human consumption;
(b) opium,
Indian hemp and other narcotic drugs and narcotics, but including medicinal and
toilet preparation containing alcohol or any substance included in
sub-paragraph (b) of this entry.
List
II - State List Entry 8. Intoxicating liquors, that is to say, the production,
manufacture, possession, transport, purchase and sale of intoxicating liquors.
Entry
51. Duties of excise on the following goods manufactured or produced in the
State and countervailing duties at the same or lower rates on similar goods
manufactured or produced elsewhere in India :-
(a) alcoholic
liquors for human consumption;
(b) opium,
Indian hemp and other narcotic drugs and narcotics, but not including medicinal
and toilet preparations containing alcohol or any substance included in
sub-paragraph (b) of this entry.
List
III - Concurrent List Entry 19. Drugs and poisons, subject to the provisions of
entry 59 of List I with respect to opium.
According
to the Rajasthan High Court, by virtue of Entry 8 List II, the field of
legislation available to State Legislature is confined to intoxicating liquors
only. Drugs can be a subject matter of legislation by the State Legislature
only if there is no Central legislation covering the field. But, the entire
filed as far as drugs are concerned is covered by the Drugs and Cosmetics Act,
1940, as amended from time to time. The Bombay & Anr., 1951 SCR 682
assigning a wide meaning to the expression intoxicating liquors as occurring in
Entry 8 Schedule II so as to include therein even medicinal preparations, if
alcoholic contents thereof exceed a prescribed degree, so as to be capable of
being misused as beverage, was doubted in 109 wherein it was observed (vide para
74) that the decision of the Supreme Court in Balsaras case required
reconsideration. In view of the Constitution Bench decision in Synthetics and Chemcials
Ltd. the expression intoxicating liquor has to be construed narrowly and
therefore Entry 8 of List II was not available for regulating manufacture,
production, sale, transport, etc. of medicinal preparations. In the opinion of
the Rajasthan High Court, the impugned rules and notification could not be
sustained by reference to Entry 8 List II and there was no other power
available to the State to regulate manufacture, possession, sale, etc. of
medicinal preparations.
In the
alternative, the Rajasthan High Court has held the State Legislature competent
to prevent the consumption of intoxicating beverages and also to prevent use as
drinks of alcoholic liquids which are not normally consumed as drinks but they
could not prevent the legitimate use of alcoholic preparations which are not
beverages or the use of medicinal and toilet preparations containing alcohol.
The Rajasthan High Court also held that referable to Entry 52 List I, the
Parliament had enacted the Industries (Development and Regulation) Act, 1951.
Drugs and Pharmaceuticals were listed as item 22 in the First Schedule of the
Act. Chapter III of the ID & R Act empowers the Central Government to
regulate distribution, transport, disposal, acquisition, possession, use or
consumption of and sale or financial transactions relating to such articles as
are specified in the Schedule. Even incidental or supplementary matters
relating thereto were brought within the power of the Central Government. There
was yet another central enactment passed by the Parliament pursuant to
resolutions passed by the Provincial Legislatures, the Drugs and Cosmetics Act,
1940, to regulate the import, manufacture, distribution by sale of drugs and
cosmetics.
By an
amendment introduced by Act No.13 of 1964, this Act was made applicable to Ayurvedic
or Unani systems of medicines also.
Exhaustive
provisions contained in the newly added Chapter IV-A and the several sections
therein covered the entire field relating to Ayurvedic, Siddha and Unani drugs.
Section 33 EED empowered the Central Government to prohibit manufacture, sale
or distribution of any Ayurvedic, Siddha or Unani drugs in public interest.
Sale and distribution of drugs by retail or wholesale and manufacture etc. were
all taken care of by the Drugs and Cosmetics Rules, 1945 framed by the Central
Government in exercise of the powers conferred by the Drugs and Cosmetics Act,
1940. Misuse of drugs as alcohol beverages has been fully taken care of by the
Central Government. The Rajasthan High Court then concluded as under:- The
facts hereinabove clearly show that each and every aspect of drug industry is
amenable to Govt. control and stands provided for under these Central Statutes.
The provisions contained under the Notification dated 6.11.89 are directly at
conflict with these Central provisions as would be evident from a bare
comparison. The IS Rules seek to regulate the manufacture, possession,
transport sale, consumption, import and export of medicinal preparation
containing alcohol. But as already stated all these activities in all spheres
already stand regulated under the provisions of the Central Statutes referred
above. The Central statutes referred above being enactments framed in exercise
of power under List I Seventh Schedule and List III Seventh Schedule they would
naturally prevail over the provision contained under the impugned Notification.
Moreover, while the Central provisions made by the State are in the form of
subordinate legislation only. [sic.] The regulatory control by the State
Government can only be introduced subject to its legislative competence in that
respect.
It is
well settled that even if the State Legislature is possessed of Legislative
power to enact a particular Law, that can be done only subject to the
provisions of any Central Legislation on that point. Thus even if the State Government
is deemed to be empowered to enact regulatory Laws in respect of medicinal
preparations, they could exercise that regulatory control in respect of
medicinal preparations only subject to the provisions in this respect enacted
by the Parliament.
Even
if for a moment it is assumed that the State Government has power to make
regulatory provisions apart from constitutional entries, such power would
always be subject to the power of Parliament derived from an appropriate entry.
Once the Parliament is found to have exercised the said regulatory provisions,
resort cannot be taken by the State to the residual sovereign power for framing
any regulatory provisions in respect of the covered field. The question as to
the availability of the power to make regulatory provisions is totally distinct
from the question as to exercise of that power in a case where the field is
already covered by Central Legislation.
By
virtue of provisions contained in Drugs and Cosmetics Act, which is a
legislation under Entry 19 of the concurrent list, and the provisions for
prevention of misuse of medicinal preparations have been made and, therefore,
the State Government was not empowered to frame rules in respect of medicinal
preparations. The rules framed by State Government are clearly beyond the scope
of its authority.
It is
interesting to note that while the Rajasthan High Court by its impugned
judgment dated 20.12.1991 disposed of a batch of writ petitions filed sometime
in the year 1990, the High Court of Delhi was almost simultaneously seized of
hearing Civil Writ Petition No.1267 of 1987 filed sometime in the year 1987
involving identical issues. It was disposed of by decision dated 26th March, 1992. That writ petition was filed by
M/s. Dabur India Ltd., the manufacture of Ayurvedic medicines Mrit Sanjivni, Mrit
Sanjivni Sura, Mrit Sanjivni Sudha and Vrihad (Maha) Darakshasava - a few
amongst its several other products which four products admittedly contained
more than 40% proof alcohol.
Challenge
had been laid to two notifications dated 3rd March, 1987 and 5th March, 1987
issued by the Administrator of the Union Territory of Delhi and by the
Commissioner of Excise, Delhi respectively, the effect whereof was that any
intoxicating spirituous preparations, including Ayurvedic medicines, containing
more than 25% proof alcohol were brought within the purview of Delhi
Intoxicating Spirituous Preparations Import, Export, Transport, Possession and
Sale Rules, 1952 (Delhi ISP Rules, for short) framed under the provisions of
the Punjab Excise Act. Section 3(12)(a) of the Punjab Excise Act defines
intoxicants as meaning any liquor or intoxicating drug.
Section
3(14) defines liquor as intoxicating liquor and includes all liquids consisting
of or containing alcohol, also any substance which the Lt. Governor of Delhi,
may, by Notification, declare to be liquor for the purpose of this Act.
By
Notification dated 7th
December, 1961 also
issued under Section 3(14) of the Punjab Excise Act all spirituous preparations
containing more than 20% proof alcohol were declared to be liquor for the
purpose of the Act. With effect from 17th March, 1987, by virtue of Notification dated 3rd March, 1987, the ISP Rules became applicable to
Ayurvedic and Unani preparations as well. The main ground of challenge of the
petitioners was that the Punjab Excise Act had no applicability to the Ayurvedic
preparations in question. Drugs Control and Cosmetics Act, 1940 (enacted by the
Federal Legislature), the Drugs (Control) Act, 1950, the Spirituous
Preparations (Inter-state Trade and Commerce) Control Act, 1955, the Medicinal
and Toilet Preparations (Excise Duty) Act, 1955 and the Delhi Municipal
Corporation Act, 1957 collectively cover the entire field of legislation in
respect of which the ISP Rules were framed (as amended). The Delhi High Court
extensively dealt with the relevant provisions contained in the Central
legislation including the provisions of Chapter IV-A of the Drugs Control and
Cosmetics Act, 1940 and held : The effect of notifying the impugned drugs as
intoxicants and bringing them within the ambit of the Excise Act and the ISP
Rules is to regulate and control the transportation and sale of the said drugs.
These drugs may be medicinal but they are capable of and are being misused and
consumed as beverages as they have alcohol content of over 25 degree proof. The
sale of such medicinal drugs if manufactured properly and if not misbranded,
spurious or adulterated would not come within the ambit of Chapter IV-A and
Section 33 EEC of the 1940 Act but the sale of same can be controlled or
regulated under the ISP Rules. The provisions of Chapter IV-A of the 1940 Act
do not, to our mind, overlap any of the provisions of the Punjab Excise Act or
the ISP Rules. The two sets of provisions operate in different spheres and are
intended for different purposes.
Examining
the issue from an alternative angle, the Delhi High Court further held that
even if it be assumed that the provisions of the 1940 Act do overlap or relate
to some of the topics referred to in Excise Act and the ISP Rules, Section 2 of
the 1940 Act specifically states that the provisions of the Act shall be in
addition to and not in derogation to any other law for the time being in force.
Referring to the decision of the AIR 1964 A.P. 430 approved by the Supreme
Court in Indian C & P India & Ors., AIR 1963 SC 622, Southern
Pharmaceuticals & SC 1863, the Delhi High Court held that the Central
legislations under reference did not prevent the State Legislature from making
a law under Entry 8 of List II of the Seventh Schedule with respect to
intoxicating liquor. The Central and the State legislations operated in two
different and distinct fields and though the Central Act and the Rules to some
extent trench upon the field reserved to the State Legislature but that was
merely incidental to the main purpose and the competence of the State
Legislature to enact the provision was not jeopardised. The Delhi High Court
also held, that in the matter of making rules or detailed provisions to achieve
the object and purpose of a legislation, there may be some provisions seemingly
overlapping or encroaching upon the forbidden field but that does not warrant
the striking down of the State legislation as ultra vires. The (1951) SCR 682
was referred to in Synthetics & Chemicals Ltd.& decisions were placed
before the Supreme Court in Shri Bileshwar Anr., JT 1992 (1) SC 597 and therein
this court has observed that in spite of the Central legislations including
Industrial and Regulation Act, the power of the State Government was still saved
to legislate in respect of alcohol so as to lay down regulations to ensure that
non- potable alcohol is not diverted and misused as a substitute for potable
alcohol and also if the State is rendering any service, as distinct from its
claim of so-called grant of privilege, it may charge fees based on quid pro
quo.
The
Delhi High Court concluded that under Entry 8 of List II it is the State
Legislature which has been given power to legislate in respect of intoxicating
liquors even if the said liquors are regarded as medicines. Medicinal products
may also fall under Entry 19 of List III dealing with the subject of drugs and
poisons which would give both the Parliament as well as the State Legislature
the field to enact laws. For the purpose of excise, the medicinal product
containing liquor may be covered by Entry 84 of List I but otherwise it is the
State Government which will have power under Entry 8 of List II to legislate
with regard to medicinal product which can be termed as liquor. The decision of
Rajasthan High Court, which is impugned in these appeals, was also cited before
Delhi High Court and Delhi High Court refused to follow Rajasthan High Court
decision by observing that the attention of the Rajasthan High Court was not
drawn to the decision of the Supreme Court in Southern Pharmaceutical &
Chemicals case (supra).
Though,
we heard the learned counsel for the parties at length but at the end of the
hearing we have formed an opinion that although the decision of Rajasthan High
Court, which is impugned before us, cannot be sustained, yet we are not
required to express any final opinion on the issues arising for decision in
these appeals, because the decision is only academic in view of subsequent
events and in the light of facts admitted at the Bar as also for other reasons
to be stated hereinafter.
Shri
S.K. Jain, the learned counsel for the State of Rajasthan has placed strong
lines on the decision of 3-Judges Co. and Ors., (1996) 3 SCC 709, wherein this
court has held referring to all those relevant entries from the three Schedules
in Seventh Schedule of the Constitution which are under consideration before us
that the ambit and scope of a constitutional entry cannot be determined by
reference to a Parliamentary enactment. Entry 8 in List II speaks of only
intoxicating liquors and does not, therefore, apply to or take in liquors which
do not fall within the expression intoxicating liquors. The power to make a law
with respect to manufacture, production, consumption and sale et al of
intoxicating liquor is that of the State alone. The State Legislature is
perfectly competent to make a law prohibiting the manufacture and production
___ in addition to sale, possession and transport ___ of intoxicating liquors,
by reference to Entry 8, 6 and 1 in List II of the Seventh Schedule of the
Constitution read with Article 47 thereof. Once the impugned enactment is
within the four corners of these entries, no Central law whether made with
reference to an entry in List I or with reference to an entry in List III can
affect the validity of such State enactment. The argument of occupied field is
totally out of place in such a context. If a particular matter is within the
exclusive competence of the State Legislature, i.e., in List II that represents
the prohibited field for the Union.
Similarly, if any matter is within the exclusive competence of the Union, it becomes a prohibited field for the States. The
concept of occupied field is really relevant in the case of laws made with
reference to entries in List III. In other words, whenever a piece of
legislation is said to be beyond the legislative competence of a State
Legislature, what one must do is to find out, by applying the rule of pith and
substance, whether that legislation falls within any of the entries in List II.
If it does, no further question arises; the attack upon the ground of
legislative competence shall fail. In other words, once an enactment, in pith
and substance, is relatable to Entry 8 in List II or for that matter any other
entry in List II, Article 246 cannot be brought in to yet hold that State
Legislature is not competent to enact that law.
The
judgment under appeal rendered by State of Rajasthan is liable to be set aside mainly for two reasons. Firstly, it does not
take notice of the decision of this court in Southern Pharmaceutical &
Chemicals case [AIR 1981 SC 1863]. Secondly, it proceeds upon wrong premises
that once a field is covered by Central Legislation referable to List I, the
power of State Government to legislate in the filed covered by an entry in List
II is taken away without dealing with the doctrine of pith and substance and by
ignoring the well settled position of law that the doctrine of covered field
has to be applied only to entries in List III. This is the position of law settled
by three-judges Bench decision in Mc.Dowell & Co.s case (supra).
In
spite of forming an opinion that the judgment under appeal does not correctly
decide the issues raised therein and is therefore liable to be set aside, we
are still not expressing any final opinion on the issues under consideration
for the reasons which we hasten to state. Firstly, the decision has been
rendered academic only in view of subsequent events and admitted facts. It was
pointed out during the course of hearing that w.e.f. 26.6.1995, Part xix __
Standards of Ayurvedic, Siddha and Unani Drugs has been added in the text of
the Drugs and Cosmetics Rules, 1945 by the Central Government by GSR 519(E)
dated 26.6.1995, during the pendency of these appeals, whereby manufacture,
sale or distribution of Ayurvedic, Siddha and Unani drugs containing more than
12% alcohol have been prohibited. The learned counsel for the respondents
admitted that they are not now manufacturing any medicine or drugs which may
violate the provisions of the Drugs and Cosmetics Act & Rules and therefore
there is no product manufactured by the respondents before us which may attract
the applicability of the impugned rules and notifications which deal with
spirituous preparations containing more than 20% proof alcohol and hence any
product of theirs may not run the risk of being termed liquor attracting
applicability of Rajasthan ISP Rules. Secondly, the correctness of decision in Balsaras
case was doubted not only in Synthetics U.P. & Ors., (1988) 1 SCC 264,
wherein this court has expressed an opinion that for the effectiveness of
prohibition the State must be held to have the power to regulate the possession
or consumption of such medicinal preparations containing comparatively high
percentage of alcohol under the Excise Act and has, therefore, referred the
case to Constitution Bench. The matter is awaiting hearing by the Constitution
Bench. The decision by the Constitution Bench shall be the law of the land.
Even
if we were to decide the question, our opinion shall always be subject to the
law to be declared by the Constitution Bench.
In any
case we are finding it unnecessary to enter into that exercise in the facts and
circumstances of the cases before us.
Thirdly,
all the learned counsel for the respondents submitted during the course of
hearing that their principal anxiety was that the impugned rules and
notification, if sustained, are liable to entail heavy financial burden on the
respondents in as much as the State of Rajasthan may proceed to levy and
recover excise duty or countervailing duty on their products manufactured or
brought for sale in the State of Rajasthan under Section 28 of Rajasthan Excise
Act. In our opinion, such an apprehension is premature and unfounded. This we
say for two reasons. Firstly, Rule 25 of Rajasthan ISP Rules provides that in
the matter of duty to be paid on intoxicating spirituous preparations and not leviable
under the Medicinal and Toilet Preparation (Excise Duty) Act, 1955, the
provisions of the Rajasthan Excise Act, 1950 shall apply; in all other matters,
not specified in these rules, the provisions of Rajasthan Excise Rules, 1956
shall apply mutatis mutandis. The rule takes care of the respondents
apprehension.
Secondly,
the writ petitions were filed soon after the issuance of the impugned
notifications. It was conceded at the Bar that till the date of the filing of
the writ petitions and even till the date of hearing before us, the State of
Rajasthan had not taken any steps for levy, much less for recovery, of and had
not raised any demand on account of excise duty or countervailing duty from any
of the respondents. We need not adjudicate upon an issue which has not even
actually arisen. By way of abundant caution, we may state that we need not be
taken to have expressed any opinion on the correctness or otherwise of the
decision of Administration & Ors. (CW No. 1267 of 1987 decided on 26th
March, 1992) as no appeal has been filed against that decision before this
court and for the purpose of present case we have formed an opinion that the
controversy was rendered academic not calling for any expression of final
opinion.
However,
in view of the fact that Division Bench decision of Rajasthan High Court was
holding the field till this day, we direct that none of the respondents (i.e.
the writ petitioners before the Rajasthan High Court) and no person similarly
situated shall be liable to be prosecuted before a criminal court for an
offence under Rajasthan Excise Act, 1956 read with Rajasthan ISP Rules and/or
notification dated 8.5.1990 for any act or omission done during the period the
decision under appeal was holding the field.
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