State
of Punjab Vs. N.C. Budharaj [2001] Insc 14 (10 January 2001)
S.R.Babu,
Doraswamy Raju, S.P.Patil Raju, J.
Appeal (civil) 710-711 of 1981 Appeal (civil) 6808-6809 of
1983 Appeal (civil) 6810 of 1983 Appeal (civil) 10649 of 1983 Appeal (civil)
779 of 1982 Appeal (civil) 2723 of 1981
L.J
The
principal question arising in all these civil appeals and stand referred to for
the consideration of the Constitution Bench is as to whether the Arbitrator has
got jurisdiction to award interest for the pre-reference period in cases which
arose prior to the commencement into force on 19.8.1981 of the Interest Act,
1978, when the provisions of the Interest Act 1839 was holding the field. The
cases before us relate to the appointment of the Arbitrators concerned by the
specified authority, on a demand made therefor by the contractor concerned
without the intervention of the Court. The Arbitrators concerned, while
sustaining portions of the claim made in the Awards also allowed on those
amounts interest from the due date of the amount till date of Award. On the
Awards being made the Rule of Court, as per the determination made by the Civil Court, the State pursued the matter
before the High Court unsuccessfully and the High Court sustained the claim of
the contractor for interest from the due date up to the date of the Award.
Aggrieved, the above appeals came to be filed and entertained on certain
limited and specified grounds, inclusive of the dispute relating to the Award
of interest for the period prior to the date of the Award.
The
Bench of three learned judges, who heard the appeals initially, considered it
necessary to refer to a larger Bench for an authoritative pronouncement, the
following question of law:
In the
absence of any prohibition to claim or grant interest under the arbitration
agreement whether Arbitrator has no jurisdiction to award interest for the
pre-reference period under the general law or equitable principles, although
such claim may not strictly fall within the provisions of Interest Act, 1839 ?
(since reported in 1999 (9) SCC 514) The order of reference also further
indicated that there is no clause in the agreement as regards the payment of
interest for the pre-reference period and that there is also no clause
prohibiting the payment of interest for the pre- reference period.
Before
adverting even to the respective contentions of parties on either side and
undertaking a consideration of the same, it would be necessary to refer to some
of the decisions of this Court and highlight the principles laid down therein,
since the chore of controversy centres around the efficacy and effect of those
principles on the issue raised and stand referred to this Bench. The leading
decision which undertook an analysis of the case law on the subject and laid
down certain propositions of law is reported in Executive Engineer
(Irrigation), Balimela and Others vs Abhaduta Jena and Others [(1988) 1 SCC
418] (to be referred to hereinafter as Jenas Case). In paragraph 4 of the
judgment, the general state of law is found stated as follows:
It is
important to notice at this stage that both the Interest Act of 1839 and the
Interest Act of 1978 provide for the award of interest up to the date of the
institution of the proceedings. Neither the Interest Act of 1839 nor the
Interest Act of 1978 provides for the award of pendente lite interest. We must
look elsewhere for the law relating to the award of interest pendente lite.
This, we find, provided for in Section 34 of the Civil Procedure Code in the
case of courts. Section 34, however, applies to arbitrations in suit for the
simple reason that where a matter is referred to arbitration in a suit, the
arbitrator will have all the powers of the court in deciding the dispute. Section
34 does not otherwise apply to arbitrations as arbitrators are not courts
within the meaning of Section 34 Civil Procedure Code. Again, we must look
elsewhere to discover the right of the arbitrator to award interest before the
institution of the proceedings, in cases where the proceedings had concluded
before the commencement of the Interest Act of 1978. While under the Interest
Act of 1978 the expression court was defined to include an arbitrator, under
the Interest Act of 1839 it was not so defined. The result is that while in
cases arising after the commencement of Interest Act of 1978 an arbitrator has
the same power as the court to award interest up to the date of institution of
the proceedings, in cases which arose prior to the commencement of the 1978 Act
the arbitrator has no such power under the Interest Act of 1839. It is,
therefore necessary, as we said, to look elsewhere for the power of the
arbitrator to award interest up to the date of institution of the proceedings.
Since the arbitrator is required to conduct himself and make the award in
accordance with law we must look to the substantive law for the power of the
arbitrator to award interest before the commencement of the proceedings. If the
agreement between the parties entitles the arbitrator to award interest no
further question arises and the arbitrator may award interest.
Similarly
if there is a usage of trade having the force of law the arbitrator may award
interest. Again if there are any other provisions of the substantive law enabling
the award of interest the arbitrator may award interest. By way of an
illustration, we may mention Section 80 of the Negotiable Instruments Act as a
provision of the substantive law under which the court may award interest even
in a case where no rate of interest is specified in the promissory note or bill
of exchange. We may also refer Section 61 (2) of the Sale of Goods Act which
provides for the award of interest to the seller or the buyer as the case may
be under certain circumstances in suits filed by them. We may further cite the
instance of the non-performance of a contract of which equity could give
specific performance and to award interest. We may also cite a case where one
of the parties is forced to pay interest to a third party, say on an overdraft,
consequent on the failure of the other party to the contract not fulfilling the
obligation of paying the amount due to them. In such a case also equity may
compel the payment of interest. Loss of interest in the place of the right to
remain in possession may be rightfully claimed in equity by the owner of a
property who has been dispossessed from it.
After
considering the earlier cases on the subject, it has been observed thus: 16.
The question of award of@@ JJJJJ interest by an arbitrator was considered in
the remaining cases to which we have referred earlier. Nachiappa Chettiar v. Subramaniam
Chettiar, Satinder Singh v. Amrao Singh, Firm Madanlal Roshanlal Mahajan v. Hukumchand
Mills Ltd., Union of India v. Bungo Steel Furniture Pvt. Ltd., Ashok
Construction Co. v. Union of India and State of Madhya Pradesh v. M/s Saith
& Skelton Pvt. Ltd. were all cases in which the reference to arbitration
was made by the court, of all the disputes in the suit. It was held that the
arbitrator must be assumed in those circumstances to have the same power to
award interest as the court. It was on that basis that the award of pendente lite
interest was made on the principle of Section 34 Civil Procedure Code in Nachiappa
Chettiar v. Subramaniam Chettiar, Firm Madanlal Roshanlal Mahajan v. Hukumchand
Mills Ltd., Union of India v. Bungo Furniture Pvt. Ltd. and State of Madhya Pradesh v. M/s Saith & Skelton Pvt.
Ltd. In regard to interest prior to the suit, it was held in these cases that
since the Interest Act, 1839 was not applicable, interest could be awarded if
there was an agreement to pay interest or a usage of trade having the force of
law or any other provision of substantive law entitling the claimant to recover
interest.
Illustrations
of the provisions of substantive law under which the arbitrator could award
interest were also given in some of the cases. It was said, for instance, where
an owner was deprived of his property, the right to receive interest took the
place of the right to retain possession, and the owner of immovable property
who lost possession of it was, therefore, entitled to claim interest in the
place of right to retain possession. It was further said that it would be so
whether possession of immovable property was taken away by private treaty or by
compulsory acquisition.
Another
instance where interest could be awarded was under Section 61 (2) of the Sale
of Goods Act which provided for the award of interest to the seller or the
buyer, as the case may be, under the circumstances specified in that
section.17. Section 80 of the Negotiable Instruments Act was mentioned as an
instance of a provision of the substantive law under which interest prior to
the institution of the proceedings could be awarded. Interest could also be
awarded in cases of non- performance of a contract of which equity could give
specific performance. Seth Thawardas Pherumal was a case of direct reference to
arbitration without the intervention of a court. Neither the Interest Act, 1839
nor the Civil Procedure Code applied as an arbitrator was not a court. Interest
could, therefore, be awarded only if there was an agreement to pay interest or
a usage of trade having the force of law or some other provision of the
substantive law which entitled the plaintiff to receive interest. In that case,
interest had been awarded on the ground that it was reasonable to award
interest and the court, therefore, held that the arbitrator was wrong in
awarding the interest.
18.
While this is the position in cases which arose prior to the coming into force
of the Interest Act, 1978, in cases arising after the coming into force of the
Act, the position now is that though the award of pendente lite interest is
still governed by the same principles, the award of interest prior to the suit
is now governed by the Interest Act, 1978. Under the Interest Act, 1978, an
arbitrator is, by definition, a court and may now award interest in all the
cases to which the Interest Act applies.
Thereupon,
dealing with the cases before them, the general principles noticed were applied
and they were disposed of in the following terms:
20.
Coming to the cases before us, we find that in Civil Appeal Nos. 120 and 121 of
1981 before the arbitrator, there was no answer to the claim for interest and
we see no justification for us at this stage to go into the question whether
interest was rightly awarded or not.
Out of
the remaining cases we find that in all cases except two (Civil Appeal Nos.
6019-22 of 1983 and Civil Appeal No.2257 of 1984), the reference to arbitration
were made prior to the commencement of the new Act which was on August 19, 1981. In the cases to which the Interest
Act, 1978 applies, it was argued by Dr Chitale, learned counsel for the
respondents, that the amount claimed was a sum certain payable at a certain
time by virtue of a written instrument and, therefore, interest was payable
under the Interest Act for the period before the commencement of the
proceedings.
In
support of his contention that the amount claimed was a sum certain payable at
a certain time by virtue of a written instrument, the learned counsel relied
upon the decision of this Court in State of Rajasthan v. Raghubir Singh. The case certainly supports him and in the cases to
which the 1978 Interest Act applies the award of interest prior to the
proceeding is not open to question. In regard to pendente lite interest, that
is, interest from the date of reference to the date of the award, the claimants
would not be entitled to the same for the simple reason that the arbitrator is
not a court within the meaning of Section 34 of the CPC, nor were the
references to arbitration made in the course of suits. In the remaining cases
which arose before the commencement of the Interest Act, 1978, the respondents
are not entitled to claim interest either before the commencement of the
proceedings or during the pendency of the arbitration. They are not entitled to
claim interest for the period prior to the commencement of the arbitration
proceedings for the reason that the Interest Act, 1839 does not apply to their
cases and there is no agreement to pay interest or any usage of trade having
the force of law or any other provision of law under which the claimants were
entitled to recover interest. They are not entitled to claim pendente lite
interest as the arbitrator is not a court nor were the references to
arbitration made in suits.
One of
the submissions made on behalf of the respondents was that in every case, all
disputes were referred to arbitration and the jurisdiction of the arbitrator to
award interest under certain circumstances was undeniable. The award not being
a speaking award, it was not permissible to speculate on the reasons for the
award of interest and the court was not entitled to go behind the award and
disallow the interest. It is difficult to agree with this submission. The
arbitrator is bound to make his award in accordance with law. If the arbitrator
could not possibly have awarded interest on any permissible ground because such
ground did not exist, it would be open to the court to set aside the award
relating to the award of interest on the ground of an error apparent on the
record. On the other hand, if there was the slightest possibility of the
entitlement of the claimant to interest on one or other of the legally
permissible grounds, it may not be open to the court to go behind the award and
decide whether the award of interest was justifiable. We do not want to enter
into a discussion on the legality or propriety of a non- speaking award as we
understand the question is now awaiting the decision of a Seven Judge Bench. In
the light of what we have said above, Civil Appeal Nos. 120 and 121 of 1981 are
dismissed, Civil Appeal Nos. 6019-22 of 1983 and Civil Appeal No.2257 of 1984
are allowed to this extent that interest during the pendency of the arbitration
proceedings is disallowed and the rest of the civil appeals are allowed to the
extent that both interest prior to the proceedings and interest during the pendency
of the proceedings are disallowed. There will be no order as to costs.
S.L.P.8640/81
is disposed of on the same lines.
The
decision, which equally need a detailed reference, is that of Constitution
Bench reported in Secretary, Irrigation Department, Government of Orissa and
Others vs G.C. Roy [(1992) 1 SCC 508] (hereinafter referred to as Roys case).
Of the two issues raised in the appeal therein, the one which related to the
jurisdiction of the Arbitrator to award pendente lite interest when taken up
for hearing before a Bench, the correctness of Jenas case (supra) insofar as it
held that the Arbitrator had no power to award interest pendente lite was
contested and on the view taken by that Bench that the said question required
further consideration by a larger Bench, the matter was placed before the
Constitution Bench. Ultimately, the Constitution Bench held that the decision
in Jenas case (supra) does not lay down good law and where the agreement
between the parties does not prohibit grant of interest and where a party
claims interest and that dispute (along with the claim for principal amount or
independently) is referred to the Arbitrator, he will have the power to award
interest pendente lite, for the reason that in such a case it must be presumed
that interest was an implied term of the agreement between the parties and therefore
the parties refer all their disputes - or refer the dispute as to interest as
such to the Arbitrator- which he shall have power to decide. It was also emphasised
therein that the matter being one within the discretion of the Arbitrator - the
same requires to be exercised in the light of all facts and circumstances of
the case, keeping the ends of justice in view.
The
Constitution Bench, which decided Roys
case (supra) after a critical analysis of the earlier decisions including the
one in Jenas case (supra), held as follows:
43.
The question still remains whether arbitrator has the power to award interest pendente
lite, and if so on what principle. We must reiterate that we are dealing with
the situation where the agreement does not provide for grant of such interest
nor does it prohibit such grant. In other words, we are dealing with a case
where the agreement is silent as to award of interest. On a conspectus of
aforementioned decisions, the following principles emerge:
(i) A
person deprived of the use of money to which he is legitimately entitled has a
right to be compensated for the deprivation, call it by any name. It may be
called interest, compensation or damages. This basic consideration is as valid
for the period the dispute is pending before the arbitrator as it is for the
period prior to the arbitrator entering upon the reference. This is the
principle of Section 34, Civil Procedure Code and there is no reason or
principle to hold otherwise in the case of arbitrator.
(ii)
An arbitrator is an alternative form (sic forum) for resolution of disputes
arising between the parties. If so, he must have the power to decide all the
disputes or differences arising between the parties. If the arbitrator has no
power to award interest pendente lite, the party claiming it would have to
approach the court for that purpose, even though he may have obtained
satisfaction in respect of other claims from the arbitrator. This would lead to
multiplicity of proceedings.
(iii)
An arbitrator is the creature of an agreement.
It is
open to the parties to confer upon him such powers and prescribe such procedure
for him to follow, as they think fit, so long as they are not opposed to law.
(The proviso to Section 41 and Section 3 of Arbitration Act illustrate this
point). All the same, the agreement must be in conformity with law. The
arbitrator must also act and make his award in accordance with the general law
of the land and the agreement.
(iv)
Over the years, the English and Indian courts have acted on the assumption that
where the agreement does not prohibit and a party to the reference makes a
claim for interest, the arbitrator must have the power to award interest pendente
lite. Thawardas has not been followed in the later decisions of this Court. It
has been explained and distinguished on the basis that in that case there was
no claim for interest but only a claim for unliquidated damages. It has been
said repeatedly that observations in the said judgment were not intended to lay
down any such absolute or universal rule as they appear to, on first
impression. Until Jena case almost all the courts in the
country had upheld the power of the arbitrator to award interest pendente lite.
Continuity and certainty is a highly desirable feature of law.
(v)
Interest pendente lite is not a matter of substantive law, like interest for
the period anterior to reference (pre-reference period). For doing complete
justice between the parties, such power has always been inferred.
While
overruling Jenas case on the above principles, this Court applied the principle
of prospective overruling making it clear that their decision shall not entitle
any party nor shall it empower any Court to re-open proceedings which have
already become final and that the law declared shall apply only to pending proceedings.
The
area of consideration and the questions which fell for the determination of the
cases in Jenas case and Roys case have been adverted to in Roys case itself and
in para 8 of the judgment it has been observed as follows:
Generally,
the question of award of interest by the arbitrator may arise in respect of
three different periods, namely:
(i) for
the period commencing from the date of dispute till the date the arbitrator
enters upon the reference;
(ii) for
the period commencing from the date of the arbitrators entering upon reference
till the date of making the award; and
(iii) for
the period commencing from the date of making of the award till the date the
award is made the rule of the court or till the date of realisation, whichever
is earlier. In the appeals before us we are concerned only with the second of
the three aforementioned periods. In Jena Case, two questions arose for
consideration of the Court, namely:
(i) the
power of the arbitrator to award interest for the period prior to his entering
upon reference, and;
(ii)
the powers of the arbitrator to award interest for the period the dispute
remained pending before him pendente lite. Since, the Court dealt with the
second question in detail and held that the arbitrator had no jurisdiction or
authority to award interest pendente lite, we think it necessary to consider
the reasons for the decision. Justice Chinnappa Reddy, J. speaking for the
bench held that neither the Interest Act, 1839 nor the Interest Act, 1978
conferred power on the arbitrator for awarding interest pendente lite. The
learned Judge observed that Section 34 of the Civil Procedure Code which
provides for the same did not apply to arbitrator inasmuch as an arbitrator is
not a court within the meaning of the said provision. Consequently the
arbitrator could not award interest pendente lite.
In Jugal
Kishore Prabhatilal Sharma & Ors. vs Vijayendra P. Sharma & Anr.[(1993)
1 SCC 114] a Bench of three learned judges to which B.P. Jeevan Reddy, J. was a
party observed that there was force in the contention that the decision in Roys
case did not affect the position of law relating to the power of the Arbitrator
in respect of the period prior to reference in respect of a pre 1978 Act
period. B.P. Jeevan Reddy, J. who was also a member of the Constitution Bench
which decided Roys case, wrote a separate concurring opinion clarifying the
position that Roys case was concerned with the power of the Arbitrator to award
interest pendente lite unlike Jenas case which considered the question both for
the pre-reference period as well as the pendente lite period and therefore, it
may not be right to read the decision in Roys case as overruling Jenas case
insofar as it dealt with the power of the arbitrator to award interest for the
pre-reference period.
The
learned Judge (Jeevan Reddy, J.) speaking for another Bench in the decision
reported in State of Orissa vs B.N. Agarwala [(1993) 1 SCC 140]
reaffirmed the same position and even rejected a request for reference of the
matter to a larger Bench of this Court. The decision in State of Orissa vs B.N. Agarwalla [(1997) 2 SCC
469], also reaffirmed the above position.
In
B.N. Agarwallas case (supra) [(1997)2 SCC 469], B.N. Kirpal, J., speaking for a
Bench of three learned judges of this Court, adverted to the earlier decisions
some of which rendered even after those noticed above and held as follows:
18. In
view of the aforesaid decisions there can now be no doubt with regard to the
jurisdiction of the arbitrator to grant interest. The principles which can now
be said to be well-settled are that the arbitrator has the jurisdiction to
award pre- reference interest in cases which arose after the Interest Act, 1978
had become applicable.
With
regard to those cases pertaining to the period prior to the applicability of
the Interest Act, 1978, in the absence of any substantive law, contract or
usage, the arbitrator has no jurisdiction to award interest. For the period
during which the arbitration proceedings were pending in view of the decision
in G.C. Roy case and Hindustan Construction Ltd. case, the arbitrator has the
power to award interest. The power of the arbitrator to award interest for the
post-award period also exists and this aspect has been considered in the
discussion relating to Civil Appeal No.9234 of 1994 in the later part of this
judgment.
As to
what should happen for the post Award period, Section 29 of the Arbitration
Act, 1940, itself provides clue for an answer by stipulating that where and
insofar as an award is for the payment of money, the Court may in the decree
order interest from the date of the decree at such rate as the Court deems
reasonable to be paid on the principal sum as adjudged by the award and
confirmed by the decree. This question has been specifically dealt with in Hindustan
Construction Company Ltd. vs State of Jammu & Kashmir [(1992) 4 SCC 217] by
a Bench of three learned judges and it was held therein as follows:
5. The
question of interest can be easily disposed of as it is covered by recent
decisions of this Court. It is sufficient to refer to the latest decision of a
five Judge bench of this Court in Secretary, Irrigation Department, Govt. of Orisssa
vs G.C. Roy. Though the said decision deals with the power of the arbitrator to
award interest pendente lite, the principle of the decision makes it clear that
the arbitrator is competent to award interest for the period commencing with
the date of award to the date of decree or date of realisation, whichever is
earlier.
This
is also quite logical for, while award of interest for the period prior to an
arbitrator entering upon the reference is a matter of substantive law, the
grant of interest for the post- award period is a matter of procedure. Section
34 of Code of Civil Procedure provides both for awarding of interest pendente lite
as well as for the post-decree period and the principle of Section 34 has been
held applicable to proceedings before the arbitrator, though the section as
such may not apply. In this connection, the decision in Union of India vs Bungo
Steel Furniture (P) Ltd. may be seen as also the decision in Gujarat Water
Supply & Sewerage Board vs Unique Erectors (Gujarat) P. Ltd. which upholds the said power though on a somewhat
different reasoning. We, therefore, think that the award on Item No.8 should
have been upheld.
This
aspect was also specifically dealt with and it was held in B.N. Agarwallas case
(Supra), as hereunder:
37.
When the arbitrator makes an award, it is not necessary that in every case the
award has to be filed in a court and a decree, in terms thereof, is passed. It
does happen that when an award is made, the party against whom it is made, may
accept the award and comply with the same. It is rightly not disputed that from
the date of passing of the award, future interest can be awarded by the
arbitrator as held by this Court in the cases of Unique Erectors (Gujarat) (P) Ltd. and Hindustan
Construction Co. Ltd. The correct procedure which should be adopted by the
arbitrator is to award future interest till the date of the decree or the date
of payment, whichever is earlier. The effect of this would be that if the award
is voluntarily accepted, which may not result in a decree being passed, then
payment of interest would be made from the date of award till the date of
payment. Where, however, as in the present case, the award is filed in the
court and a decree is passed in terms thereof, then Mr. Sanyal has rightly
contended that it is for the court to determine under Section 29 of the
Arbitration Act as to whether interest should be ordered to be paid and if so
at what rate.
It is
in the above backdrop of the legal principles enunciated and considered holding
the field that this reference came to be made for determining the jurisdiction
of the Arbitrator to award interest for the pre- reference period, in the
circumstances stated in the very question of reference.
Shri Gobind
Das, learned senior counsel for the appellants, submitted that having regard to
the principles and ratio laid down in Jenas case and B.N. Agarwalas case
(Supra) and the other decisions wherein the position came to be re-affirmed and
followed consistently, the Arbitrator will have no jurisdiction to award
interest for the pre-reference period in a matter relating to the pre 1978 Act,
period. The decision of this Court in G.C. Roys case, according to the learned
counsel, has no relevance to the case pertaining to pre-reference period, the
same being only concerned with pendente lite period and therefore the authority
of the Jenas case in respect of the pre- reference period holding that no
interest is payable for pre-reference period never stood undermined or
overruled by the decision of the Constitution Bench rendered in G.C. Roys case.
Emphasis has been laid to derive support to this stand on the decisions
reported in Bengal Nagpur Railway Co. Ltd. vs Ruttanji Ramji and others [AIR
1938 PC 67]; Seth Thawardas Pherumal and another vs Union of India [AIR 1955 SC
468 = 1955(2) SCR 48]; Union of India vs A.L. Rallia Ram [(1964) 3 SCR 164];
Union of India vs Watkins Mayor & Co. [AIR 1966 SC 275]; Union of India vs
West Punjab Factories Ltd. [(1966) 1 SCR 580 = AIR 1966 SC 395];
M/s Ashok
Construction Companys case (Supra) and State of Madhya Pradesh vs M/s Saith
& Skelton (P) Ltd. [(1972) 3 SCR 233]. According to the learned counsel for
the appellants, the principles laid down in Jenas case as affirmed in G.C. Roys
case and as clarified and declared in the subsequent decisions of this Court
including the one in B.N. Agarwalas case (Supra), do not call for any change or
modification or alteration and the reference should be answered in favour of
the appellants.
Per
contra, Shri Anil B. Divan, learned Senior Counsel spear heading the arguments
on behalf of the respondents followed by Sharvashri V.Bhagat and A.K. Panda
strenuously contended that the ratio or the reasons which formed the basis for
the judgment and the principles laid down in G.C. Roys case dehors their
ultimate application to the actual case before court for according relief,
renders the decision in Jenas case, insofar as it related to award of interest
for pre-reference period also bad even for the very reasons on which the Court
in G.C.Roys case found the judgment in Jenas case bad or unsustainable in
respect of award of interest for pendente lite period. The conclusions in Jenas
case are said to be directly in conflict with the earlier three judges judgment
of this Court and all these cases having been quoted with approval in G.C.Roys
case, Jenas case must be held to be no longer good law even in respect of award
of interest for the pre-reference period. Argued the learned senior counsel
further that inasmuch as the principles laid down in the English cases (Chandris
case, Edwards case) came to be approved in G.C.Roys case, it becomes inevitably
necessary to hold that the Arbitrator has jurisdiction to award interest for
pre-reference period as long as there is no specific prohibition as such in the
agreement/contract between parties restraining the claim/payment of interest,
on the principle of an implied term of the agreement between the parties, that
the Arbitrator could award interest in a case where the Court could award it
and that as a consequence thereof when the parties refer all their disputes/ or
the dispute as to interest as such - to the Arbitrator, he shall have the
necessary power to award interest - though such power may be exercised in his
discretion in the light of all the facts and circumstances of the case and in
the interests of justice. Our attention has also been invited in this regard to
certain English La Pintada Compania Navigacion S.A. (Law Reports [1985] 1 Compania
Naviera S.A. of Panama (1986 (3) All England Law Reports 500 = [1987] 1 Weekly
Law Reports 134), and those of the Supreme Court in G.C. Roys case and some of
the decisions referred to therein. We have carefully considered the submissions
of the learned counsel appearing on either side. The mere reference and
reliance placed by the counsel for the appellants on the earlier decisions
which have been already considered by this Court in deciding Jenas case and
G.C. Roys case and explained, does not help to improve the position of the
appellants in any manner to sustain their plea. The Constitution Bench which
dealt with G.C. Roys case while adverting to the English cases reported in
Edwards vs Great Western Railway Company [(1851) 138 ER 603]; Podar Trading Co.
Ltd. vs Francois Tagher [(1949) 2 All E.R. 62]; Chandris vs Isbrandsten- Moller
Co. Inc. [1950 (1) All E.R. 768], observed, while quoting with approval the
decision in Ashok Construction Companys case (supra), that the principles laid
down by this Court it only accorded with the principles laid down in Edwards
case (Supra) as understood in Chandris case (Supra). Reference has also been
made in G.C. Roys case to the decision reported in Union of India vs Bungo
Steel Furniture Pvt. Ltd. [AIR 1967 SC 1032] wherein also this Court accorded
approval to the principles laid down in the English cases, observing as
follows:
26.
The above passages show that the Court laid down two principles:
(i) it
is an implied term of the reference that the arbitrator will decide the dispute
according to existing law and give such relief with regard to interest as a
court could give if it decides the dispute;
(ii) though
in terms Section 34 of the Code of Civil Procedure does not apply to
arbitration proceedings, the principle of that section will be applied by the
arbitrator for awarding interest in cases where a court of law in a suit having
jurisdiction of the subject matter covered by Section 34 could grant a decree
for interest. It is also relevant to notice that this decision refers with
approval to both the English decisions in Edwards and Chandris case besides the
decision of this Court in Firm Madanlal Roshanlal. It is noteworthy that the
decision explains and distinguishes the decision in Thawardas on the same lines
as was done in Firm Madanlal Roshanlal case.
The
subsequent development and march of law in England, in this connection also deserve to be noticed. In President of India vs
La Pintada Compania Navigacion S.A. (supra), the House of Lords approved the
rule in Chandris case as follows:
The
true position in law is, in my opinion, not in doubt. It is this. Where parties
refer a dispute between them to arbitration in England, they impliedly agree that the arbitration is to be
conducted in accordance in all respects with the law of England, unless, which seldom occurs, the
agreement of reference provides otherwise. It is on this basis that it was held
by the Court of Appeal in Chandris vs Isbrandtsen-Moller Co. Inc.[1951] 1 K.B.
240 that, although section 3(1) of the Act 1934, by its terms, empowered only
courts of record to include interest in sums for which judgment was given for
damages or debt, arbitrators were nevertheless empowered, by the agreement of
reference, to apply English law, including so much of that law as is to be
found in section 3(1) of the Act of 1934. (At page 119.) In Food Corporation of
India vs Marastro Compania Naviera S.A.
of Panama (supra), it was held by the Court
of Appeal as hereunder:
Before
section 19A there was no general statutory provision empowering arbitrators to
award interest on the sums they awarded. But it was held by this court in Chandris
vs Isbrandtsen-Moller Co. Inc. [1951] 1 K.B. 240 that, just as before the Act
of 1934 came into force an arbitrator had been held entitled to award interest
in the circumstances in which, under the Civil Procedure Act 1933, a jury could
have awarded interest, so equally, after the Act of 1934 came into force, an
arbitrator had impliedly the power to award interest which section 3 had
conferred upon courts of record.
The
decision in the Chandris case was approved by the House of Lords in President
of India vs La Pintada Compania Navigacion S.A.[1985] A.C. 104. There, Lord
Brandon of Oakbrook said that, where parties refer a dispute between them to
arbitration in England, they impliedly agree that the
arbitration is to be conducted in accordance in all respects with the law of England, unless the agreement of reference
provides otherwise. Thus, although section 3 of the Act of 1934 by its terms
empowered only courts of record to include interest in sums for which judgment
was given for damages or debt, arbitrators were nevertheless empowered, by the
agreement of reference, to apply English law, including so much of that law as
was to be found in section 3 of the Act of 1934.
In my
judgment, this implied agreement in the arbitration agreement is naturally to
be understood as empowering arbitrators to apply English law as it is from time
to time during the course of the reference (and in particular in the context of
the present case as it was at the time of the hearing and the award) and not as
an agreement empowering the arbitrator to apply English law crystallised as at
the date of the arbitration agreement.
As it
was put by Cohen L.J. in the Chandris case [1951] 1 K.B. 240, 264 (though
admittedly without having his mind addressed to transitional problems):
In my
opinion, the right of arbitrators to award interest was not derived from
sections 28 and 29 of the Civil Procedure Act, 1833, but from the rule that
arbitrators had the powers of the appropriate court in the matter of awarding
interest. In my opinion, therefore, the effect of the Act of 1934 is that,
after it came into force, an arbitrator had no longer the powers of awarding
interest on damages conferred on juries by sections 28 and 29 of the Civil
Procedure Act, 1833, but he had the power conferred on the appropriate court in
the act of 1934 described as a `court of record.
In the
present case, the power of the court under section 3 of the Act of 1934 to
award interest on a judgment at the trial of proceedings which the arbitrator
would by implication prospectively have had at the time of the arbitration
agreement had been superseded by the time of the hearing, and afortiori by the
date of the award, by the wider powers of the court as a result of section 15
of the Act of 1982. It is those wider powers which, by the Chandris process of
implication, the arbitrator would have had when he made the award if section
19A had not been inserted into the Arbitration Act 1950. The purpose of section
19A is to make explicit powers to award interest which had previously rested on
implication. There is thus a further strong pointer to holding that section 19A
has retrospective effect and applies to pending and future arbitrations under
arbitration agreements whenever made, just as the powers of the High Court and
of the county courts under section 35A of the Act of 1981 and section 97A of the
Act of 1959 apply to proceedings whenever instituted. (At pages 141 & 142)
The Constitution Bench in G.C.Roys case also recognised and accorded approval
to this principle in para 43 (iii) by stating, The Arbitrator must also act and
make his award in accordance with the general law of the land and the
agreement.
As for
the reliance placed for the appellants upon the decisions reported in AIR 1938
PC 67; AIR 1955 SC 468 and 1966 (1) SCR 580, we are of the view that the
observations contained in those judgments have to be construed in the factual
context and nature of the claims involved therein and not in the abstract and
out of their context.
Thawardas
case (Supra) is one where the Arbitrator awarded interest on unliquidated
damages for a period before the reference to arbitration as well as for the
period subsequent to reference. The Bengal Nagpur Railway Company Ltd. case
(Supra) dealt with the claim of interest by way of damages under Section 73 of
the Contract Act and it was observed therein that Section 73 is merely
declaratory of the common law as to damages and that it was not available to
the plaintiff therein. In West Punjab Factories Ltd.
Case
(Supra) also the suit claim was for damages for loss of goods destroyed by
fire, and issue No. (iv) considered therein related to the question of awarding
interest for the period before the suit on the amount of damages decreed. A
careful analysis of the principles underlying those decisions would show that
the claim of interest for the period prior to the commencement of proceedings
was not countenanced in view of the settled and indisputable position of law
that damages till quantified is not and cannot be said to be an ascertained or
definite sum and until it is ascertained and crystalised into a definite sum
and decreed, no question of payment of interest for the period prior to such
quantification would either arise or be permissible in law, even if made before
regular civil courts, in ordinary suits filed.
There
can be no controversy over the position that the Constitution Bench of this
Court in G.C. Roys case while declaring that the decision in Jenas case does
not lay down good law upheld, as a consequence the jurisdiction of the
Arbitrator to award only pendente lite interest, as explained and highlighted
in the subsequent decisions of this Court. When the claim involved for
consideration in G.C. Roys case was only with reference to pendente lite
interest it cannot be expected of the Court to travel outside, except for analysing
the general principles, to academically adjudicate the other aspects of the
matter also decided by the Bench in Jenas case and overrule the same on such
other points, too. Be that as it may, the ratio or the basis of reasons and
principles underlying a decision is distinct from the ultimate relief granted
or manner of disposal adopted in a given case. While laying down principle No.
(i) in para 43, it has been in unmistakable terms declared that the basic
proposition that a person deprived of the use of money to which he is legitimately
entitled to has a right to be compensated for the deprivation, by whatever name
it may be called viz., interest, compensation or damages, is as valid for the
period the dispute is pending before the Arbitrator as it is for the period
prior to the Arbitrator entering upon the reference. The efficacy and binding
nature of this declaration of law cannot be either diminished or whittled down
even on any known principle underlying the doctrine of stare decisis. The same
is the position with reference to the principle Nos. (ii) and (iii). It cannot
be legitimately contended that these principles would either vary or could be
different in a case relating to the award of interest for the pre-reference
period and to assume such a contra position in juxta position would not only be
destructive in nature but also illogical and self-contradictory resulting in
grave miscarriage of justice. Some of the very reasons and principles which
weighed with the Constitution Bench in G.C.Roys case to sustain the
jurisdiction of the Arbitrator to award pendente lite interest in a claim
arising out of an agreement which does not also prohibit the grant of interest,
in our view would equally suffice and provide sound basis of reasoning for
upholding the power of the Arbitrator to award interest in respect of the pre-
reference period, too. The further fact that the decisions of this Court,
including the Jenas case, envisaged four circumstances or contingencies wherein
such interest for pre-reference period can be countenanced by the Arbitrator,
is by itself sufficient to confer jurisdiction upon the Arbitrator to entertain
and consider the said claim also, and consequently there is no justification to
thwart the same even at the threshold denying the Arbitrator power even to
entertain the claim as such.
What
difference it would make and consequences would follow, if principle No. (i) is
read along with principle No. (v), be it even that, interest for the
pre-reference period is a matter of substantive law unlike the interest for the
period pendente lite, which ultimately came to be allowed applying the
principles engrafted in Section 34 of the Code of Civil Procedure would next
deserve our consideration. Substantive Law, is that part of the law which
creates, defines and regulates rights in contrast to what is called adjective
or remedial law which provides the method of enforcing rights. Decisions,
including the one in Jenas case while adverting to the question of substantive
law has chosen to indicate by way of illustration laws such as Sale of Goods
Act, 1930 [Section 61(2)], Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 (Section 80) etc.
The provisions of the Interest Act 1839, which prescribes the general law of
interest and becomes applicable in the absence of any contractual or other
statutory provisions specially dealing with the subject, would also answer the
description of substantive law. This Act was excluded from consideration for
the simple reason that unlike the inclusive definition of Court in 1978 Act so
as to include an Arbitrator, also the 1839 Act did not provide any definition
clause much less an expansive one. Not only, Section 1 of the Interest Act but
even the provisions contained in Sale of Goods Act and Negotiable Instruments
Act themselves only envisage and enable courts to grant or award interest. But
on that ground alone it could not be reasonably postulated that such Acts
applied only to proceedings before Courts and not to proceedings before forums
created in lieu of conventional Civil Courts. Once it is construed and considered
that the method of redressal of disputes by an alternative forum of arbitration
as agreed to between the parties, with or without the intervention of Court is
only a substitute of the conventional Civil Courts by forums created by consent
of parties, it is but inevitably necessary that the parties must be deemed to
have by implication also agreed that the arbitrator shall have power to award
interest, the same way and in the same manner as courts do and would have done,
had there not been an agreement for arbitration. It is in this connection that
the practice followed by English Courts which came to be noticed and approved
by this Court also lend support and strength to adopt such construction in
order to render complete and substantial justice between the parties. That
there is nothing in the Interest Act, 1839 to confine its operation and
applicability only to proceedings before ordinary and conventional Courts,
cannot also be ignored, in this connection. In our view any such restricted and
literal construction which is bound to create numerous anomalies and ultimately
defeat the ends of justice should be scrupulously avoided. On the other hand,
that interpretation which makes the text not only match the context but also
make a reading of the provisions of an Act, just, meaningful and purposeful and
help to further and advance the ends of justice must alone commend for the
acceptance of courts of law. Adopting a different construction to deny a
claimant who opts for adjudication of disputes by arbitral process alone and
that too when recourse to such process is made without the intervention of
Court would amount to applying different and discriminatory norms and standards
to situations which admits of no such difference and that too where there is no
real distinction based upon any acceptable or tangible reason.
It is
not in dispute that an Arbitrator appointed in a pending suit or with the
intervention of the Court, will have all the powers of the Court, in deciding
the dispute and the dispute is only in respect of an Arbitrator to whom the
reference has been made by the parties, under the agreement without the
intervention of the Court. It would then mean that the parties have to be
driven to vexatious litigation before Courts by passing an agreement of
arbitration, to be ultimately told to abide by it and have the matter formally
referred by staying such proceedings before Civil Court to secure to the
Arbitrator power to award interest also. In G.C. Roys case while emphasising
the importance and need for availing arbitration process, it has been observed
as follows:
4. A
dispute between two parties may be determined by court through judicial process
or by arbitrator through a non-judicial process. The resolution of dispute by
court, through judicial process is costly and time consuming.
Therefore,
generally the parties with a view to avoid delay and cost, prefer alternative
method of settlement of dispute through arbitration proceedings. In addition to
these two known process of settlement of dispute there is another alternative
method of settlement of dispute through statutory arbitration. Statutory
arbitrations are regulated by the statutory provisions while the parties
entering into agreement for the resolution of their dispute through the process
of arbitration are free to enter into agreement regarding the method, mode and
procedure of the resolution of their dispute provided the same are not opposed
to any provision of law. Many a time while suit is pending for adjudication
before a court, the court with the consent of the parties, refers the dispute
to arbitration. On account of the growth in the international trade and
commerce and also on account of long delays occurring in the disposal of suits
and appeals in courts, there has been tremendous movement towards the
resolution of disputes through alternative forum of arbitrators. The
alternative method of settlement of dispute through arbitration is a speedy and
convenient process, which is being followed throughout the world. In India
since ancient days settlement of disputes by Panches has been a common process
for resolution of disputes in an informal manner. But now arbitration is
regulated by statutory provisions.
If
that be the position, Courts which of late encourage litigants to opt for and
avail of the alternative method of resolution of disputes, would be penalising
or placing those who avail of the same in a serious disadvantage. Both logic
and reason should counsel courts to lean more in favour of the Arbitrator
holding to possess all the powers as are necessary to do complete and full
justice between the parties in the same manner in which the Civil Court seized
of the same dispute could have done. By agreeing to settle all the disputes and
claims arising out of or relating to the contract between the parties through
arbitration instead of having recourse to Civil Court to vindicate their rights
the party concerned cannot be considered to have frittered away and given up
any claim which otherwise he could have successfully asserted before Courts and
obtained relief. By agreeing to have settlement of disputes through
arbitration, the party concerned must be understood to have only opted for a
different forum of adjudication with less cumbersome procedure, delay and
expense and not to abandon all or any of his substantive rights under the
various laws in force, according to which only even the Arbitrator is obliged
to adjudicate the claims referred to him. As long as there is nothing in the
arbitration agreement to exclude the jurisdiction of the Arbitrator to
entertain a claim for interest on the amounts due under the contract, or any
prohibition to claim interest on the amounts due and become payable under the
contract, the jurisdiction of the Arbitrator to consider and award interest in
respect of all periods subject only to Section 29 of the Arbitration Act, 1940
and that too the powers of the Court thereunder, has to be upheld. The
submission that the Arbitrator cannot have jurisdiction to award interest for
the period prior to the date of his appointment or entering into reference
which alone confers him power is too stale and technical to be countenanced in
our hands, for the simple reason that in every case the appointment of an
Arbitrator or even resort to Court to vindicate rights could be only after
disputes have cropped up between the parties and continue to subsist unresolved
and that if the Arbitrator has the power to deal with and decide disputes which
cropped up at a point of time and for the period prior to the appointment of an
Arbitrator, it is beyond comprehension as to why and for what reason and with
what justification the Arbitrator should be denied only the power to award
interest for the pre-reference period when such interest becomes payable and
has to be awarded as an accessory or incidental to the sum awarded as due and
payable, taking into account the deprivation of the use of such sum to the
person lawfully entitled to the same. For all the reasons stated above, we
answer the reference by holding that the Arbitrator appointed with or without
the intervention of the court, has jurisdiction to award interest, on the sums
found due and payable, for the pre- reference period, in the absence of any
specific stipulation or prohibition in the contract to claim or grant any such interest.
The decision in Jenas case [1988 (1) SCC 418] taking a contra view does not lay
down the correct position and stands overruled, prospectively, which means that
this decision shall not entitle any party nor shall it empower any Court to
reopen proceedings which have already become final, and apply only to any
pending proceedings. No costs.
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