B.S.E.
Brokers Forum, Bombay & Ors . Vs. Securities &
Exchange Board of India & Ors [2001] Insc 49 (1 February 2001)
B.N.Kirpal,
N.S.Hegde Santosh Hegde, J.
Writ
Petition (civil) 502 of 2000
L.J
Writ
petitions questioning the validity of Regulation 10 of the Securities &
Exchange Board of India (Stock Brokers and Sub- brokers) Regulations, 1992 read
with Schedule III thereof as also letters dated 7th of November, 1992 and 7th
of January, 1993 issued by the Securities & Exchange Board of India (SEBI)
were filed in various High Courts in the country. On a transfer petition for
consolidating these cases being filed before this Court by respondent No.1,
this Court by its order dated 10th of December, 1999 directed that one such
Writ Petition © No.126/1993 pending before the Bombay High Court be transferred
to this Court. By the said order, this Court also stayed other proceedings
pending in the other High Courts but gave liberties to the concerned parties to
file intervention application in the above transferred case. On 31st of
January, 1992, the President of India in exercise of the powers conferred upon
him by Article 123(1) of the Constitution of India was pleased to promulgate
the Securities & Exchange Board of India Ordinance, 1992. This Ordinance
was subsequently replaced by the Securities & Exchange Board of India Act,
1992 (the Act). The Act was given retrospective operation w.e.f. 30th of
January, 1992.
Section
3 of the Act provided for the establishment of Securities & Exchange Board
of India (SEBI) while Section 4 provided for SEBIs Management Board (the
Board).
On
10th of April, 1992 on behalf of the Board, a letter was addressed to the
Presidents and Executive Directors of all the recognised Stock Exchanges
whereby the members, stock brokers of all the recognised Stock Exchanges in
India were called upon to submit their applications to the Board for the
purpose of registration in accordance with Section 12(1) of the Act. The said
letter which enclosed a pro forma of the application for registration of stock
brokers required fees to be paid by applicants for registration on the
following basis: Registration Annual Fees Fees (Rs.) (Rs.) Category A 5 Lakhs
10.000 Category B 3 Lakhs 5.000 Category C 1 Lakh 4.000
Category A:Stock
Brokers who are or will be members of Bombay, Delhi and Calcutta Stock
Exchanges. Category B: Stock Brokers who are or will be members of Bangalore,
Cochin, Madras and Ahmedabad Stock Exchanges. Category C: Stock Brokers who are
or will be members of other stock Exchanges.
This
demand of the Board led to a nation-wide agitation of stock brokers which
resulted in the closing down of Stock Exchanges throughout India for several
days.
The
issue which gave rise to this agitation was the high registration fee sought to
be levied by the Board for the purpose of registration. Succumbing to the
pressure of this agitation the Board on 19th of April, 1992 issued a revised
fee structure for registration of brokers giving two options as below : OPTION
A: One time registration fee may be payable by the members in 5 annual instalments
under this Option as follows: For Group A exchanges viz. Bombay, Delhi and
Calcutta at Rs.50,000 per year for 5 years.
Rs.2.5
lakhs For Group B exchanges viz. Madras, Ahmedabad, Bangalore and Cochin at
Rs.30,000/- per year for 5 years.
Rs.
1.5 lakhs For other exchanges at Rs.10,000/- Per year for 5 years. Rs. 50,000/-
OPTION
B:
One
time registration fee may be payable by the members under this Option as
follows:
Fee @
of 1% of the annual turnover of each broker for 5 years from 1990-91. This fee
will be uniform for all exchanges.
The
registration fee will include fee for registration as underwriters also. During
the 5 years period there will be no annual fee.
Each
exchange may choose either Option A or Option B and collect fees accordingly
from all its members and sent their applications forms to SEBI within the date
stipulated already.
The
one time registration fee for sub-brokers will be uniform at Rs.5,000/-. In
addition, the sub-brokers will require to pay an annual fee of Rs.1,000/- for
renewal of registration.
As
could be seen from the above, there was substantial change in the new proposal
made by the Board. It proposed to reduce the initial fee for registration by
50% with more instalment facility. In effect the earlier demands of
registration fee of Rs.2.5 lakhs, Rs.1.5 lakhs and Rs.50,000/- respectively on
different categories of members were brought down to Rs.1.45 lakhs, Rs.87,000/-
and Rs.29,000/- respectively. Even to this reduced offer of the Board, the
members of the Stock Exchanges and the stock brokers had their opposition which
is evident from the letter dated 25th of April, 1992 addressed to the Finance
Minister of India by the Presidents of all the 22 Stock Exchanges which are recognised
and regulated by the Union of India under the Securities Contracts (Regulation)
Act, 1956 (the SCR Act). By the said letter the Stock Exchanges sought
exemption from the requirement of registration by their members. Their further
demand was that there should be, if at all necessary, a simplified form for
registration and only nominal fee for registration of Rs.1,000/- payable at one
time only should be collected from each of their members. The Union of India by
a notification dated 20th of August, 1992 issued in exercise of powers
conferred by Section 29 of the Act notified the Securities & Exchange Board
of India (Stock brokers and Sub-brokers) Rules, 1992 (the Rules). Rule 3 of the
said Rules provides that no stock broker shall buy sell and deal in securities
unless he holds a certificate granted by the Board. The Rule also provided that
for the grant of such certificate, the applicant concerned will have to pay an
amount of fees for registration in the manner provided in the Regulation to be
framed by the Board. By a notification dated 23rd of October, 1992 issued in
exercise of the powers conferred under Section 30 of the Act, the Board with
previous approval of the Central Government notified the Securities & Exchange
Board of India (Stock brokers and Sub- brokers) Regulations, 1992 (the
Regulations). Regulation 3(1) of the same provided that applications by stock
brokers for grant of certificate shall be made in the prescribed Form A through
the Stock Exchange of which the said broker is admitted as a member. Regulation
6 provided that the Board on being satisfied that the stock broker is eligible
for a certificate of registration shall grant a certificate in Form D to the
stock broker and send an intimation to that effect to the Stock Exchange
concerned. The controversy in this petition emerges from Regulation 10 read
with Schedule III of the said Regulations which reads thus:
10(1) Every
applicant eligible for grant of a certificate shall pay such fees and in such
manner as specified in Schedule III:
Provided
that the Board may on sufficient cause being shown permit the stock-broker to
pay such fees at any time before the expiry of six months from the date on
which such fees become due.
(2)
Where a stock-broker fails to pay the fees as provided in regulation 10, the
Board may suspend the registration certificate, whereupon the stock broker
shall cease to buy, sell or deal in securities as a stock-broker.
Schedule
III states as under:
I.
Fees to be paid by the Stock-broker.
1.
Every stock-broker shall subject to paragraphs 2 and 3 of this Schedule pay
registration fees in the manner set out below:
(a)
Where the annual turnover does not exceed rupees one crore during any financial
year, a sum of rupees five thousand for each financial year; or
(b)
Where the annual turnover of the stock- broker exceeds rupees one crore during
any financial year, a sum of rupees five thousand plus one hundredth of one per
cent of the turnover in excess of rupees one crore for each financial year;
(c)
After the expiry of five financial years from the date of initial registration
as a stock-broker, he shall pay sum of rupees five thousand for a block of five
financial years commencing from the sixth financial year after the date of grant
of initial registration to keep his registration in force.
2.
Fees referred to in clause (a) and (b) of paragraph 1 above shall be paid-
(a) in
respect of the financial year 1992- 1993 within one month of the commencement
of these regulations;
(b) in
respect of the financial year beginning on the 1st day of April, 1993 and the
following financial years, on or before the first day of October of the
financial year to which such payment relates, and such fees shall be computed
with reference to the annual turnover relating to the preceding financial year.
3.
Every remittance of fees referred to in clauses (a) and (b) of paragraph 1,
shall be accompanied by a certificate as to the authenticity of turnover on the
basis of which fees have been computed duly signed by the stock exchange of
which the stock-broker is a member or by a qualified auditor as defined in
Section 226 of the Companies Act, 1956.
Explanation
- For the purposes
of paragraphs 1, 2 and 3, annual turnover means the aggregate of the sale and purchase
prices of securities received and receivable by the stock -broker on his own
account as well as on account of his clients in respect of sale and purchase or
dealing in securities during any financial year.
II.
Fees to be paid by Sub-broker:
(a) A
Sub-broker shall pay a fee of rupees one thousand for each financial year for
an initial period of five years.
(b)
After the expiry of the five years mentioned above, the sub-broker shall pay a
fee of rupees five hundred for each financial year as long as the certificate
remains in force.
III.
Manner of fees to be paid:
The
fees indicated above shall be paid on or before the 1st day of October each
year payable by a cheque, draft or other instrument in favour of The Securities
and Exchange Board of India at Bombay.
It
seems that after coming into force of the said Regulation, the Board by its
letter dated 7th
November, 1992 called
upon the President/Executive Director of all the Stock Exchanges in the country
to collect registration fees from each of the member broker for the year 1992
in accordance with the said Regulations. The members of the Stock Exchanges
being agitated by this demand, through their Stock Exchanges initiated
correspondence with the Board as to the justification of the levy as well as the
method of levy. They contended that the demand was excessive and the collection
of the same based on turnover of a broker was unreasonable and arbitrary. On
such complaint of the broker, the Board on 18th of December 1992 appointed an
Expert Committee to look into their grievances. The said Committee after
considering the case of the parties came to the conclusion that the fees levied
by the Board was reasonable. Having found no beneficial response to their
grievances from the Government of India and the Board, aggrieved parties filed
various writ petitions in different High Courts, as stated above. One such writ
petition was Writ Petition No.126/93 filed by the BSE Brokers Forum, Bombay before the High Court of Bombay.
This petition by the above said order of transfer of this Court is now before
us as Transferred Case © No.20/2000. In this said petition the petitioners
contend that there are at present 491 stock brokers operating from its exchange
out of which more than 460 stock brokers are members of the first petitioner
Society. They contend that the registration fee sought to be levied by the
Board on stock brokers for the purpose of registration is ex facie illegal and
void ab initio being ultra vires of the Act and the Rules and the demand is
without authority of law being a tax in the guise of a fee which is ultra vires
Article 265 of the Constitution of India. They also contend that the said levy
is discriminatory, arbitrary, excessive and ultra vires Articles 14 and 19(1)(g)
of the Constitution of India.
Their
further contention is that the said fee which is levied merely for the purpose
of registration is so excessive that the same is nothing short of a colourable
attempt on the part of the Board to tax the petitioners for carrying on their
professions/business. It is also stated that both the Union of India and the
Board lack the legislative competence to levy a tax which is in the nature of a
professional tax which power being exclusively with the States under Entry 60,
List II, Schedule VII of the Constitution of India. They also contend that the
artificial and unreasonable classification of the stock brokers for the purpose
of exacting the lions share of the levy is arbitrary and violative of Article
14. In view of the fact, the consequences of non-payment of such fee would
entail penal consequences affecting materially the business/profession of such
defaulters, the same would also be violative of Article 19(1)(g) of the
Constitution. The levy is further impugned on the ground that the same is based
on vague and imprecise concept of annual turnover which has no nexus whatsoever
with the purpose for which the fee is sought to be collected and registration
fee on its very nature can only be one- time fee, hence, demand for collection
based on annual turnover extending over 5 years is arbitrary and unreasonable.
On behalf of the members of the National Stock Exchange (NSE) a further
argument is addressed contending that as per the provisions of the Act the
stock brokers and other intermediaries dealing in its exchange are not liable
to be charged with the impugned registration fees since these are not members
of their Exchange.
In
reply to the above contentions in the petition, first respondent-Board has
filed its objections denying that there was lack of legislative competence to
levy registration fee as contended in the petition. It is also denied that the
levy in fact is a tax in the guise of a fee.
On the
contrary, it is asserted that the said levy is a fee towards the service
rendered by it to the petitioners and others involved in the business of stocks
and shares and in furtherance of the object enumerated in Section 11 of the
Act. It also denied that the levy would amount to an unreasonable restriction
on trade/business so as to attract Article 19(1)(g) of the Constitution. It
denied that any unreasonable hardship would be caused to the brokers by virtue
of the levy being linked with the annual turnover of theirs and their
classification vis-a-vis other intermediaries is an unreasonable classification.
It contends that it is a reasonable classification taking into account the
object of the Act. They, further, contended that when earlier a proposal was
made to levy a flat fee the brokers opposed the same strongly, hence, the said
decision to levy flat fee had to be withdrawn. They denied that Regulation 10
of Schedule III to the Regulations is either ultra vires of the Act or
unconstitutional. Justifying the fee levied by them the Board contended that it
had to render multifaceted and multitude of services contemplated under Section
11(2) of the Act which included the following mandatory duties under the Act:-
(a) regulating
the business in stock exchanges and any other securities markets;
(b)
registering and regulating the working of stock brokers, sub-brokers, share
transfer agents, bankers to an issue, trustees of trust deeds, registrars to an
issue, merchant bankers, underwriters, portfolio managers, investment advisers
and such other intermediaries who may be associated with securities markets in any
manner;
(c) registering
an regulating the working of collective investment schemes, including mutual
funds;
(d) promoting
and regulating self-regulatory organisation;
(e) prohibiting
fraudulent and unfair trade practices relating to securities markets;
(f) promoting
investors education and training of intermediaries of securities markets
(g) prohibiting
insider trading in securities;
(h) regulating
substantial acquisition of shares and take-over of companies;
(i) calling
for information, undertaking inspection, conducting inquiries and audits of the
stock exchanges and intermediaries and self-regulatory organisations in the
securities market;
(j) performing
such functions and exercising such powers under the Securities Contracts
(Regulation) Act, 1956 as may be delegated to it by the Central Government;
(k) levying
fees or other charges for carrying out the purposes of this section;
(l) conducting
research for the above purposes;
(m) performing
such other functions as may be prescribed.
Taking
into consideration the above multifarious duties, it contended that it required
the finances for fulfilling the following statutory obligations. These are:
(a)
Establishment of a computer network, i.e. to create environment and facilities
to enable dealers in securities to monitor trade at various places with interlinkages
through telecommunication and other facilities for on line transmission of
information.
(b)Developing
self regulatory organisation, i.e. to encourage formation and recognition of
associations to be formed by respective intermediaries with the objectives of
evolving a code of self-regulation on matters concerned with trade practices,
code of business ethics, prevention of unhealthy and unfair competition among
the members with powers to discipline the erring members.
(c)Providing
resources support to investors associations.
(d)Undertaking
studies and preparing reports relating to, interalia, the functioning of the
stock brokers with a view to finding out ways and means of strengthening the basis
of their operations.
(e)Organising
investment education programs including bringing out publications, books,
magazines etc., including newspaper advertisements, relating to the capital
market.
(f)To
improve the procedure and practice for transaction on stock exchange for the
benefit of the brokers and investors, for settlement of disputes between the
investors and brokers as well as brokers inter se.
(g)To
inspect the records of the brokers and stock exchange from time to time to
prevent malpractices.
It is
also contended that from the facilities that will be provided by the Board, the
brokers would stand to benefit a great deal and that the Board intends to
provide improved system of the trading which would fetch larger income to the
brokers, by regulating the system the Board contends the inflow of foreign
investment in the country also would increase substantially. According to the
Board, the money that will be received by the levy would be reasonably
sufficient to meet its expenses arising out of its statutory obligations. It
specifically denied that the levy is a registration fee simpliciter but the
same includes a fee required for establishing the necessary infrastructure for
fulfilling and maintaining the objectives of the Act.
It
also disputed the figures relied upon by the petitioners to controvert the
argument that the collection from the levy far exceeded the requirement of
funds by the Board. It also denied that imposition of fee on the basis of
turnover was either vague, unreasonable, arbitrary or discriminatory. It
contends that a levy of .01% of the annual turnover when compared to the
brokerage fee charged by a broker was hardly unreasonable. It further contended
that on the representations made by the petitioners it had appointed an Expert Committee
and this Committee after hearing various members of the Bombay stock Exchange
by its report dated 18th of December, 1992 in effect approved the levy. On the
above basis, the Board prayed for the dismissal of the writ petition. The Union
of India has adopted the said objections of the Board.
We
have heard Shri P.Chidambaram, Shri Ashok H.Desai, Shri S.K.Dholakia, Shri Mahendra
Anand, and Shri Shanti Bhushan, Senior Advocates and Mr.Navroj Seervai and Mr.P.L.Narayanan,
Advocates for the petitioners and intervenors and Shri Kirit N.Raval, A.S.G.
for respondent No.1.
From
the arguments addressed before us, we will have to first consider the question
whether the respondents have the necessary statutory authority for levying a
fee of the nature which is impugned in this petition. If so, whether this fee
is, as a matter of fact, a tax in the guise of fee and is so excessive as to
lose the character of a fee as contended by the petitioners. The Act in
question is an Act to provide for the establishment of a Board to protect the
interests of investors in securities and to promote the development of, and to
regulate, the securities market and for matters connected therewith or
incidental thereto. The Board is established under Section 3 of the Act.
Section 11 of the Act defines the powers and functions of the Board which
mandates that it shall be the duty of the Board to protect the interests of
investors in securities and to promote the development of, and to regulate the
securities market, by such measures as it thinks fit. Sub-section (2) of the
said Section enumerates the various areas in which the Board is mandated to
take measures to fulfil the objects of the Act. They include such measures as
(i) regulating
the business in stock exchanges and any other securities markets;
(ii) registering
and regulating the working of stock brokers and other intermediaries;
(iii) registering
and regulating the working of the depositories etc.
(iv) registering
and regulating the working of venture capital funds and collective investment
schemes, including mutual funds;
(v) promoting
and regulating self-regulatory organisations;
(vi) prohibiting
fraudulent and unfair trade practices relating to securities markets;
(vii) promoting
investors' education and training of intermediaries;
(viii)
prohibiting insider trading in securities;
(ix) regulating
substantial acquisition of shares and take-over of companies;
(x)
collection of information, inspection, conducting inquiries and audits of the
stock exchanges, mutual funds, other persons associated with the securities
market and other intermediaries and self-regulatory organisations in the
securities market;
(xi) performing
such other functions as are delegated to it by the Central Government;
(xii) conducting
research for the above purposes;
(xiii)
providing necessary information for the efficient discharge of the functions of
the organisations with securities markets etc.
The
said Board is also vested with certain powers of the civil courts under the
Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 in regard to discovery, production, summoning and
enforcing the attendance of persons and inspection of books, registers etc.
Section 11(2)(k) of the Act empowers the Board to levy fees or other charges
for carrying out the purposes enumerated in Section 11 of the Act. Section 12
requires the stock brokers, sub-brokers, share transfer agents, bankers to an
issue, trustee of trust deed, Registrar to an issue, merchant banker,
underwriter, portfolio managers, investment advisors and such other intermediaries
who may be associated with securities market to get themselves registered and
obtain a certificate of registration from the Board in accordance with the
Regulations made under this Act. Section 12(2) empowers the Board to collect
such fees as may be determined by the Regulations from the applicants who seek
registration.
Section
29 of the Act empowers the Central Government to make, by notification, rules
for carrying out the purposes of the Act. It is an undisputed fact that such
Rules have been notified. Pursuant to the power vested in the Board under
Section 30 of the Act, the Board has framed the Securities and Exchange Board
of India (Stock-brokers and Sub-brokers) Regulations, 1992 (the Regulations)
with previous approval of the Central Government which came into force w.e.f.
23.10.1992. Regulation 10 of the said Regulations provides for payment of fees
as specified in Schedule III of the said Regulations. Schedule III of the said
Regulations provides that every stock broker will have to pay a registration
fee where his annual turnover does not exceed Rs.1 crore a sum of Rs.5,000/-
for each financial year. In case of stock brokers whose annual turnover exceeds
Rs.1 crore during any financial year, the fee payable is a sum of Rs.5,000 plus
100th of 1 per cent of the turnover in excess of Rs.1 crore for each financial
year.
It
also provides that after the expiry of 5 financial years from the date of
initial registration as a stock broker, he will have to pay a sum of Rs.5,000/-
for a block of 5 financial years commencing from the 6th financial year after
the date of grant of initial registration to keep his registration in force. It
also provides for instalments for payment of the said fee from the stock
brokers. In regard to sub-brokers and other intermediaries, the Schedule
provides for a flat rate of fee.
From
the enumeration of the above provisions of the Act, Rules and Regulations, it
is clear that the Board is empowered to collect two types of fees, namely, the
fee under Section 11(2)(k) for carrying out the purposes of Section 11 and a
fee for the purpose of registering the applicants under Section 12(2) of the
Act. The quantum of fee to be paid is fixed under Schedule III of the
Regulations as provided under the Act. Therefore, there is no room to attack
the levy on the ground that the same is not authorised by law.
The
petitioners contend that it is clear from the demand that what is demanded by
the Board from them is a fee under Section 12(2) of the Act which is a
registration fee simpliciter. They support this contention by pointing out that
the application for registration has to be made in Form A and the registration
certificate is issued in Form D, which are statutory forms and which shows that
these Forms are issued under Regulations 3 and 6 which are referable only to
Section 12 of the Act. Therefore, they contend that the Board cannot now
contend that the impugned fee is collected for any purpose other than for
registration.
In
reply on behalf of the Board, it is contended that though the demand is termed
as registration fees, as a matter of fact, the fee that is collected is a
combination of a regulatory fee as well as a registration fee as contemplated
under Sections 11(2)(k) and 12 of the Act respectively. They also point out
that, as a matter of fact, the collection from this levy is credited to a fund
created under Section 14 of the Act and the amount from the said fund is utilised
only towards the expenses incurred by the Board in performing its duties
mandated under the Act.
It is
further contended that the mere fact that Forms A and D are referable to
Section 12(2) only, ipso facto does not make the demand a registration fee simpliciter.
It is
no doubt true that a perusal of Forms A and D shows that these forms are issued
pursuant to the requirement of Regulations 3 and 6 and Section 12(2) of the Act
which, however, does not by itself determine the nature of the fee in question.
It is a well established principle in law that so long as the impugned power is
traceable to the concerned Statute, mere omission or error in reciting the
correct provision of law does not denude the power of the authority of taking a
statutory action so long as its action is legitimately traceable to a statutory
power governing such action. In such cases, this Court will always rely upon
Section 114(e) of the Evidence Act to draw a statutory presumption that the
official acts are regularly performed and if satisfied that the action in
question is traceable to a statutory power, the courts will uphold such State
action. See Peerless General Finance and Investment Co. Ltd. & Anr. v.
Reserve Bank of India (1992 (2) SCC 343) and Union of India & Anr. v. Tulsiram Patel (1985 (3) SCC
398). Applying the said principles to the facts of this case, we notice that
the Board has the necessary competence to collect the fees for the purpose of
carrying out the mandates under Section 11(2)(k) of the Act and also the power
to collect the registration fee under Section 12(2) of the Act. Therefore, in
our opinion, the Board has the necessary authority to collect a cumulative fee
both for the purpose of regulating the activities contemplated under Section 11
of the Act as also for the purpose of registration under Section 12(2) of the
Act, and the fee levied is both regulatory and registration fee leviable under
Sections 11(2)(k) and 12(2) of the Act.
It is
next contended on behalf of the petitioners that assuming that the fee in
question is a cumulative fee under Sections 11(2)(k) and 12(2) of the Act, even
then such fee, as demanded by the respondents, cannot be levied on them because
a fee can be levied only if the collector of the fee is rendering any service
to the contributories of the fee.
They
contend that no such service is being rendered by the Board to them which can
even remotely be equated to the quantum of the levy. They also contend that the
amount collected as fee is used as a general fund by the Board for its various
activities which has no nexus with the services to be rendered to the
contributories. Hence, the impugned levy cannot be treated even as a regulatory
fee. On behalf of the Board, it is contended that a levy being a
regulatory-cum-registration fee, the quid pro quo required is very minimal and
that it is entitled to levy and collect the same for meeting out the various
activities of the Board required to be performed under the Act and the fact
that the benefit from such acts of the Board also goes to non-contributories of
the fee, would not deviate from the fact that the levy is a fee and not a tax.
The Board also contends, the fact that the amount so collected is credited to a
general fund and is utilised for the capital and revenue expenditures of the
Board also will not change the nature of the levy so long as such collection,
as a matter of fact, is utilised solely for the purpose of the activities of
the Board authorised under the Act.
The
argument of the petitioners in regard to the requirement of equivalent service
from the collector of the fees is based on the dictum of this Court in the case
of The Commissioner, Hindu Religious Endowments, Madras vs. Sri Lakshmindra Thirtha
Swamiar of Sri Shirur Mutt (1954 SCR 1005) where while enumerating the
different characteristics of tax and fee, this Court held that the distinction
between a tax and a fee lies primarily in the fact that a tax is levied as a
part of common burden while fee is a payment for a special benefit or
privilege. Bringing out a clear distinction between a tax and a fee, this Court
held that a tax is a compulsory exaction of money by public authority for
public purposes enforceable by law and is not a payment for services rendered.
The Court in the said case held that it is also not possible to formulate a
definition of fee that can apply to all cases as there are various kinds of
fees. But a fee may generally be defined as a charge for a special service
rendered to individuals by some governmental agency. The amount of fee levied
is supposed to be based on the expenditure incurred by the Government in
rendering the services.
The
petitioners also relied on another judgment of this Court in The Chief
Commissioner, Delhi & Anr. v. The Delhi Cloth & General Mills Co. Ltd.
& Ors. (1978 (2) SCC 367) wherein this Court has held that there are two
essential elements required to be established for justifying a levy of fee.
Firstly, such levy should be in consideration of certain services which the
individuals accept either willingly or unwillingly and secondly the collection
from such levy should not be set apart or merged in the general revenue of the
State to be spent for general public purposes but should be appropriated for
the specific purpose for which the levy is being made.
The
petitioners further relied on another judgment of this Court in Om Parkash Agarwal
& Ors. v. Giri Raj Kishori & Ors. (1986 (1) SCC 722) wherein this Court
held that when the money collected by the levy of fee is to be deposited in a
fund which was to vest in the State Government and not in the Municipality or a
Marketing Committee or any other local authority having limited functions
specified in the enactment under which the fund was constituted and was
empowered to be expended by the State Government virtually on any object which
the State Government considered to be the development of rural areas, that levy
could not be treated as a fee because it was more in the nature of a tax
primarily in view of the fact that the collection so made was being utilised
not for fulfilling the objects of the Act under which the collection was authorised
but for the general requirement of the States functions.
Based
on these judgments, the petitioners contend that the Board after collecting
huge sums of money by way of impugned fee, was not rendering them services
co-relatable to the levy but was utilising the same for the benefit of the persons
who were not contributories to the levy and the levy in question being a
compulsory exaction having penal consequences, the same is not a fee but a tax
in the garb of fee.
A lot
of ice has melted in the Himalayas after rendering the judgments in the
above-cited cases so also there has been see changes in the judicial thinking
as to the difference between a tax and a fee since then.
This
Court in the case of Sreenivasa General Traders & Ors. v. State of Andhra Pradesh & Ors. (1983 (4) SCC 353) has
taken the view that the distinction between a tax and a fee lies primarily in
the fact that a tax is levied as part of a common burden, while a fee is for
payment of a specific benefit or privilege although the special advantage is
secondary to the primary motive of regulation in public interest. This Court
said that in determining whether a levy is a fee or not emphasis must be on
whether its primary and essential purpose is to render specific services to a
specified area or class. In that process if it is found that the State
ultimately stood to benefit indirectly from such levy, the same is of no
consequence. It also held that there is no generic difference between a tax and
a fee and both are compulsory exactions of money by public authorities. This
was on the basis of the fact that the compulsion lies in the fact that the
payment is enforceable by law against a person in spite of his unwillingness or
want of consent. It also held that a levy does not cease to be a fee merely
because there is an element of compulsion or coerciveness present in it nor is
it a postulate of a fee that it must have direct relation to the actual service
rendered by the authority to each individual who obtains the benefit of the
service. It also held that the element of quid pro quo in the strict sense is
not always a sine qua non for a fee, and all that is necessary is that there
should be a reasonable relationship between the levy of fee and the services
rendered. That judgment also held that the earlier judgment of this Court in Kewal
Krishan Puri & Anr. v. State of Punjab & Ors. (1979 (3) SCR 1217) is only an obiter.
In the
case of City Corporation of Calicut v. Thachambalath
Sadasivan & Ors. (1985 (2) SCC 112), this Court reflected the change that
is taking place in the judicial thinking as to the difference between a tax and
a fee. It held that the traditional concept of quid pro quo in a fee is
undergoing transformation, though the fee must have relation to the services
rendered, or the advantages conferred, it is not necessary to establish that
those who pay the fee must receive direct or special benefit or advantage of
the services rendered for which the fee is being paid. It held that if one who
is liable to pay receives general benefit from the authority levying the fee the
element of service required for collecting fee is satisfied.
In the
case of The Sirsilk Ltd. & Ors. v. The Textiles Committee & Ors. (AIR
1989 SC 317), this Court held that when the entire proceeds of the fee are utilised
in financing the various projects undertaken by the Textiles Committee, it
cannot be said that there is no reasonable and sufficient correlation between
the levy of fee and the services rendered by the Textiles Committee. It further
held that when the levy of the fee is for the benefit of the entire textile
industry, there is sufficient quid pro quo between the levy recovered and the
services rendered to the industry as a whole.
In a
more recent case of Commissioner & Secretary to Govt., Commercial Taxes
& Religious Endowments Department & Ors. v. Sree Murugan Financing
Corporation Coimbatore & Ors. (1992 (3) SCC 488), this
Court after taking into consideration the financial involvement of general
public in the chit funds, observed that the object of the Act obviously was to
protect the interest of the subscribers and more the number of subscribers
meant more the burden on the authorities under the Act and as a consequence
more fee is required to meet the expenditure. Taking note of the human
expectation of winning a draw or a bid at the auction and becoming rich
overnight mostly by the lower-middle class and the poor who invest their
hard-earned money in such chit funds, this Court held that a situation like
that makes the levy a regulatory measure since the collection of such funds
from such category of people will have to be monitored strictly, and it also
held that the Act and the Rules which operate with such objectives, if charge
enhanced fee, such enhancement is justified in law as amounting to sufficient
quid pro quo.
In Krishi
Upaj Mandi Samiti & Ors. v. Orient Paper & Industries Ltd. (1995 (1)
SCC 655), rejecting the contention of the respondent therein, this Court held
that the machinery created under the said Act is meant to facilitate and
benefit all the buyers and sellers of all the agricultural produce within the
market area and it cannot be said that the respondent-Mills is neither directly
nor indirectly a beneficiary of the said machinery. In the case of Secretary to
Government of Madras & Anr. v. P.R. Sriramulu & Anr. (1996 (1) SCC 345)
testing the validity of the Court Fee Act involved therein, this Court negatived
the contention that the expenses incurred by the administration of justice in
criminal courts should not be treated as sufficient quid pro quo for the levy
of court fee in civil cases. It held that such levy should not be examined so
minutely or be weighed in golden scale to discern any difference between the
two. It also held that there could not be any scientific method by which levy
of fee may be made exactly corresponding to the expenditure in a particular
year relating to the administration of civil justice. It held that it is not
the requirement of law that the collection raised by the levy should exactly
tally or correspond to the expenditure in the administration of civil justice.
It further held that the test of correlation of the collection with the
services rendered is to be reckoned at the aggregate level and not at the
individual level.
In Vam
Organic Chemicals Ltd. & Anr. v. State of U.P. & Ors. (1997 (2) SCC 715), this Court held that there
is a distinction between a fee charged for licence, that is regulatory fees and
fees for services rendered as compensatory fees. In the case of regulatory
fees, the Court held that like the licence fees, existence of quid pro quo is
not necessary although the fee imposed must not be, in the circumstances of the
case, excessive, keeping in view the quantum and nature of the work involved in
the required supervision.
In Secunderabad
Hyderabad Hotel Owners Association & Ors. v. Hyderabad Municipal
Corporation, Hyderabad & Anr. (1999 (2) SCC 274), this Court after
considering the earlier judgments, to some of which we have already made
reference, held that a licence fee may be either regulatory or compensatory.
When a fee is charged for rendering specific services, a certain element of
quid pro quo must be there between the service rendered and the fee charged so
that the licence fee is commensurate with the cost of rendering the service
although the exact arithmetical equivalence is not expected. It held, however,
that is not the only kind of fee which can be charged. Licence fees can also be
regulatory when the activities for which a licence is given require to be
regulated or controlled. The fee which is charged for regulation of such
activity would be validly classifiable as a fee and not a tax although no
service is rendered. An element of quid pro quo for levy of such fee is not
required although such fees cannot be excessive.
As
noticed in the City Corporation of Calicut (supra), the traditional concept of quid pro quo in a fee has undergone
considerable transformation. From a conspectus of the ratio of the above
judgments, we find that so far as the regulatory fee is concerned, the service
to be rendered is not a condition precedent and the same does not lose the
character of fee provided the fee so charged is not excessive. It is also not
necessary that the services to be rendered by the collecting authority should
be confined to the contributories alone. As held in Sirsilk Ltd. (supra), if
the levy is for the benefit of the entire industry, there is sufficient quid
pro quo between the levy recovered and services rendered to the industry as a
whole. If we apply the test as laid down by this Court in the abovesaid
judgments to the facts of the case in hand, it can be seen that the Statute
under Section 11 of the Act requires the Board to undertake various activities
to regulate the business of the securities market which requires constant and
continuing supervision including investigation and instituting legal
proceedings against the offending traders, wherever necessary. Such activities
are clearly regulatory activities and the Board is empowered under Section 11(2)(k)
to charge the required fee for the said purpose, and once it is held that the
fee levied is also regulatory in nature then the requirement of quid pro quo
recedes to the background and the same need not be confined to the
contributories alone.
Alternatively,
the petitioners have contended that assuming that the fee levied does not
require the equivalent quid pro quo even then the amount collected by way of
this levy amounts to hundreds of crores of rupees which is not reasonably
required by the Board for the purpose of implementing the objectives of the
Act. They contend that the amount to be collected by the Board as per the
present levy in the first five years will be in the region of over 400 crores
and by no stretch of imagination it could be said that such a large amount of
levy is required for the purpose of maintaining the regulatory measures under
the Act.
According
to the petitioners, even as per the Boards own assessment, the requirement of
the Board over a period of 5 years since its inception will not exceed more
than Rs.65 crores. Therefore, the collection of Rs.400 crores by way of this
levy is unjustified and unreasonable. The Board, however, contends that even
though at a point of time the Board had estimated its immediate requirement for
the first year of the inception of the Board in the range of Rs.65 crores.
Subsequently, on an analysis of its expenditure it was found that its
requirement was far more than what was originally projected. It further
contends that, as a matter of fact, the entire amount collected by the Board is
required only for the purpose of fulfilling its statutory obligations.
According to the Board, as per the levy permissible under Schedule III of the
Regulations, the Board is likely to collect from the brokers of all Stock
Exchanges including that of National Stock Exchange for the period between
1992-93 to 1999-2000 a total sum of Rs.418.57 crores and from intermediaries
other than brokers for the said period a sum of Rs.126.96 crores; and from 2001
onwards its income by way of fee from approximately 9000 brokers would be of
the order of approx. Rs.90 lakhs per annum, and from the intermediaries it
would be to the tune of Rs.25-30 crores per annum, and in regard to its
expenditure, the Board has given the following particulars :
EXPENDITURE
S.No.
Particulars Amount in crores
1.
AMOUNT ALREADY SPENT DURING 1991-92 TO 1999-2000 (REVENUE & CAPITAL) 193.00
3.
BUDGET ESTIMATES FOR 2000-2001
(i)
Office Premises Rs.99.20 Crores
(ii)
Residential Premises Rs.90.00 Crores
(iii)
Office Equipments Rs.20.00 Crores Rs.209.20 Crores 209.20
4.
FURTHER REQUIREMENT OF FUNDS
(i)
Corpus creation Rs.150.00 Crores
(ii)
Refund of Govt. Loans Rs.105.00 Crores Rs.255.00 Crores 255.00
5.
FUTURE PROJECTIONS ON REQUIREMENT OF FUNDS (Planned expenditure subject to
availability of Funds) a. Computerisation Rs. 60.00 Crores b. Offices in other
cities Rs.120.00 Crores c. Increase in staff Rs.15.00 Crores d. EDGAR Project *
Rs. 75.00 Crores e.
Setting
up Institute for Capital market and Investor Education Campaign Rs. 50.00 Crores
Rs.320.00 Crores 320.00
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL 977.20 * EDGAR = Electronic Data gathering, Analysis and Retrieval
Systems. The project envisages automated collections, validation of vital
information by/from listed companies.
Therefore,
it contends that it will be erroneous on the part of the petitioners to contend
that the Board is levying any amount in excess of its requirement. While
examining the reasonableness of the quantum of levy, the same will not be done
with a view to find out whether there is a co-relatable quid pro quo to the
quantum of levy, because as noticed hereinabove, the quid pro quo is not a
condition precedent for the levy of a regulatory fee. Such examination will
have to be made in the context of the levy being either excessive or
unreasonable for the requirement of the authority for fulfilling its statutory
obligations.
With
this principle in mind, we have noticed earlier that apart from the requirement
of registration of brokers and other intermediaries, the Statute also mandates
that the Board should regulate the business of stock exchanges and other
securities market. It also mandates that the Board shall promote and regulate
self-regulatory organisations prohibiting fraudulent trade practices and
insider trading, promote investors education and training of intermediaries,
regulate the acquisition of shares and take-over of companies, undertake
inspection, inquiries and audits of the stock exchanges, mutual funds and other
persons associated with the securities market, conduct research in furtherance
of the obligations cast on the Board and over and above all, it has the
obligation to perform such functions as are delegated to it by the Central
Government under the SCR Act, 1956. It is seen that in furtherance of these
requirements of the Statute, the Board requires substantial sums of money
towards capital expenditure in the form of acquiring office premises,
residential premises, office equipments and to provide the necessary facilities
for inducting the information technology in its day-to-day functions. It is to
be noticed that the Board has to control and regulate 23 stock exchanges all
over India which have more than 10,000 listed
companies, 9500 brokers, 5500 sub-brokers, 250 merchant brokers with similar
number of Registrars to the Issue, share transfer agents, more than 300
depository participants and other categories of intermediaries. From the
material supplied by the Board, it is to be noticed that the total market capitalisation
is over 800,000 crores.
Apart
from this, it is the case of the Board that it has to regulate 39 mutual funds
involving 300 schemes with a Net Asset Value (NAV) of Rs.1 lakh crores. The
Board has also to deal with the entities which raise money through collective
investment schemes at present involving 642 companies which have raised Rs.2,680
crores from the public.
From
the pleadings of the Board, it is to be seen that a large number of cases to
the tune of nearly 800 are pending in various courts in India which in due course are likely to
increase, thereby burdening the Board with heavy expenditure. That apart, it
has the responsibility of protecting the interests of investors as well as
undertake investors education among other duties specified in Section 11 of the
Act. The Board has placed material before us to show that the Government of
India has already delegated to the Board the functions under the SCR Act, the
Depositories Act as also some of the functions under the Companies Act.
To
discharge all these duties, the Board has contended before us, which cannot be controverted,
that it requires substantial staff members and it has to induct professional
persons at various levels apart from modernising the working with the induction
of latest modern technology. The Board has also contended that it has to invest
huge sums of money in providing proper and necessary office space as also
adequate housing facilities to the staff without which it would be extremely
difficult for the Board to employ and retain its technically trained staff in
its employment. To meet all these expenses, according to the Board, it has no
other source of income apart from the levy contemplated under Sections 11(2)(k)
and 12 of the Act, except certain sum loaned by the Government of India which
is repayable, hence, the Board certainly requires substantial sums of money.
What the petitioners contend in this regard is that most of these expenses are
in the nature of capital expenditure for which provisions ought to be made by
the Government and they cannot be saddled with the burden of providing these
infrastructures of the Board. This argument of course is based on the ground
that the capital expenditure cannot be met out of the fee to be levied on them
and also on the ground that a substantial amount of levy is being utilised not
for their benefit but for the benefit of other persons involved in the stock
market. Once we come to the conclusion that the fee in question is primarily a
regulatory fee then the argument that the service rendered by the Board should
be confined to the contributories alone, cannot be accepted. What the Court has
to investigate while examining a challenge of this nature is to see what is the
primary object of the Regulations for which the fee is being collected and find
out whether the Regulation in question is in public interest or not. Once the
levy is in public interest and connected with the larger trade in which the
contributories are involved then confining the services only to the
contributories does not arise. As has been held by this Court in City
Corporation of Calicut (supra). Applying the said
principle, we are of the opinion that since the amount collected under the
impugned levy is being spent by the Board on various activities of the stock
and securities market with which the petitioners are directly connected, the
fact that the entire benefit of the levy does not accrue to contributories i.e.
the petitioners would not make the levy invalid.
The
next contention of the petitioners that the Board cannot be permitted to levy
the fee for its capital expenditure should also meet with the same fate. This
Court in Salvation Armys case (supra) has specifically held The expenditure in
constructing buildings for locating the head office and regional offices and
the increase in the allowances or other amenities to the staff have also to be
included in the costs of the services. That being the position in law, this
argument should also fail. Even the argument that the amount required for the
capital expenditure of the Board should be met by the Government of India and
not out of the regulatory fee charged by the Board, has no force. The Board is
an autonomous body created by an Act of Parliament to control the activities of
the securities market in which thousands of members of gullible public will be
investing huge sums of money.
Therefore,
there is every need for a vigilant supervision of the activities of the market
and for that purpose if the Statute intends that the necessary funds should be
met by collection of fees from the securities market itself then the said levy
cannot be questioned on the ground that the monies required for the capital
expenditure of the Board should be met by the Government of India. That apart,
this Court in the case of Sreenivasa General Traders (supra) has rejected a
similar contention.
It is
contended on behalf of the petitioners that the brokers have been subjected to
a hostile discrimination vis-à-vis other intermediaries in the stock market
inasmuch as they as a class alone are made to pay the fee on the basis of the
annual turnover while others have to pay only on a flat rate. Thus, they have
been compelled to bear the maximum burden of the levy while the other
intermediaries are liable to pay only a nominal part of the levy. This
argument, in our opinion, proceeds on the footing that the law requires every
contributory to pay equally. We are unable to accept this argument either. It
is true that every classification must have a reasonable nexus with the object
to be achieved. In the instant case the question that arises in answering this
argument of the petitioners is whether all persons involved in the business of
stock exchange should be equally burdened or is it open to the Board to
distribute the burden based on certain classification. At this stage, it should
be borne in mind that the collection made from a class of persons even if it is
a fee can also enure to the benefit of the non-contributories so long as they
are within the object governing the levy. From the material on record, it is
seen that approx. 50 per cent of the total expenditure to be incurred by the
Board would be on brokers related services and from amongst all the players in
the share market brokers form a distinct and separate class as compared to
others including other intermediaries. Therefore, in our opinion, there is
nothing wrong in either classifying the brokers as a separate class for the
subject of levy based on their annual turnover because the volume of
transaction of the brokers has a direct bearing on the regulatory expenses of
the Board. Hence, this classification has a direct nexus with the object to be
achieved.
Another
major issue in controversy in this case pertains to the imposition of impugned
fee on the basis of the annual turnover of the brokers. The petitioners contend
that assuming that the respondents had the authority in law to levy the fee
under challenge, the same could not have been levied on the basis of the annual
turnover of the brokers because such levy would amount to a tax on turnover.
They
also contend that the definition of annual turnover found in Explanation III of
the Regulations is vague, imprecise, irrelevant and is over- inclusive. They
contend that by virtue of such definition, every transaction of the brokers; be
it a carry forward or a badla transaction will be subjected to the levy of fee
in question. They also contend that this definition could multiply a single
transaction into multiple transactions, for example, in the case of squaring up
of transactions during the same settlement cycle, the turnover will get
multiplied four times as per the said definition due to which there is a
likelihood of balooning of value of transaction ultimately leading to
confiscation of the gross income earned by the broker because in reality, he
earns only one brokerage in all the above transactions while for the purpose of
payment of registration fee, the turnover would get multiplied anywhere between
4 to 14 times in the annual turnover. In support of their contention, the
petitioners have strongly relied upon the report submitted by the Bhatt
Committee appointed by the SEBI itself as also Justice Mody Committee appointed
by the High Court of Bombay. In reply, it is contended on behalf of the Board
that the annual turnover of a broker reflects the number of transactions
entered into by the broker which all form the subject-matter of scrutiny by the
Board. However, when the Board received a letter from the petitioners opposing
the levy based on annual turnover, the Board constituted an Expert Committee
comprising of the persons actively associated with the functioning of the Stock
Exchange and the Securities Market.
It
also included the Chairman of the Unit Trust of India (UTI), Joint Managing
Director of the Industrial Credit & Investment Corporation of India Ltd.
(ICICI) a leading merchant banker in India so also the Executive Director and a member of the governing body of
the Bombay Stock Exchange.
This
Committee, according to the respondents, had taken into consideration the views
expressed by various members of the Stock Exchange and thereafter it submitted
a report which was made public through a Press Release by the SEBI. This
report, according to the respondents, upheld the decision of the Board to levy
fee on the basis of the turnover of the brokers and has also concluded that the
levy in question was a reasonable levy. It was pointed out that the said Expert
Committee had made certain recommendations which have been accepted by the
Government of India and the Board is in the process of implementing those
recommendations. De hors the report, the Board contends that the levy of fee
based on annual turnover of a stock broker is not a new phenomenon and the same
is prevalent even in countries like United States of America, Hong Kong etc. They refuted the allegation that the
definition of annual turnover as found in Schedule III to the Regulations is
vague, imprecise, irrelevant or over-inclusive. It cannot be disputed that the
annual turnover of a broker is not the subject matter of the levy but is only a
measure of the levy. In other words, the fee is not being levied on the
turnover as such but the fee is being levied on the brokers making their annual
turnover as a measure of the levy which is a fee for regulating the activities
of the securities market and for registration of the brokers and other
intermediaries in the said market. Therefore, it is futile to contend that such
levy would be either a tax or a fee on turnover. It is a settled principle in
law that if the State has the authority to impose a levy then it has a wide
discretion in choosing the measure of levy provided, of course, it withstands
the test of reasonableness. Many levies may have a similar measure but by such
similarity in the measure, the levies do not become the same. Therefore, if the
impugned levy adopts a measure which is either similar to the one adopted while
levying turnover tax or income-tax, the impugned levy ipso facto by adoption of
such measure, would not become either an income-tax or a turnover tax or even a
fee on income or a fee on turnover. This Court in the case of Goodricke Group
Ltd. & Ors. v. State of West Bengal
& Ors. (1995 Supp (1) SCC 707) while upholding a cess on tea estate which
is a tax on land by the measure of yield by quantum of tea leaves produced in
the tea estate held :
A tax
imposed on land measured with reference to or on the basis of its yield, is
certainly a tax directly on the land. Apart from income, yield or produce,
there can perhaps be no other basis for levy. A tax on land is assessed on the
actual or potential productivity of the land sought to be taxed. Merely because
a tax on land or building is imposed with reference to its income or yield, it
does not cease to be a tax on land or building. The income or yield of the
land/building is taken merely as a measure of the tax; it does not alter the
nature or character of the levy. It still remains a tax on land or building.
There is no set pattern of levy of tax on lands and buildings indeed there can
be no such standardisation.
There
cannot be uniform levy unrelated to the quality, character or income/yield of
the land. Any such levy has been held to be arbitrary and discriminatory. No
one can say that a tax under a particular entry must be levied only in a
particular manner, which may have been adopted hitherto. The legislature is
free to adopt such method of levy as it chooses and so long as the character of
levy remains the same, i.e., within the four corners of the particular entry,
no objection can be taken to the method adopted.
Similar
is the view taken by this Court in the case of The Tyford Tea Co. Ltd. & Anr.
v. The State of Kerala & Anr. (1970 (1) SCC 189).
Therefore,it
would be futile to contend that the impugned fee merely because it is levied on
the basis of the turnover of the brokers would either amount to a turnover tax
or a tax on income. While we accept the levy based on annual turnover of the
brokers as valid, we have to notice that the Expert Committee appointed by the
Board has in its report held that there should be certain changes brought about
in the definition of annual turnover as also in the quantum of the levy
pertaining to certain specific transactions which are treated as part of the
turnover. It has recommended that for jobbing transactions the scale of fees
may be reduced to One Two hundredth of 1 per cent, and in regard to carry
forward, renewal or badla transactions, the off-setting entries made by the
Exchange, may not be counted as part of the turnover, and further on Government
securities, PSU Bonds and Units, the turnover will have to be calculated
separately and a fee of one thousandth of one per cent may be charged on such
turnover than the present scale of one hundredth of one per cent. It has also
recommended that the activities such as underwriting and collection of deposits
should not be taken into account for the purpose of calculating the turnover of
the brokers.
These
recommendations of the Committee were, as a matter of fact, accepted by the
Government of India also but as on date, the necessary changes have not been
brought about by the Board in its Regulations. Consequently, to the extent of
the recommendations made by the Expert Committee, we are of the opinion that
the Board is bound to bring about corresponding changes so as to remove the
anomalies pointed out by the Committee. This was pointed out to learned counsel
for the respondents when it was submitted that the Board has accepted these
recommendations and the proposed changes were not brought about because of the pendency
of this petition and the necessary changes to incorporate the recommendations
of the Bhatt Committee would be done after disposal of these petitions. We
record this submission on behalf of the Board and direct that the said changes
recommended by the Bhatt Committee will be incorporated in the Regulations.
Subject to the above, we are of the view that the challenge made to the levy
based on the measure of turnover has to be rejected.
At
this stage, in fairness to the petitioners, we must notice the fact that the
High Court at an interim stage had appointed a Committee headed by Justice A.N.
Mody to submit a report as to the reasonableness of the levy. The petitioners
rely heavily on the said report to support their case while they have their
reservations as to the Bhatt Committee report. We are aware that the superior
courts have often appointed Committees and Commissions to assist the court in
technical matters with which the courts are generally not very familiar. Though
in the instant case, the facts involved are matters pertaining to the
securities market with its own intricacies, we find that the question involved
mainly pertains to the legislative competence, nature and reasonableness of the
levy. We are not called upon to decide or to recommend as to what is the best
way to levy the impugned fee. So long as the Legislature has the legislative
competence to levy and the Board has not exceeded its statutory authority in
imposing the levy, we need not go into other niceties of the levy which are not
in the realm of our jurisdiction. We have examined the reasonableness of the
levy qua the statutory power of the Board and its quantum with reference to the
need of the Board and not with reference to whether it is the best available
method of levy. It is possible that Justice Mody Committees recommendations are
better than the method adopted by the Board but then that is not what we have
to decide in this case. Hence, we have not made any specific reference to that
report. Of course, we have referred to some of the recommendations of the Bhatt
Committee because that part of the report is favourable to the case of the
petitioners and the Government of India has accepted the same and the Board
has, in principle, agreed to implement that report and not because Bhatt Committee
report is more acceptable to us than Justice Mody Committee Report.
Lastly,
on behalf of the trading members of the National Stock Exchange it is contended
that they are not the members of the said Stock Exchange so as to bring them
within the ambit of the levy. This argument is based on the premise that it is
only a full-fledged member of a Stock Exchange who can be called upon to be
registered under Section 12(2) of the Act and not any other member of the Stock
Exchange. They contend that the National Stock Exchange has only institutional
members who are treated as full-fledged members and all others are only trading
members who do not have any right and obligations expected of a member of the
stock exchange. It is also contended that under the Rules and Regulations, a
stock broker to be registered as such under the Act has to be a regular member
of the Stock Exchange and since the said Rules and Regulations of the Board do
not recognise a trading member as a member of the Stock Exchange, they cannot
be brought within the net of the levy. They rely on the definition of stock
exchange under Rule 2(d) of the Rules which states that stock exchange means a
stock exchange which is for the time being recognised by the Central Government
under Section 4 of the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956 (42 of 1956)
and a stock broker is defined as a member of a stock exchange. Since the stock
brokers of NSE are not the members as defined under Section 2(e) of the Act and
the NSE being a company of which shareholders are only institutions and trading
members not being shareholders, they do not fall within the definition of a
member of a stock exchange. It is difficult to accept this argument. Section
3(2)(c) of the SCR Act requires a stock exchange which applies for recognition
to specify various classes of members who will be admitted as members of the
stock exchange. This does not make any distinction between a full-fledged
member and a trading member of the NSE. Further, Clause 9 of Part II of
Annexure to Form A requires a stock exchange, inter alia, to state the
different classes of members, if any, and such number of members thereof, and
the privileges enjoined by such class of persons. Definition of a trading
member under the NSE bye-laws itself shows that a trading member to be a stock
broker and a member of the NSE registered in accordance with Chapter V of its
bye-laws. Article 1(m) of the Articles of NSE defines a trading member to mean
a member of the stock exchange. Explanation to it further clarifies that there
may be more than one class of trading members of the Exchange as may be
determined by its Board from time to time. A trading member of the NSE need not
necessarily be a member of the company that is NSE. Therefore, it is clear from
the Articles of NSE that the said Exchange itself recognises a trading member
to be a member of the Stock Exchange though with limited rights. Therefore, it
is clear that there can be more than one class of members who can be admitted
as members of the stock exchange and any of those members belonging to any of
those classes so long as they are registered as such by a stock exchange, will
fall within the definition of member as defined in Section 2© of the SCR Act
and Rule 2(e) of the SEBI Rules. It is also undisputed that the trading members
of the NSE are carrying on the business of stock brokering, hence, keeping in
mind the objects of the Act, it would be futile to contend that the trading
members of the NSE cannot be considered to be the stock brokers for the limited
purpose of the liability to pay the impugned fee under the Act, Rules and
Regulations. Therefore, this contention also should fail.
For
the reasons stated above and subject to the directions issued by us in regard
to the implementation of the Bhatt Committee Report, T.C. © No.20/2000 fails
and the same is hereby dismissed.
WP ©
No.502/2000 :
In
view of the order passed in T.C. © No.20/2000 hereinabove, this petition is
also dismissed.
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