Uka
Ram Vs. State of Rajasthan [2001] Insc 205 (10 April 2001)
K.T.
Thomas, R.P. Sethi & S.N. Phukan Sethi,J.
L.I.T.J
Solely
relying upon the dying declaration of Parveena, the deceased, the trial court
held the appellant guilty for the murder of his wife and daughter Kumari Dharmistha
aged 16 months. Upon conviction for the offences under Sections 302, 326 and
498A of the Indian Penal Code, the appellant was sentenced to imprisonment for
life for the main offence.
Appeal
against the aforesaid conviction and sentence was dismissed by the High Court
vide judgment impugned herein.
The
facts of the case are that on the intervening night of 6/7th May, 1994, Nonji
(PW1) submitted a complaint before the incharge of the police station Bheenmal
to the effect that when he was at the Chakki of Tararam at about 11.30-12.00 in
the midnight he heard voice raising the noise saying Mare Mare from the side of
the house of the appellant. On hearing the noise, the informant came out from
the Chakki and saw Smt.Parveena, wife of appellant in blazes rushing out from
her house. She tore her clothes and was sitting in naked position. After
sometime the appellant also came out of his house. On being asked Parveena told
that the appellant had burnt her by sprinkling kerosene oil.
After
registering the case under Sections 324 and 498A IPC, the police commenced the
investigation. Parveena who was admitted in the hospital died on 8.6.1994 and
the daughter of the appellant died on 2.7.1994 whereafter the offence was
changed to Section 302 IPC.
To
prove its case, the prosecution examined 21 witnesses at the trial, most of whom
turned hostile and did not support the case of the prosecution. Before her
death the deceased had made dying declarations Exhibit P-20 which was recorded
by the police at about 3.30
a.m. and Exhibit P-27
which was recorded by Judicial Magistrate at 3.55 a.m. on 7.5.1994. The oral dying declarations, allegedly made by
the deceased, were sought to be proved by the testimony of PWs 1, 2, 3, 4 and
5. PWs 1, 2 and 4 have not supported the prosecution.
In his
statement recorded under Section 313 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, the
appellant stated that on 6.5.1994 between 11.30 and 12.00 p.m. he was sleeping outside his house whereas his wife and
daughter were sleeping inside the house. After hearing weeping of his daughter
he went inside the house and saw his daughter in the state of burning along
with his wife. He made an attempt to save their lives. He thought that his wife
had burnt his daughter, hence he started abusing her upon which she went
outside at Chabutra while burning. He brought his mother on the scene of
occurrence who was living separately. He went to the hospital along with the
burnt wife and the daughter.
According
to him his wife was insane and he has been getting her treated for insanity.
From
the record it appears that the FIR was received in the police station on
7.5.1994 at about 1.30
a.m. The statement
Exhibit P-20, obviously under Section 161 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, is
stated to have been made by the deceased at about 3.30 a.m. and dying declaration Exhibit P-27 was recorded by the
Magistrate at about 3.55
a.m. For convicting
and sentencing the appellant, both the trial as well as the High Court have
relied upon dying declaration, Exhibit P-27.
Statements,
written or verbal of relevant facts made by a person who is dead, or who cannot
be found or who has become incapable of giving evidence, or whose attendance
cannot be procured without an amount of delay or expense which under the
circumstances of the case appears to the court unreasonable, are themselves
relevant facts under the circumstances enumerated under sub-sections (1) to (8)
of Section 32 of the Act. When the statement is made by a person as to cause of
his death, or as to any of the circumstances of the transaction which resulted
in his death, in cases in which the cause of that persons death comes into
question is admissible in evidence being relevant whether the person was or was
not, at the time when they were made, under expectation of death, and whatever
may be the nature of the proceeding in which the cause of his death comes into
question. Such statements in law are compendiously called dying declarations.
The admissibility of the dying declaration rests upon the principle that a
sense of impending death produces in a mans mind the same feeling as that of a
conscientious and virtuous man under oath - Nemo moriturus praesumuntur mentiri.
Such statements are admitted, upon consideration that their declarations made
in extremity, when the maker is at the point of death and when every hope of
this world is gone, when every motive to falsehood is silenced and the mind
induced by the most powerful consideration to speak the truth. The principle on
which the dying declarations are admitted in evidence, is based upon the legal
maxim Nemo moriturus praesumitur mentire i.e., a man will not meet his maker
with a lie in his mouth. It has always to be kept in mind that though a dying
declaration is entitled to great weight, yet it is worthwhile to note that as
the maker of the statement is not subjected to cross- examination, it is
essential for the court to insist that dying declaration should be of such
nature as to inspire full confidence of the court in its correctness. The court
is obliged to rule out the possibility of the statement being the result of
either tutoring, prompting or vindictive or product of imagination.
Before
relying upon a dying declaration, the court should be satisfied that the
deceased was in a fit state of mind to make the statement. Once the court is
satisfied that the dying declaration was true, voluntary and not influenced by
any extraneous consideration, it can base its conviction without any further
corroboration as rule requiring corroboration is not a rule of law but only a
rule of prudence.
In Tapinder
Singh v. State of Punjab [1970 (2) SCR 113] this Court held:
The
dying declaration is a statement by a person as to the cause of his death or as
to any of the circumstances of the transaction which resulted in his death and
it becomes relevant under Section 32(1) of the Indian Evidence Act in a case in
which the cause of that persons death comes into question. It is true that a
dying declaration is not a deposition in court and it is neither made on oath
nor in the presence of the accused. It is, therefore, not tested by
cross-examination on behalf of the accused. But a dying declaration is admitted
in evidence by way of an exception to the general rule against the
admissibility of hearsay evidence, on the principle of necessity. The weak
points of a dying declaration just mentioned merely serve to put the court on
its guard while testing its reliability, imposing on it an obligation to
closely scrutinise all the relevant attendant circumstances.
This
Court in Dandu Lakshmi Reddy v. State of A.P.[1999
(7) scc 69] observed that on the fact-situation of a case a judicial mind would
tend to wobble between two equally plausible hypothesis - was it suicide, or
was it homicide? If the dying declaration projected by the prosecution gets
credence the alternative hypothesis of suicide can be eliminated justifiably.
For that purpose a scrutiny of the dying declaration with meticulous
circumspection is called for. It must be sieved through the judicial cullendar
and if it passes through the gauzes it can be made the basis of a conviction,
otherwise not. It was further held that in view of the impossibility of
conducting the test on the version in the dying declaration with the touchstone
of cross-examination, the court has to adopt other tests in order to satisfy
its judicial conscious that the dying declaration contained nothing but the
truth.
Ms.Minakshi
Vij who appeared as amicus curaie in this case vehemently argued that the trial
court as well as the High Court was not justified in relying upon the dying
declaration (Exhibit P-27) to base the conviction, as, according to her, the
said declaration was not made by a mentally sound and normal person. It is
submitted that the deceased was suffering from a mental illness which might
have prompted her to end her life. Alternatively, it is argued knowing that Parveena
was a mental patient, the prosecution should have taken steps to ascertain that
while making the statement she was not suffering from any such illness. In
rebuttal Sh.Sushil Kumar Jain submitted that as despite taking such a plea the
appellant has not chosen to lead any defence evidence, the genuineness of the
dying declaration cannot be doubted. He has further submitted that because
before recording the statement (Exh.P-27) the doctor had declared the deceased
to be fit to make the statement vide Exhibit P-26, no doubt can be created
about the mental faculties of the deceased at the time of making the statement.
There
is no dispute that the prosecution is under a legal obligation to prove its
case beyond all reasonable doubts and the accused is only to probabilise his defence.
From
the evidence on record we find that the plea regarding the mental condition and
illness of the deceased was not an after-thought in the instant case. It is
evident that during the whole trial, the appellant has been trying to
cross-examine the witnesses to probabilise that the deceased was suffering from
mental illness which could be a reason for her to commit suicide or
alternatively the statement Exhibit P-27 cannot be held to be voluntarily made
or not made under any extraneous influences. Nonji (PW1), the first informant
in reply to a court question had stated that Parveena was mad but added that he
had heard about her madness. In cross-examination Lal Singh (PW3) had stated I
do not know that Parveena was mad or not. Villagers were saying that Uka Ram
had brought her for medical treatment.
Pabu
(PW4) in her cross-examination had stated Parveena was mentally made and my son
had brought her for medical treatment. Masra (PW10), the father of the deceased
was also cross-examined on this subject wherein he had stated that It is wrong
to say that previous son-in-laws of Sathu and Abu Road say that Pravina is insane and it is also wrong that due to
above reasons they left Parvina. I am ill for 5 years. It is wrong to say that
my son Prabhu got treatment of insanity at Palanpur. It is wrong to say that
treatment of insanity of my two daughters is going on. Prabhu (PW11), who is
the real brother of the deceased has stated that It is true that the mental
treatment of my sister Pravina was going on. She was suffering from lunatic
attack. On this subject statement of accused under Section 313 has already been
noticed. In her dying declaration the deceased had not referred to any reason
which allegedly prompted the appellant to commit the crime.
After
going through the whole of the evidence, perusing the record and hearing the
submissions of the learned counsel for the parties, we are of the opinion that
the prosecution had not proved, beyond doubt, that the dying declaration was
true, voluntary and not influenced by any extraneous consideration. Despite
knowing the fact that the deceased was a mental patient, the investigating
agency did not take any precaution to ensure that the incident was suicidal or
homicidal. The probability of the deceased committing suicide has not been
eliminated. There also exist a doubt about the mental condition of the deceased
at the time she made dying declaration (Exhibit P- 27).
Exhibit
P-26, the medical certificate only states to her physical condition to make a
statement but does not refer to her mental condition even at that time. The trial
as well as the High Court appear to have ignored this aspect of the matter
while convicting and sentencing the appellant. We are satisfied that it is a
fit case in which the appellant is entitled to the benefit of doubt.
As the
dying declaration, the sole evidence upon which the conviction is based, is not
reliable beyond all reasonable doubts, the conviction and sentence of the
appellant is not justified. Accordingly, the appeal is allowed by setting aside
the impugned judgment. The appellant is acquitted of all the charges and is
directed to be set at liberty forthwith unless required in some other case.
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