Shri Vishin
N. Khanchandani & ANR Vs. Vidya Lachmandas Khanchandani & ANR [2000] Insc
430 (16 August 2000)
K.T.
Thomas & R.P. Sethi.
SETHI,
J.
Leave
granted.
L.I.T.J
Whether the nominee specified in the National Savings Certificate, on the death
of its holder, becomes entitled to the sum due under the certificate to the
exclusion of all other persons?, or whether the amount of the certificate can
be retained by him for the benefit of the legal heirs of the deceased- is the
sole question required to be adjudicated by us in this appeal by special leave.
The
present dispute is with respect to the savings certificates, the holder of
which was Lachmandas Naraindas Khanchandani. Appellant No.1 is the brother, appellant
No.2 the step brother, the respondent No.1 is the widow and respondent No.2 is
the daughter of the deceased- holder.
The
deceased was serving in the Income Tax Department and has left behind debts
consisting of National Savings Certificates, amounts in Compulsory Deposit
Schemes, Post Office Cumulative Time Deposit Scheme and Pass Book Post Office
Savings Bank. The respondent No.1 filed a petition under Section 370 of the
Indian Succession Act, 1925 for the grant of succession certificate in respect
of debts and securities left by the aforesaid deceased in the Court of Civil
Judge, Senior Division, Thane. The appellants contested the claim with respect
to such national savings certificates in which they had been mentioned as
nominees of the deceased. The court of Civil Judge, Senior Division, Thane held
that the respondents-plaintiffs were entitled to the grant of succession
certificate in respect of the debts mentioned in Schedules A and B to the
application excluding the National Savings Certificates enumerated at Sl.Nos.17
to 21 in Schedule A and Compulsory Deposit Scheme mentioned at Sl.Nos.1 to 4 in
Schedule B. It was further held that the appellants herein were not entitled to
the delivery from the respondents of the National Savings Certificates and
Passbook Post Office Savings Bank in respect of which they had been nominated
by the deceased. The Civil Judge while issuing the succession certificate in favour
of the respondents-plaintiffs to the extent indicated hereinabove held them
entitled to get the amount of the said debts with accrued interest thereon
subject to their furnishing necessary court-fee stamp, Estate Duty Certificate
and the security to the extent of the assets. Not satisfied with the orders of
the Civil Judge, the respondents herein filed First Appeal No.849 of 1982 in
the High Court of Bombay praying for setting aside that portion of the order of
the Civil Judge by which their claim with regard to the National Savings
Certificates, in respect of which the appellants were the nominees, had been
disallowed. The High Court allowed the appeal and directed the issuance of
succession certificate in favour of the respondents in respect of debts not
only mentioned in Sl.Nos.1 to 16 in Annexure A and Sl.Nos.2,3,5 and 6 in
Annexure B but also in respect of the debts mentioned at Sl.Nos.17 to 26 in
Annexure A and Sl.Nos.1 and 4 in Annexure B. It was further directed that the
respondents shall be entitled to equal share in the amounts which were due on
securities listed in Annexures A and B to the application/plaint on payment of
necessary court fees stamps and furnishing estate duty certificate.
As
there was no other claimant, the court held that there was no necessity to
furnish any security.
Feeling
aggreived, the appellants- the nominees of the National Savings Certificates
have filed this appeal contending that under Section 6 of the Government
Savings Certificates Act, 1959, after the death of the holder they had become
entitled to the payment of such Saving Certificates in which they were
nominees, to the exclusion of all other persons including the respondents and
entitled to utilise the aforesaid amounts in the manner they like.
It is
contended that by their nomination, the holder of the National Savings
Certificates, namely, Shri Lachmandas Naraindas Khanchandani has diverted the
normal course of succession. According to them Section 6 provides another mode
of succession, to the exclusion of testamentary and non- testamentary
successions. Alternatively, it was urged that nomination itself amounted to
testamentary succession.
The
Government Savings Certificate Act, 1959 (being Act No.46 of 1959) (hereinafter
referred to as "the Act") was enacted to make certain provisions in
respect of the Government Savings Certificates. The Act applies to such class
of savings certificates as the Central Government may, by notification, in the
official gazette, specify in that behalf. The Act was applied to the National
Savings Certificates by notifications issued with respect to various issues of
such certificates. It is not disputed that the National Savings Certificates in
dispute are governed by the provisions of the Act.
To
appreciate the rival contentions urged at the Bar, it is necessary to examine
the provisions of the Act particularly Sections 6, 7 and 8 which provide as
under:
"6.
Nomination by holders of savings certificates.-- (1) Notwithstanding anything
contained in any law for the time being in force, or in any disposing,
testamentary or otherwise in respect of any savings certificate, where a
nomination made in the prescribed manner purports to confer on any person the
right to receive payment of the sum for the time being due on the savings
certificate on the death of the holder thereof and before the maturity of the
certificate, or before the certificate having reached maturity has been
discharged, the nominee shall, on the death of the holder of the savings
certificate, become entitled to the savings certificate and to be paid the sum
due thereon to the exclusion of all other persons, unless the nomination is
varied or cancelled in the prescribed manner.
(2)
Any nomination referred to in sub-section (1) shall become void if the nominee
predeceases, or where there are two or more nominees all the nominees
predecease, the holder of the savings certificate making the nomination.
(3)
Where the nominee is a minor, it shall be lawful for the holder of the savings
certificate making the nomination to appoint in the prescribed manner any
person to receive the sum due thereon in the event of his death during the
minority of the nominee.
(4) A
transfer of a savings certificate is held by or on behalf of any person as a pledgee
or by way of security for any purpose, such holding shall not have the effect
of cancelling a nomination but the right of the nominee shall be subject to the
right of the person so holding it.
7.
Payment on death of holder: (1) if the holder of savings certificate dies and
there is in force at the time of his death a nomination in favour of any
person, payment of the sum due thereon shall be made to the nominee.
(2)
Where the nominee is a minor, payment of the sum due thereon shall be made--
(a) in any case where a person has been appointed to receive it under
sub-section (3) of Section 6, to that person, and (b) where there is no such
person, to any guardian of the property of the minor appointed by a competent
court or where on such guardian has been so appointed, to either parent of the
minor, or where neither parent is alive, to any other guardian of the minor.
(3)
Where the sum due on a savings certificate is payable to two or more nominees,
and either or any of them dies, the sum shall be paid to the surviving nominee
or nominees.
(4) If
a person dies and is at the time of his death the holder of a savings
certificate and there is no nomination in force at the time of his death and
probate of his will or letters of administration of his estate or a succession
certificate granted under the Indian Succession Act, 1925, is not within three
months of the death of the holder produced to the prescribed authority, then,
if the sum due on the savings certificates does not exceed such limit as may be
prescribed, the prescribed authority may pay the same to any person appearing
to it to be entitled to receive the sum or to administer the estate of the
deceased.
(5)
Nothing contained in this section shall be deemed to require any person to
receive payment of the sum due on a savings certificate before it has reached
maturity or otherwise than in accordance with the terms of the savings certificate.
8.
Payment to be a full dishcarge--(1) Any payment made in accordance with the
foregoing provisions of this Act to a minor or to his parent or guardian or to
a nominee or to any other person shall be a full discharge from all further
liability in respect of the sum so paid.
(2)
Nothing in sub-section (1) shall be deemed to preclude any executor or
administrator or other representative of a deceased holder of a savings
certificate from recovering from the person receiving the same under section 7
the amount remaining in his hands after deducting the amount of all debts or
other demands lawfully paid or discharged by him in due course of
administration.
(3)
Any creditor or claimant against the estate of a holder of a savings
certificate may recover his debt or claim out of the sum paid under this Act to
any person and remaining in his hands unadministered in the same manner and to
the same extent as if the latter had obtained letters of administration to the
estate of the deceased." Mr.Sanjay K. Kaul, Sr.Advocate appearing for the
appellants submitted that Section 6 of the Act very unambiguously provides that
notwithstanding anything contained in any law for the time being in force or in
any disposition testamentary or otherwise in respect of any savings certificate
where a nomination is made, the nominee shall, on the death of the holder of
the savings certificate, become entitled to the savings certificate and to be
paid the sum due thereon to the exclusion of all other persons. Referring to
sub-section (3) of Section 6, the learned counsel submitted that in case where
the nominee is a minor, the holder of the savings certificate has a right to
make the nomination to appoint in the prescribed manner any person to receive
the sum due thereon in the event of his death during the minority of the
nominee. It is contended that if the intention was not to entitle the nominee
to be paid and to retain the sum due on such national savings certificates,
there was no necessity of making a provision as has been incorporated in
sub-section (3) of Section 6. Section 7 was also relied upon to urge that after
the death of the holder, the nominee becomes entitled to the payment of the sum
due without there being any further obligation upon him. In support of such an
argument further reliance was placed upon sub-sections (3) and (4) OF Section
7. He also tried to distinguish the verdict of this Court in Smt.Sarbati Devi
& Anr. vs.
Smt.Usha
Devi [1984 (1) SCC 424] by pointing out the difference of the language and
phraseology in Section 6 of the Act and Section 39 of the Insurance Act.
According to him the words, "on the death of the holder of the savings
certificate, become entitled to the savings certificate and to be paid the sum
due thereon to the exclusion of all other persons", appearing in Section 6
of the Act have not been incorporated in Section 39 of the insurance Act
suggesting that the legislature had intended to make the nominee absolute owner
of the value of the certificates.
The
law in force in England on the position of a nominee who has been treated to be
a third party in relation to a claim regarding insurance
policy, is summarised in Halsbury's Laws of England (Fourth
Edition), Vol.25, para 579 as under:
"Position
of third party. --The policy money payable on the death of the assured may be
expressed to be payable to a third party and the third party is then prima
facie merely the agent for the time being of the legal owner and has his authority
to receive the policy money and to give a good discharge; but he generally has
no right to sue the insurers in his own name. The question has been raised
whether the third party's authority to receive the policy money is terminated
by the death of the assured; it seems, however, that unless and until they are
otherwise directed by the assured's personal representatives the insurers may
pay the money to the third party and get a good discharge from him."
Various High Court in India in different cases, namely, Ramballav
Dhandhania v. Gangadhar Nathmall [AIR 1956 Cal.
275],
Life Insurance Corporation of India v.
United Bank of India Ltd.[AIR 1970 Cal 213], D. Mohanavelu Mudaliar v.
Indian
Insurance and Banking Corporation Ltd., Salem [AIR 1957 Mad 115], Sarojini Amma
v. Neelakanta Pillai [AIR 1961 Kerala 126], Atmaram Mohanlal Panchal v. Gunvantiben
[AIR 1977 Guj. 134], Malli Dei v. Kanchan Prava Dei [AIR 1973 Orissa 83], Lakshmi
Amma v. Saguna Bhagath [ILR 1973 Kant 827] have taken a view that the nominee
under Section 39 of the Insurance Act is nothing more than an agent to receive
the money due under the life insurance policy. The money as such received
remains the property of the assured during his life time and on his death forms
part of his estate subject to the law of succession applicable to him. Allahabad
High Court in Kesari Devi v. Dharma Devi [AIR 1962 All 355] and Delhi High
Court in S.Fauza Singh v. Kuldip Singh [AIR 1978 Delhi 276] and Uma Sehgal v. Dwarka
Dass Sehgal [AIR 1982 Delhi 36] had, however, taken a different view. While
dealing with the view taken by Allahabad and
Delhi High Courts, this Court in Sarbati Devi's case (supra) has held:
"As
observed in the Full Benchdecision of the allahabad High Court in Raja Ram v.
Mata Prasad [AIR 1972 All 167]which has interpreted Section 39 of the Act
correctly, the judgment of that High Court in Kesari Devi case related to a
different set of facts. In Kesari Devi case the dispute arose regarding the
person who was entitled to the succession certificate in respect of the amount
payable under a life insurance policy which had been taken out by the assured
between the widow of the assured and the widow of the nominee under Section 39
of the Act. On going through the judgment in Kesari Devi case we feel that the
court in that case paid little heed to the earlier judicial precedents of its
own court. The decision of the Full Bench in Raja Ram case set at rest all
doubts which might have been created by Kesari Devi case about the true import
of Section 39 of the Act in so far as the High Court of Allahabad was
concerned.
In Fauza
Singh case there is reference only to three cases - - Life Insurance
Corporation of India v. United Bank of India, Matin v. Mahomed Matin [AIR 1922 Lah.
145] and Kesari Devi case. The Court expressed its dissent from the Calcutta decision on the ground that that
decision had not considered sub-section (6) of Section 39 of the Act.
The Lahore case was one decided before the Act
came into force. The distinguishing features of Kesari Devi case are already
mentioned. Otherwise there is not much discussion in this case about the effect
of Section 39 of the Act.
We
have carefully gone through the judgment of the Delhi High Court in Uma Sehgal
case. In this case the High Court of Delhi clearly came to the conclusion that
the nominee had no right in the lifetime of the assured to the amount payable
under the policy and that his rights would spring up only on the death of the
assured. The Delhi High Court having reached that conclusion did not proceed to
examine the possibility of an existence of a conflict between the law of
succession and the right of the nominee under Section 39 of the Act arising on
the death of the assured and in that event which would prevail. We are of the
view that the language of Section 39 of the Act is not capable of altering the
course of succession under law. The second error committed by the Delhi High
Court in this case is the reliance placed by it on the effect of the amendment
of Section 60(1)(kb) of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 providing that all
moneys payable under a policy of insurance on the life of the judgment debtor
shall be exempt from attachment by his creditors. The High Court equated a
nominee to the heirs and legatees of the assured and proceeded to hold that the
nominee succeeded to the estate with all 'plus and minus points'. We find it
difficult to treat a nominee as being equivalent to an heir or legatee having
regard to the clear provisions of Section 39 of the Act. The exemption of the moneys
payable under a life insurance policy under the amended Section 60 of the Code
of Civil Procedure instead of 'devaluing' the earlier decisions which upheld
the right of a creditor of the estate of the assured to attach the amount
payable under the life insurance policy recognises such a right in such
creditor which he could have exercised but for the amendment. It is because it
was attached the Code of Civil Procedure exempted it from attachment in
furtherance of the policy of Parliament in making the amendment. The Delhi High
Court has committed another error in appreciating the two decisions of the
Madras High Court in Karuppa Gounder v.
Palaniammal
[AIR 1963 Mad 245 at para 13] and in B.M.
Mundkur
v. Life Insurance Corporation of India [AIR 1977 Mad 72]. The relevant part of the decisions of the Delhi High
Court in Uma Sehgal case reads thus: (AIR P.40, paras 10, 11) "10. In Karuppa
Gounder v. Palaniamma, K had nominated his wife in the insurance policy. K
died. It was held that in virtue of the nomination, the mother of K was not
entitled to any portion of the insurance amount.
11. I
am in respectful agreement with these views, because they accord with the law
and reason. They are supported by Section 44(2) of the Act. It provides that
the commission payable to an insurance agent shall after his death, continue to
be payable to his heirs, but if the agent had nominated any person the
commission shall be paid to the person so nominated. It cannot be contended
that the nominee under Section 44 will receive the money not as owner but as an
agent on behalf of someone else, vide B.M.
Mundkur
v. Life Insruance Corporation. Thus, the nominee excludes the legal
heirs." The Court further held that Delhi High Court committed mistake in
not properly appreciating the judgment in B.M.
Mundkur
v. Life Insurance Corporation of India [AIR 1977 Mad. 72]. The Court found that the
reasons given by the Delhi High Court were not tenable. It was held that a mere
nomination made under Section 39 of the Insurance Act did not have the effect
of conferring on the nominee any beneficial interest in the amount payable
under the insurance policy on the death of the assured. The nomination only
indicated the hand which was authorised to receive the amount on the payment of
which the insurer got a valid discharge of its liability under the policy. The
policy holder continued to have interest in the policy during his lifetime and
the nominee acquired no sort of interest in the policy during the lifetime of
the policy holder. On the death of the policy holder, the amount payable under
the policy became part of his estate which was governed by the law of
succession applicable to him. Such succession may be testamentary or intestate.
Section 39 did not operate as a third kind of succession which could be styled
as a statutory testament. A nominee could not be treated as being equivalent to
an heir or legatee. The amount of interest under the policy could, therefore,
be claimed by the heirs of the assured in accordance with law of succession governing
them. It is contended on behalf of the appellants that the non obstante clause
in Section 6 excludes all other persons, including the legal heirs of the deceased
holder, to claim any right over the sum paid on account of the national savings
certificates, to the nominee. There is no doubt that by non-obstante clause the
Legislature devices means which are usually applied to give overriding effect
to certain provisions over some contrary provisions that may be found either in
the same enactment or some other statute. In other words such a clause is used
to avoid the operation and effect of all contrary provisions.
The
phrase is equivalent to showing that the Act shall be no impediment to measure
intended. To attract the applicability of the phrase, the whole of the section,
the scheme of the Act and the objects and reasons for which such an enactment
is made has to be kept in mind. The submission made on behalf of the appellants
has no substance in view of sub-section (2) of Section 8 and the Statement of
Objects and Reasons necessitating the passing of the Act.
Sub-section
(1) of Section 8 provides that if any payment is made in accordance with the
provisions of the Act to a nominee, the same shall be a full discharge from all
further liabilities in respect of the sum so paid. Section 7 of the Act
provides that after the death of the holder of the savings certificates payment
of the sum shall be made to the nominee, if any, and sub-section (1) of Section
8 declares that such payment shall be a full discharge from all further
liabilities in respect of the sum so paid. However, sub-section (2) of Section
8 specifies that the payment made to the nominee under sub-section (1) shall not
preclude any executor or administrator or the legal representative of the
deceased holder of a savings certificate from recovering from the person
receiving the same under Section 7; the amount remaining in nominee's hand
after deducting the amount of all debts or other demands lawfully paid or
discharged by him in due course of administration. In other words though the
nominee of the national savings certificates has a right to be paid the sum due
on such savings certificates after the death of the holder, yet he retains the
said amount for the benefit of the persons who are entitled to it under the law
of succession applicable in the case, however, subject to the exception of
deductions mentioned in the sub-section. In the Statement of Objects and Reasons
of the Act it is stated: "The Post Office National Savings Certificate
Ordinance, 1944 (42 of 1944), issued under Section 72 of the Ninth Schedule to
the Government of India Act, 1935, as originally enacted and continued in force
by virtue of the provisions of the India and Burma (Emergency Provgisions) Act,
1940 (3 and 4 Geo.
6, Ch. 33) regulates the sale and discharge of National
Savings Certificates issued through the Post Office.
Suggestions
have been made from time to time that as the production of legal proof of
succession involves considerable delay and expense, the holders of savings
certificates may be allowed the right to nominate one or more persons to
receive the amounts due in respect of such certificates in the event of their
death without the production of succession certificate or other proof of title.
In seeking to amend that Ordinance for the above purpose, opportunity is taken
to replace it by an Act of Parliament." (emphasis supplied) In the light
of what has been noticed hereinabove, it is apparent that though language and
phraseology of Section 6 of the Act is different than the one used in Section 39 of the
Insurance Act, yet, the effect of both the provisions is the same. The Act only
makes the provisions regarding avoiding delay and expense in making the payment
of the amount of the national savings certificates, to the nominee of holder,
which has been considered to be beneficial both for the holder as also for the post
office. Any amount paid to the nominee after valid deductions or becomes the
estate of the deceased. Such an estate devolves upon all persons who are
entitled to succession under law, custom or testament of the deceased holder.
In other words, the law laid down by this Court in Sarbati Devi's case holds
field and is equally applicable to the nominee becoming entitled to the payment
of the amount on account of national savings certificates received by him under
Section 6 read with Section 7 of the Act who in turn is liable to return the
amount to those, in whose favour law creates beneficial interest, subject to
the provisions of sub-section (2) of Section 8 of the Act.
Under
the circumstances this appeal is allowed with a direction that the succession certificates
shall be issued in favour
of the respondents in respect of debts detailed in Annexures
A and B to the application filed in the Court of Civil Judge, Senior Division,
Thane subject to their payment of necessary court fees and estate duty
certificate. The respondents would, however, not be entitled to directly
receive the amounts payable on account of debts payable under National Savings
Certificates at Sl.Nos.17 to 26 in Annexure A and Sl.Nos.1 to 4 in Annexure B.
The appellants are held entitled to receive the sum due on the aforesaid
national savings certificates in which they are the nominees upon furnishing
the undertaking in terms of sub-section (2) of Section 8 of the Act in the
court of Civil Judge, Senior Division, Thane. The amount received by the
appellants on account of the national savings certificates in which they are
nominees shall be payable to the respondents after deduction of the amounts of
debts or other demands lawfully paid or discharged, if any. Costs made easy.
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