Smt.Rita Devi & Ors Vs. New India
Assurance Co.Ltd. & ANR [2000] INSC 270 (27 April 2000)
N.S.Hegde, D.P.Wadhwa
SANTOSH HEGDE, J.
One Dasarath Singh was a driver of an auto
rickshaw owned by Lalit Singh. The vehicle in question was registered as a
public carrier vehicle used for hire by the passengers. This vehicle was
insured with the respondent-Insurance Company. On 22nd of March, 1995, it is
stated that some unknown passengers hired the above auto rickshaw from rickshaw
stand at Dimapur between 5 to 6 p.m.
It is also not in dispute that the said auto
rickshaw was reported stolen and the dead body of driver Dasarath Singh was
recovered by the police on the next day, the auto rickshaw was never recovered
and the claim of the owner for the loss of auto rickshaw was accepted by the
respondent-Insurance Company and a sum of Rs.47,220/- was settled by the said
company towards the loss suffered by the owner. One Darshan Singh claiming to
be a Power of Attorney holder of the present appellants filed a claim petition
along with the present appellants under Section 163 A of the Motor Vehicles
Act, 1988 (for short the Act) claiming damages for the death caused to the
deceased Dasarath Singh during the course of his employment under Lalit Singh
as a death caused in an accident arising out of the use of vehicle. The Motor
Accidents Claims Tribunal, Nagaland as per its judgment dated 24th of June,
1996 came to the conclusion that the death of the driver of the auto rickshaw
(Dasarath Singh) was caused by an accident coming within the purview of the Motor
Vehicles Act, therefore, held that the owner of the vehicle was liable to
compensate the death of the driver in money value. Since there was an agreement
between the vehicle owner and the respondent-Insurance Company to compensate
the employer of the vehicle, said legal and statutory liability stood fastened
on the respondent-Insurance Company. The tribunal also held that the quantum of
claim of the claimants stood established and consequently it awarded a sum of
Rs.2,81,500/- against the Insurance Company with interest @ 12% on the amount
awarded from the date of application till payment. The Insurance Company
preferred an appeal by itself before the Gauhati High Court (Kohima Bench) in
M.A.(F) No.8(K)96. The High Court by its judgment dated 9.3.1998 came to the
conclusion that there was no motor accident as contemplated under the Act. The
High Court further held that the case in hand was a case of murder and not of
an accident, hence a petition for claim under the provisions of the Act did not
arise.
The High Court, accordingly, allowed the
appeal and set aside the judgment and the award made by the tribunal.
Originally, the above mentioned Power of
Attorney holder had preferred the above appeal making the wife and children of
the deceased as proforma respondents along with the other respondent. By an
order of this Court dated 18th of February, 2000, this Court felt that to
protect the interest of the heirs of the deceased the wife and children of the
deceased should be first impleaded as appellants to this appeal and the
cause-title be amended, which having been done and notice being issued, the
respondent- Insurance Company is represented before us. We have heard the
parties. Leave granted. On behalf of the appellants, Shri Anurabh Chowdhury
contends that the deceased was employed to drive the auto rickshaw for ferrying
passengers on hire and on the fateful day the auto rickshaw was parked at the
rickshaw stand at Dimapur and at about 5 to 6 p.m. some unknown passengers had
engaged the said auto rickshaw for their journey towards Singrijan area and
thereafter nothing was known of the driver or rickshaw. It is only on the next
day that the authorities were able to recover the body of the deceased and the
auto rickshaw in question was never traced till date. The owner of the auto
rickshaw has, therefore, been compensated by the Insurance Company for the loss
of the said auto rickshaw, therefore, the murder of the deceased Dasarath Singh
squarely comes within the word death due to accident arising out of the use of
motor vehicle found in Section 163A(1) of the Act. Consequently the tribunal
was justified in awarding the compensation claimed by the appellants. He
contended the word accident has not been defined under the Motor Vehicles Act
and the said Act being a beneficial legislation, a liberal interpretation
should be given so as to achieve the objects of the Act. He contended that the
deceased being an employee was entitled for compensation both under the Motor Vehicles
Act and also under the Workmens Compensation Act, 1923. However, under Section
167 of the Motor Vehicles Act, the heirs of the deceased had a choice either to
claim compensation under that Act or under the Workmen Compensation Act. The
appellants having chosen to invoke the provisions of the Motor Vehicles Act,
the Tribunal was wholly justified in awarding the compensation, while the High
Court, according to him, without properly appreciating the reasonings adopted
by the tribunal has interfered with the just order of the tribunal. He also
contends that the appeal filed by the Insurance Company was not maintainable
for not having obtained the leave of the tribunal as required under Section 170
of the Act. He relies on a judgment of this Court in the case of Shankarayya
& Anr.vs. United India Insurance Co. Ltd. & Anr. (1998 (3) SCC 140).
Ms.Pankaj BalaVerma, appearing for the respondent- Insurance Company does not
in fact dispute the maintainability of the petition filed by the appellants
under Section 163A of the Motor Vehicles Act but contends that the meaning
ascribed to the word accident in the Workmen Compensation Act by judicial
pronouncements cannot be applied to the word accident in the Motor Vehicles Act
because the object of the two Acts are different. She supported the judgment of
the High Court by contending that on the facts of the present appeal, the death
of the driver of the auto rickshaw was caused by felonious acts of certain
unknown persons and the same is not caused by an accident arising out of the
use of the vehicle. Regarding the maintainability of the appeal, she submits
the judgment of this Court was reported subsequent to the High Court Judgment,
hence no fault could be found with the impugned judgment on that score and no
such objection was taken in regard to the maintainability before the High
Court. As pointed out by the learned counsel for the appellants, the Motor
Vehicles Act does not define the word accident.
However, Section 163A of the Motor Vehicles
Act provides for payment of compensation for the death or injury suffered in a
motor vehicle accident on a structured formula basis in Section 163 A of the
Act. Sub-clause (I) of the said Section says that notwithstanding anything
contained in this Act or in any other law for the time being in force or
instrument having the force of law, the owner of the motor vehicle or the
authorised insurer shall be liable to pay in the case of death or permanent
disablement due to accident arising out of the use of motor vehicle,
compensation, as indicated in the Second Schedule, to the legal heirs or the
victim, as the case may be; Sub-section (2) of the said Section also provides,
in any claim for compensation under that sub-section, the claimant shall not be
required to plead or establish that the death or permanent disablement in
respect of which the claim has been made was due to any wrongful act or neglect
or default of the owner of the vehicle or vehicles concerned or of any other
person (emphasis supplied). A conjoint reading of the above two sub-clauses of
Section 163A shows that a victim or his heirs are entitled to claim from the
owner/Insurance Company a compensation for death or permanent disablement
suffered due to accident arising out of the use of the motor vehicle (emphasis
supplied), without having to prove wrongful act or neglect or default of any
one. Thus it is clear, if it is established by the claimants that the death or
disablement was caused due to an accident arising out of the use of motor
vehicle then they will be entitled for payment of compensation. In the present
case, the contention of the Insurance Company which was accepted by the High
Court is that the death of the deceased (Dasarath Singh) was not caused by an
accident arising out of the use of motor vehicle. Therefore, we will have to
examine the actual legal import of the words death due to accident arising out
of the use of motor vehicle. The question, therefore, is can a murder be an
accident in any given case ? There is no doubt that murder, as it is
understood, in the common parlance is a felonious act where death is caused
with intent and the perpetrators of that act normally have a motive against the
victim for such killing. But there are also instances where murder can be by
accident on a given set of facts . The difference between a murder which is not
an accident and a murder which is an accident, depends on the proximity of the
cause of such murder. In our opinion, if the dominent intention of the Act of
felony is to kill any particular person then such killing is not an accidental
murder but is a murder simplicitor, while if the cause of murder or act of
murder was originally not intended and the same was caused in furtherance of
any other felonious act then such murder is an accidental murder.
In Challis vs. London and South Western
Railway Company (1905 2 Kings Bench 154), the Court of Appeal held where an
engine driver while driving a train under a bridge was killed by a stone
willfully dropped on the train by a boy from the bridge, that his injuries were
caused by an accident. In the said case, the Court rejecting an argument that
the said incident cannot be treated as an accident held:
The accident which befell the deceased was,
as it appears to me, one which was incidental to his employment as an engine
driver; in other words it arose out of his employment. The argument for the
respondents really involves the reading into the Act of a proviso to the effect
that an accident shall not be deemed to be within the Act, if it arose from the
mischievous act of a person not in the service of the employer. I see no reason
to suppose that the Legislature intended so to limit the operation of the Act.
The result is the same to the engine driver, from whatever cause the accident
happened; and it does not appear to me to be any answer to the claim for
indemnification under the Act to say that the accident was caused by some
person who acted mischievously.
In the case of Nisbet vs. Rayne & Burn
(1910) 1 KB 689, where a cashier, while travelling in a railway to a colliery
with a large sum of money for the payment of his employers workmen, was robbed
and murdered. The Court of Appeal held: That the murder was an accident from
the standpoint of the person who suffered from it and that it arose out of an employment
which involved more than the ordinary risk, and consequently that the widow was
entitled to compensation under the Workmens Compensation Act 1906.
In this case the Court followed its earlier
judgment in the case of Challis (supra). In the case of Nisbet, the Court also
observed that it is contended by the employer that this was not an accident
within the meaning of the Act, because it was an intentional felonious act
which caused the death, and that the word accident negatives the idea of intention.
In my opinion, this contention ought not to prevail. I think it was an accident
from the point of view of Nisbet, and that it makes no difference whether the
pistol shot was deliberately fired at Nisbet or whether it was intended for
somebody else and not for Nisbet.
The judgment of the Court of Appeal in
Nisbets case was followed by the majority judgment by the House of Lords in the
case of Board of Management of Trim Joint District School vs. Kelly (1914 AC
667). Applying the principles laid down in the above cases to the facts of the
case in hand, we find that the deceased, a driver of the auto rickshaw, was
duty bound to have accepted the demand of fare paying passengers to transport
them to the place of their destination. During the course of this duty, if the
passengers had decided to commit an act of felony of stealing the auto rickshaw
and in the course of achieving the said object of stealing the auto rickshaw,
they had to eliminate the driver of the auto rickshaw then it cannot but be
said that the death so caused to the driver of the auto rickshaw was an
accidental murder. The stealing of the auto rickshaw was the object of the
felony and the murder that was caused in the said process of stealing the auto
rickshaw is only incidental to the act of stealing of the auto rickshaw.
Therefore, it has to be said that on the facts and circumstances of this case
the death of the deceased (Dasarath Singh) was caused accidentally in the
process of committing the theft of the auto rickshaw. Learned counsel for the
respondents contended before us that since the Motor Vehicles Act has not
defined the word death and the legal interpretations relied upon by us are with
reference to definition of the word death in Workmen Compensation Act the same
will not be applicable while interpreting the word death in Motor Vehicles Act
because according to her, the objects of the two Acts are entirely different.
She also contends on the facts of this case no proximity could be presumed
between the murder of the driver and the stealing of the auto rickshaw. We are
unable to accept this contention advanced on behalf of the respondents. We do
not see how the object of the two Acts, namely, the Motor Vehicles Act and the
Workmens Compensation Act are in any way different. In our opinion, the
relevant object of both the Acts are to provide compensation to the victims of
accidents. The only difference between the two enactments is that so far as the
Workmens Compensation Act is concerned, it is confined to workmen as defined
under that Act while the relief provided under Chapter X to XII of the Motor
Vehicles Act is available to all the victims of accidents involving a motor
vehicle. In this conclusion of ours we are supported by Section 167 of the Motor
Vehicles Act as per which provision, it is open to the claimants either to
proceed to claim compensation under the Workmens Compensation Act or under the Motor
Vehicles Act. A perusal of the objects of the two enactments clearly
establishes that both the enactments are beneficial enactments operating in the
same field, hence judicially accepted interpretation of the word death in
Workmens Compensation Act is, in our opinion, applicable to the interpretation
of the word death in the Motor Vehicles Act also.
In the case of Shivaji Dayanu Patil &
Anr. vs.Vatschala Uttam More (1991 (3) SCC 530) this Court while pronouncing on
the interpretation of Section 92 A of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1939 held as
follows : Section 92-A was in the nature of a beneficial legislation enacted
with a view to confer the benefit of expeditious payment of a limited amount by
way of compensation to the victims of an accident arising out of the use of a
motor vehicle on the basis of no fault liability. In the matter of
interpretation of a beneficial legislation the approach of the courts is to
adopt a construction which advances the beneficent purpose underlying the
enactment in preference to a construction which tends to defeat that purpose.
In that case in regard to the contention of
proximity between the accident and the explosion that took place this Court
held : This would show that as compared to the expression caused by, the
expression arising out of has a wider connotation. The expression caused by was
used in Sections 95(1)(b)(i) and (ii) and 96(2)(b)(ii) of the Act.
In Section 92-A, Parliament, however, chose
to use the expression arising out of which indicates that for the purpose of
awarding compensation under Section 92-A, the casual relationship between the
use of the motor vehicle and the accident resulting in death or permanent
disablement is not required to be direct and proximate and it can be less
immediate. This would imply that accident should be connected with the use of
the motor vehicle but the said connection need not be direct and immediate.
This construction of the expression arising out of the use of a motor vehicle
in Section 92-A enlarges the field of protection made available to the victims
of an accident and is in consonance with the beneficial object underlying the
enactment.
In the instant case, as we have noticed the
facts, we have no hesitation in coming to the conclusion that the murder of the
deceased (Dasarath Singh) was due to an accident arising out of the use of
motor vehicle.
Therefore, the trial court rightly came to
the conclusion that the claimants were entitled for compensation as claimed by
them and the High Court was wrong in coming to the conclusion that the death of
Dasarath Singh was not caused by an accident involving the use of motor
vehicle. This leaves us to consider the second point raised before us by the
counsel for the appellant. It is argued on behalf of the appellants that the
appeal preferred by the Insurance Company purported to be under Section 173 of
the Motor Vehicles Act was not maintainable because prior permission of the
Court as required was not obtained by the appellants.
In support of this contention of the appellants,
reliance is placed on a judgments of this Court in the case of Shankarayya
& Anr. vs.United India Insurance (Co.Ltd. & Anr. 1998 3 SCC 140). In
the said judgment a Division Bench of this Court held : The Insurance Company
when impleaded as a party by the Court can be permitted to contest the
proceedings on merits only if the conditions precedent mentioned in Section 170
are found to be satisfied and for that purpose the Insurance Company has to
obtain an order in writing from the Tribunal and which should be a reasoned
order by the Tribunal. Unless that procedure is followed, the Insurance Company
cannot have a wider defence on merits than what is available to it by way of
statutory defence. It is true that the claimants themselves had joined Respondent
1 Insurance Company in the claim petition but that was done with a view to
thrust the statutory liability on the Insurance Company on account of the
contract of the insurance. That was not an order of the Court itself permitting
the Insurance Company which was impleaded to avail of a larger defence on
merits on being satisfied on the aforesaid two conditions mentioned in Section
170. Consequently, it must be held that on the facts of the present case,
Respondent 1 Insurance Company was not entitled to file an appeal on merits of
the claim which was awarded by the Tribunal.
We respectfully agree with the ratio laid
down in the above case and in view of the fact admittedly the Insurance Company
had not obtained leave from the tribunal before filing the above appeal. We are
of the opinion that the appeal filed by the Insurance Company before the High
Court was not maintainable in law. For the reasons mentioned above, this appeal
succeeds, the judgment and order of the High Court dated 9.3.1998 is set aside
and that of the Tribunal dated 24.6.1996 is restored. The appellants are
entitled to costs in all the counts.
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