State of Haryana & Ors Vs. Smt.
Santra [2000] INSC 239 (24 April 2000)
S.S.Ahmad, D.P.Wadhwa
S. SAGHIR AHMAD, J. Leave granted. Medical
Negligence plays its game in strange ways. Sometimes it plays with life;
sometimes it gifts an "Unwanted Child" as in the instant case where
the respondent, a poor labourer woman, who already had many children and had
opted for sterilisation, developed pregnancy and ultimately gave birth to a
female child in spite of sterilisation operation which, obviously, had failed. Smt.
Santra, the victim of the medical negligence, filed a suit for recovery of Rs.2
lakhs as damages for medical negligence, which was decreed for a sum of
Rs.54,000/- with interest at the rate of 12 per cent per annum from the date of
institution of the suit till the payment of the decretal amount. Two appeals
were filed against this decree in the court of District Judge, Gurgaon, which
were disposed of by Addl. District Judge, Gurgaon, by a common judgment dated
10.5.1999. Both the appeals - one filed by the State of Haryana and the other
by Smt. Santra were dismissed. The second appeal filed by the State of Haryana
was summarily dismissed by the Punjab & Haryana High Court on 3.8.1999. It
is in these circumstances that the present Special Leave Petition has been
filed in this court.
"Sterilisation Scheme", admittedly,
was launched by the Haryana Govt. and taking advantage of that scheme, Smt.
Santra approached the Chief Medical Officer,
Gurgaon, for her sterilisation in 1988. The sterilisation operation was
performed on her and a certificate to that effect was also issued to her on
4.2.1988 under the signatures of the Medical Officer, General Hospital,
Gurgaon. Smt. Santra was assured that full, complete and successful
sterilisation operation had been performed upon her and she would not conceive
a child in future. But despite the operation, she conceived. When she contacted
the Chief Medical Officer and other Doctors of the General Hospital, Gurgaon,
she was informed that she was not pregnant. Two months later when the pregnancy
became apparent, she again approached those Doctors who then told her that her
sterilisation operation was not successful. Dr. Sushil Kumar Goyal, who was
examined as DW-2, stated that the operation related only to the right Fallopian
Tube and the left Fallopian Tube was not touched, which indicates that
`complete sterlisation' operation was not done. She requested for an abortion,
but was advised not to go in for abortion as the same would be dangerous to her
life. She ultimtely gave birth to a female child. Smt. Santra already had seven
children and the birth of a new child put her to unnecessary burden of rearing
up the child as also all the expenses involved in the maintenance of that
child, including the expenses towards her clothes and education. It was in
these circumstances that the suit was filed by Smt. Santra which was contested
by the State, who, besides taking up the technical pleas relating to
non-maintainability of the suit on various grounds, denied in the written statement
that there was any negligence on the part of the Medical Officer of the General
Hospital, Gurgaon. It was contended by the defendants that the sterlisation
operation performed upon Smt. Santra on 4.2.1988 was done carefully and
successfully and there was no negligence on the part of the Doctor who
performed that operation. It was further pleaded that Smt. Santra had herself
put her thumb impression on a paper containing a recital that in case the
operation was not successful, she would not claim any damages. It was pleaded
that she was estopped from raising the plea of negligence or from claiming
damages for an unsuccessful sterilisation operation from the State which, it
was further pleaded, was not liable even vicariously for any lapse on the part
of the Doctor who performed that operation. The trial court as also the lower
appellate court both recorded concurrent findings of fact that the sterlisation
operation performed upon Smt. Santra was not `complete' as in that operation
only the right Fallopian Tube was operated upon while the left Tube was left
untouched. The courts were of the opinion that this exhibited negligence on the
part of the Medical Officer who performed the operation. Smt. Santra, in spite
of the unsuccessful operation, was informed that sterlisation operation was
successful and that she would not conceive any child in future. The plea of
estoppel raised by the defendants was also rejected. The trial court has
recorded the following findings on the question of negligence:- "The birth
of the female child by plaintiff Smt. Santra after operation for sterilization
is not disputed and the case of the defts is that there was no negligence and
carelessness on the part of the deft. but on going through the documents placed
on the file as well as testimony of PWs that the medical officer who conducted
the operation has threw the care and caution to the winds and focussed
attention to perform as many as operations as possible to build record and earn
publicity. It is in such settling that a poor lady obsessed to plan his family,
was negligently operated upon and treated and left in the larch to suffer agony
and burden which he was made to believe was avoidable. Therefore, the act of
the DW 2 Dr. Sushil Kumar shows that he did not perform his duty to the best of
his ability and with due care and caution and due to the above said act, the
plaintiff has to suffer mental pain and agony and burden of financial
liability." The findings of the Lower Appellate Court on this question are
as under:- "In the instant case, admittedly, plaintiff Santra was operated
for right tube and not for left tube. Dr. Sushil Kumar Goel while appearing as
DW2 has categorically stated so. He has specifically stated that Santra,
plaintiff was not traceable. I am of the considered opinion that if Santra,
plaintiff was not operated for left side in that event the doctor should not
have issued certificate of sterilization to her. The doctors who operated
plaintiff Santra should have advised her to come for second time for her operation
of left side. The plaintiff has placed family sterilization case card Ex.P2 on
the file. The defendant State has admitted in its written statement that she
was successfully operated on 4.2.88 in General Hospital, Gurgaon. When
admittedly Santra, plaintiff was not operated, as discussed above, for her left
tube in that event issuance of certificate to her of her sterilization amounts
gross negligence." The High Court, as pointed out above, summarily
dismissed the second appeal. Learned counsel appearing on behalf of the State
of Haryana has contended that the negligence of the Medical Officer in
performing the unsuccessful sterlisation operation upon Smt. Santra would not
bind the State Govt. and the State Govt. would not be liable vicariously for
any damages to Smt. Santra. It was also claimed that the expenses awarded for
rearing up the child and for her maintenance could not have been legally
decreed as there was no element of "tort" involved in it nor had Smt.
Santra suffered any loss which could be compensated in terms of money.
Negligence is a `tort'.
Every Doctor who enters into the medical
profession has a duty to act with a reasonable degree of care and skill.
This is what is known as `implied
undertaking' by a member of the medical profession that he would use a fair,
reasonable and competent degree of skill. In Bolam vs.
Friern Hospital Management Committee (1957) 2
All ER 118, McNair, J. summed up the law as under : "The test is the
standard of the ordinary skilled man exercising and professing to have that
special skill. A man need not possess the highest expert skill; it is well
established law that it is sufficient if he exercises the ordinary skill of an
ordinary competent man exercising that particular art.
In the case of a medical man, negligence
means failure to act in accordance with the standards of reasonably competent
medical men at the time. There may be one or more perfectly proper standards,
and if he conforms with one of these proper standards, then he is not
negligent." This decision has since been approved by the House of Lords in
Whitehouse vs. Jordon (1981) 1 All ER 267 (HL); Maynard vs. West Midlands
Regional Health Authority (1985) 1 All ER 635 (HL);
and Sidway vs. Bathlem Royal Hospital (1985)
1 All ER 643 (HL). In two decisions rendered by this Court, namely, Dr. Laxman
Balakrishna Joshi vs. Dr. Trimbak Bapu Godbole & Anr. AIR 1969 SC 128 and
A.S. Mittal vs. State of U.P. AIR 1989 SC 1570, it was laid down that when a
Doctor is consulted by a patient, the former, namely, the Doctor owes to his
patient certain duties which are (a) a duty of care in deciding whether to
undertake the case; (b) a duty of care in deciding what treatment to give; and
(c) a duty of care in the administration of that treatment. A breach of any of
the above duties may give a cause of action for negligence and the patient may
on that basis recover damages from his Doctor. In a recent decision in Poonam
Verma vs. Ashwin Patel & Ors. (1996) 4 SCC 332 = AIR 1996 SC 2111 where the
question of medical negligence was considered in the context of treatment of a
patient, it was observed as under : "40. Negligence has many
manifestations - it may be active negligence, collateral negligence,
comparative negligence, concurrent negligence, continued negligence, criminal
negligence, gross negligence, hazardous negligence, active and passive
negligence, wilful or reckless negligence or Negligence per se, which is
defined in Black's Law Dictionary as under : Negligence per se: Conduct,
whether of action or omission, which may be declared and treated as negligence
without any argument or proof as to the particular surrounding circumstances,
either because it is in violation of a statute or valid municipal ordinance, or
because it is so palpably opposed to the dictates of common prudence that it
can be said without hesitation or doubt that no careful person would have been
guilty of it. As a general rule, the violation of a public duty, enjoined by
law for the protection of person or property, so constitutes." It was also
observed that where a person is guilty of Negligence per se, no further proof
is needed. In M/s Spring Meadows Hospital & Anr. vs. Harjol Ahluwalia
through K.S. Ahluwalia & Anr.JT 1998(2) SC 620, it was observed as under :
"In the case in hand we are dealing with a problem which centres round the
medical ethics and as such it may be appropriate to notice the broad
responsibilities of such organisations who in the garb of doing service to the
humanity have continued commercial activities and have been mercilessly
extracting money from helpless patients and their family members and yet do not
provide the necessary services. The influence exerted by a doctor is unique.
The relationship between the doctor and the patient is not always equally
balanced. The attitude of a patient is poised between trust in the learning of
another and the general distress of one who is in a state of uncertainty and
such ambivalence naturally leads to a sense of inferiority and it is,
therefore, the function of medical ethics to ensure that the superiority of the
doctor is not abused in any manner. It is a great mistake to think that doctors
and hospitals are easy targets for the dissatisfied patient. It is indeed very
difficult to raise an action of negligence. Not only there are practical
difficulties in linking the injury sustained with the medical treatment but
also it is still more difficult to establish the standard of care in medical
negligence of which a complaint can be made.
All these factors together with the sheer
expense of bringing a legal action and the denial of legal aid to all but the
poorest operate to limit medical litigation in this country." It was
further observed as under : "In recent days there has been increasing
pressure on hospital facilities, falling standard of professional competence
and in addition to all, the ever increasing complexity of therapeutic and
diagnostic methods and all this together are responsible for the medical
negligence. That apart there has been a growing awareness in the public mind to
bring the negligence of such professional doctors to light. Very often in a
claim for compensation arising out of medical negligence a plea is taken that
it is a case of bona fide mistake which under certain circumstances may be
excusable, but a mistake which would tantamount to negligence cannot be
pardoned. In the former case a court can accept that ordinary human fallibility
precludes the liability while in the latter the conduct of the defendant is
considered to have gone beyond the bounds of what is expected of the reasonable
skill of a competent doctor." In this judgment, reliance was placed on the
decision of the House of Lords in Whitehouse vs. Jordan & Anr. (1981) 1 ALL
ER 267. Lord Fraser, while reversing the judgment of Lord Denning (sitting in
the Court of Appeal), observed as under : "The true position is that an
error of judgment may, or may not, be negligent; it depends on the nature of
the error. If it is one that would not have been made by a reasonably competent
professional man professing to have the standard and type of skill that the
defendant holds himself out as having, and acting with ordinary care, then it
is negligence. If, on the other hand, it is an error that such a man, acting
with ordinary care, might have made, then it is not negligence." The
principles stated above have to be kept in view while deciding the issues
involved in the present case. The facts which are not disputed are that Smt.
Santra, respondent, had undergone a Sterilisation Operation at the General
Hospital, Gurgaon, as she already had seven children and wanted to take
advantage of the scheme of Sterilisation launched by the State Govt. of
Haryana. She underwent the Sterlisation Operation and she was issued a
certificate that her operation was successful.
She was assured that she would not conceive a
child in future. But, as the luck would have it, she conceived and ultimately
gave birth to a female child. The explanation offered by the officers of the
appellant-State who were defendants in the suit, was that at the time of
Sterilisation Operation, only the right Fallopian Tube was operated upon and
the left Fallopian Tube was left untouched. This explanation was rejected by
the courts below and they were of the opinion, and rightly so, that Smt. Santra
had gone to the Hospital for complete and total Sterlisation and not for
partial operation. The certificate issued to her, admittedly, was also in
respect of total Sterlisation Operation. Family Planning is a National
Programme. It is being implemented through the agency of various Govt.
Hospitals and Health Centres and at some places through the agency of Red
Cross. In order that the National Programme may be successfully completed and
the purpose sought may bear fruit, every body involved in the implementation of
the Programme has to perform his duty in all earnestness and dedication. The
Govt. at the Centre as also at the State level is aware that India is the
second most-populous country in the world and in order that it enters into an
era of prosperity, progress and complete self-dependence, it is necessary that
the growth of the population is arrested. It is with this end in view that
family planning programme has been launched by the Government which has not
only endeavoured to bring about an awakening about the utility of family
planning among the masses but has also attempted to motivate people to take
recourse to family planning through any of the known devices or sterilisation
operation. The Programme is being implemented through its own agency by
adopting various measures, including the popularisation of contraceptives and
operation for sterilising the male or female. The implementation of the
Programme is thus directly in the hands of the Govt. officers, including
Medical Officers involved in the family planning programmes. The Medical
Officers entrusted with the implementation of the Family Planning Programme
cannot, by their negligent acts in not performing the complete sterlisation
operation, sabotage the scheme of national importance. The people of the country
who cooperate by offering themselves voluntarily for sterilisation reasonably
expect that after undergoing the operation they would be able to avoid further
pregnancy and consequent birth of additional child. If Smt. Santra, in these
circumstances, had offered herself for complete Sterilisation, both the
Fallopian Tubes should have been operated upon. The Doctor who performed the
opeation acted in a most negligent manner as the possibility of conception by
Smt. Santra was not completely ruled out as her left Fallopian Tube was not
touched. Smt. Santra did conceive and gave birth to an unwanted child. Who has
to bear the expenses in bringing up the "unwanted child", is the
question which is to be decided by us in this case. The amount of Rs.54,000/-
which has been decreed by the courts below represents the amount of expenses
which Smt. Santra would have to incur at the rate of Rs.3,000/- per annum in
bringing up the child upto the age of puberty. The domestic legal scenario on
this question appears to be silent, except one or two stray decisions of the
High Courts, to which a reference shall be made presently. Before coming to
those cases, let us have a look around the Globe. In Halsbury's Laws of
England, Fourth Edition (Re- issue) Vol. 12(1), while considering the question
of "failed sterilisation", it is stated in para 896 as under :
"Failed sterilisation.
Where the defendant's negligent performance
of a sterilisation operation results in the birth of a healthy child, public
policy does not prevent the parents from recovering damages for the unwanted
birth, even though the child may in fact be wanted by the time of its birth.
Damages are recoverable for personal injuries
during the period leading up to the delivery of the child, and for the economic
loss involved in the expense of losing paid occupation and the obligation of
having to pay for the upkeep and care of an unwanted child. Damages may include
loss of earnings for the mother, maintaining the child (taking into account
child benefit), and pain and suffering to the mother." In Udale v.
Bloomsbury Area Health Authority [1983] 2 All ER 522, a woman who had
approached Hospital Authorities for sterilisation was awarded damages not only
for pain and suffering on account of pregnancy which she developed as a result
of failed sterilisation, but also damages for the disturbance of the family
finances, including the cost of layette and increased accommodation for the
family. The Court, however, did not allow damages for future cost of the
child's upbringing upto the age of 16 years, on a consideration of public
policy. The Court held that the public policy required that the child should
not learn that the Court had declared its life to be a mistake.
The Court further held that the joy of having
a child and the pleasure derived in rearing up that child have to be set off
against the cost in upbringing the child. The doctrine of public policy,
however, was not followed in Emeh v. Kensington and Chelsea and Westminster
Area Health Authority [1984] 3 All ER 1044 = [1985] QB 1012 and it was held
that there was no rule of public policy which precluded recovery of damages for
pain and suffering for maintaining the child.
So also, in Thake v. Maurice [1984] 2 All ER
513 = [1986] QB 644, in which a vasectomy was performed on the husband who was
also told, subsequent to the operation, that contraceptive precautions were not
necessary. Still, a child was born to him and damages for the child's upkeep
upto the seventeenth birthday were awarded, though for an agreed sum. The Court
of Appeal in its judgment since reported in [1986] 1 All ER 497 = [1986] QB
644, held that the joy of having a child could be set off against the trouble
and care in the upbringing of the child, but not against pre-natal pain and
distress, for which damages had to be awarded. In Benarr v. Kettering Health
Authority (1988) 138 NLJ 179, which related to a negligently performed
vasectomy operation, damages were awarded for the future private education of
the child. In Allen v. Bloomsbury Health Authority [1993] 1 All ER 651, damages
were awarded in the case of negligence in the termination of the pregnancy and
it was held that these damages will include general damages for pain and
discomfort associated with the pregnancy and birth as also damages for economic
loss being the financial expenses for the unwanted child in order to feed,
clothe and care for and possibility to educate the child till he becomes an
adult. On these considerations, a general and special damages including the
cost of maintaining the child until the age of 18 were allowed. The judgment
was followed in two other cases, namely, Crouchman v. Burke (1997) 40 BMLR 163
and Robinson v. Salford Health Authority [1992] 3 Med LR 270. In a case in
Scotland, namely, Allan v. Greater Glasgow Health Board (1993) 1998 SLT 580,
public policy considerations were rejected and cost of rearing the child was
also awarded. In three cases in the United States of America, namely, Szekeres
v. Robinson (1986) 715 P 2d 1076; Johnson v. University Hospitals of Cleveland
(1989) 540 NE 2d 1370 (Ohio) and Public Health Trust v. Brown (1980) 388 So 2d
1084, damages were not allowed for rearing up the child. In the first of these
three cases, the Supreme Court of Nevada refused to award damages for the birth
of an unwanted child even though the birth was partially attributable to the
negligent conduct of the doctor attempting to prevent the child birth. In the
second case, it was held that the parents could recover only the damages for
the cost of the pregnancy, but not the expense of rearing an unwanted child.
The basis of the judgment appears to be the public policy that the birth of a
normal, healthy child cannot be treated to be an injury to the parents. In the
third case in which the claim was preferred by a woman alleging that the
sterilisation operation performed upon her was negligently done which resulted
in pregnancy for a child which she never wanted, the Supreme Court of Florida
was of the opinion that "it was a matter of universally-shared emotion and
sentiment that the tangible but all-important, incalculable but invaluable
`benefits' of parenthood far outweigh any of the mere monetary burdens
involved." However, in another case arising in the United States, the
Supreme Court of New Mexico in Lovelace Medical Center v. Mendez (1991) 805 P
2d 603 allowed damages in the form of reasonable expenses to raise the child to
majority as it was of the opinion that the prime motivation for sterilisation
was to conserve family resources and since it was a failed sterilisation case,
attributable to the negligent failure of Lovelace Medical Center, the
petitioner was entitled to damages. In a South African case in Administrator,
Natal v. Edouard 1990 (3) SA 581, damages were awarded for the cost of
maintaining the child in a case where sterilisation of the wife did not
succeed. It was found in that case that the wife had submitted for
sterilisation for socio-economic reasons and in that situation the father of
the child was held entitled to recover the cost likely to be incurred for
maintaining the child. In a Newzealand case in L v. M [1979] 2 NZLR 519, the
court of appeal refused to allow cost of rearing a child. In a case from
Australia, namely, CES v. Superclinics (Australia) Pty. Ltd. (1995) 38 NSWLR
47, the expenses involved in rearing the child were not allowed. In this case,
a woman who was pregnant, claimed damages for loss of the opportunity to
terminate the pregnancy which Doctors had failed to diagnose. The claim was
dismissed by the trial judge on the ground that abortion would have been
unlawful. Meagher JA discounted the claim altogether on the ground of public
policy, but the other Judge, Kirby A-CJ was of the opinion that the woman was
entitled to damages both for the pain and suffering which she had to undergo on
account of pregnancy as also for the birth and the cost of rearing the child.
But he thought that it would be better to offset against the claim of damages,
the value of the benefits which would be derived from the birth and rearing of
the child. He was of the opinion that the matter of setting off of nett
benefits against the nett injury incurred would depend upon the facts of each
case. In the result, therefore, he agreed with Priestley JA, that the ordinary
expenses of rearing the child should be excluded.
Priestley JA was of the view that, "The
point in the present case is that the plaintiff chose to keep her child. The
anguish of having to make the choice is part of the damage caused by the
negligent breach of duty, but the fact remains, however, compelling the
psychological pressure on the plaintiff may have been to keep the child, the
opportunity of choice was in my opinion real and the choice made was voluntary.
It was this choice which was the cause, in my opinion, of the subsequent cost
of rearing the child." From the above, it would be seen that the courts in
the different countries are not unanimous in allowing the claim for damages for
rearing up the unwanted child born out of a failed sterilisation operation. In
some cases, the courts refused to allow this claim on the ground of public
policy, while in many other, the claim was offset against the benefits derived
from having a child and the pleasure in rearing up that child. In many other
cases, if the sterlisation was undergone on account of social and economic
reasons, particularly in a situation where the claimant had already had many
children, the court allowed the claim for rearing up the child. In State of
M.P. & Ors. vs.Asharam, 1997 Accident Claim Journal 1224, the High Court
allowed the damges on account of medical negligence in the performance of a
family planning operation on account of which a daughter was born after fifteen
months of the date of operation. No other decision of any High Court has come
to our notice where damages were awarded on account of failed sterilisation
operation. Ours is a developing country where majority of the people live below
the poverty line. On account of the ever-increasing population, the country is
almost at the saturation point so far as its resources are concerned. The
principles on the basis of which damages have not been allowed on account of
failed sterilisation operation in other countries either on account of public
policy or on account of pleasure in having a child being offset against the
claim for damages cannot be strictly applied to the Indian conditions so far as
poor families are concerned. The public policy here professed by the Government
is to control the population and that is why various programmes have been
launched to implement the state-sponsored family planning programmes and
policies.
Damages for the birth of an unwanted child
may not be of any value for those who are already living in affluent conditions
but those who live below the poverty line or who belong to the labour class who
earn their livelihood on daily basis by taking up the job of an ordinary
labour, cannot be denied the claim for damages on account of medical
negligence. It is, no doubt, true that the parents are under an obligation to
maintain their minor children. This is a moral, apart from a statutory,
liability in view of the provisions contained in Section 125 of the Code of
Criminal Procedure. It is also a statutory liability on account of Section 20
of the Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act which provides as under:- "20.
(1) Subject to the provisions of this section a Hindu is bound, during his or
her lifetime, to maintain his or her legitimate children and his or her aged or
infirm parents. (2) A legitimate or illegitimate child may claim maintenance
from his or her father or mother so long as the child is a minor. (3) The
obligation of a person to maintain his or her aged or infirm parent or a
daughter who is unmarried extends in so far as the parent or the unmarried
daughter, as the case may be, is unable to maintain himself or herself out of
his or her own earning or property. Explanation.- In this section
"parent" includes a childless step-mother."
"Maintenance" would obviously include provision for food, clothing,
residence, education of the children and medical attendance or treatment. The
obligation to maintain besides being statutory in nature is also personal in
the sense that it arises from the very existence of the relationship between
parent and the child.
The obligation is absolute in terms and does
not depend on the means of the father or the mother. Section 22 of the Act sets
out the principles for computing the amount of maintenance. Sub-section (2) of
Section 23 provides that in determining the amount of maintenance, to be
awarded to children, wife or aged or infirm parents, regard shall be had to the
position and status of the parties; the reasonable wants of the claimant; if
the claimant was living separately, whether the claimant was justified in doing
so; the value of the claimant's property and any income derived from such
property, or from the claimant's own earnings or from any other source and the
number of persons entitled to maintenance under the Act. But we are not
concerned with these factors in the instant case. A reference to Section 23 of
the Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act has been made only to indicate that a
Hindu father or a Hindu mother is under a statutory obligation to provide
maintenace to their children. Similarly, under the Mohammedan Law, a father is
bound to maintain his sons until they have attained the age of puberty. He is
also bound to maintain his daughters until they are married. [See: Mulla's
Principles of Mohammedan Law (19th Edn.) Page 300].
But the statutory liability to maintain the
children would not operate as a bar in claiming damages on account of tort of
medical negligence in not carrying out the sterilisation operation with due
care and responsibility. The two situations are based on two different
principles. The statutory as well as personal liability of the parents to
maintain their children arises on account of the principles that if a person
has begotten a child, he is bound to maintain that child. Claim for damages, on
the contrary, is based on the principle that if a person has committed civil
wrong, he must pay compensation by way of damages to the person wronged. Under
every system of law governing the patriarchal society, father being a natural
guardian of the child, is under moral liability to look after and maintain the
child till he attains adulthood. Having regard to the above discussion, we are
positively of the view that in a country where the population is increasing by
the tick of every second on the clock and the Government had taken up the
family planning as an important programme for the implementation of which it
had created mass awakening for the use of various devices including
sterilisation operation, the doctor as also the State must be held responsible
in damages if the sterilisation operation performed by him is a failure on
account of his negligence, which is directly responsible for another birth in
the family, creating additional economic burden on the person who had chosen to
be operated upon for sterilisation. The contention as to the vicarious
liability of the State for the negligence of its officers in performing the
sterilisation operation cannot be accepted in view of the law settled by this
Court in N. Nagendra Rao & Co. vs. State of A.P., AIR 1994 SC 2663 = (1994)
6 SCC 205; Common Cause, A Regd. Society vs. Union of India & Ors. (1999) 6
SCC 667 = AIR 1999 SC 2979 and Achutrao Haribhau Khodwa & Ors. vs. State of
Maharashtra & Ors. 1996 ACJ 505. The last case, which related to the
fallout of a sterilisation operation, deals, like the two previous cases, with
the question of vicarious liability of the State on account of medical
negligence of a doctor in a Govt. hospital. The theory of sovereign immunity
was rejected. Smt. Santra, as already stated above, was a poor lady who already
had seven children. She was already under considerable monetary burden. The
unwanted child (girl) born to her has created additional burden for her on
account of the negligence of the doctor who performed sterilisation operation
upon her and, therefore, she is clearly entitled to claim full damages from the
State Govt. to enable her to bring up the child at least till she attains
puberty. Having regard to the above facts, we find no merit in this appeal
which is dismissed but without any order as to costs.
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