Vallapalty
Plantations Pvt Ltd. Vs. State of Kerala [1999] INSC 188 (6 May 1999)
K.T.
THOMAS., D.P. MOHAPATRA. MOHAPATRA.J.
The
appellant M/s Vellapally Plantations Private Limited, a company registered
under the Companies Act, 1956 owned a total extent of 130.47 acres of land. It
filed a return under section 85A of the Kerala Land Reforms Act, 1963
(hereinafter referred to as 'the Act') claiming that out of the total area 125
acres was covered by rubber plantation as on 1st January, 1970, and therefore,
is to be exempted for the purpose of calculation of the ceiling surplus land.
The Taluk Land Board (hereinafter referred to as 'the Board') Kanjirapally did
not accept the claim for exemption of the land since the area was not covered
by plantation as on 1st April, 1964 and was converted into rubber plantation
only thereafter. The Board treated the area In question as "other dry
land" for the purpose of computation of ceiling surplus land. The Board by
Its order dated 24.2.1376 determined the ceiling surplus area to be 115.17
acres and directed the appellant to surrender the same. The said order was
challenged by the appellant before the Kerala High Court in C.R.P.No.2274/1976,
wherein the learned single Judge set aside the order taking the view that
companies were introduced in the Act by amendment of Section 82(1)(d) by Act 35
of 1969 which came into force on January 1, 1970 and that the said date was the
relevant date for calculation of the selling surplus area in the hands of the
company. The High Court remitted the matter to the Taluk Land Board for fresh
disposal with the following observations:
"For
the foregoing reasons the revision is allowed in part; the impugned order is
set aside; and the matter is remanded to the Taluk Land Board for fresh
disposal in the light of the observations contained in this order, and in
accordance with law. The Taluk Land Board would ascertain as to what, if any,
is the extent of land covered by rubber plantation as on 1.1.1970 out of the
130.47 acres held by the revision petitioner-company, and. exempt such extent
also, besides the extent of 30 cents already exempted, while reckoning the
extent of land held by the revision petitioner for the purpose of ceiling area.
There will be no order as to costs." The Board by a consequent order dated
18.5.1979 implementing the order of the High Court held that 125 acres being
covered by rubber plantation as on 1.1.1970 the company could not be said to
hold any land in excess of the selling limit. The proceeding was dropped.
Sometime
thereafter a Division Bench of the Kerala High Court considering a similar
question took the view that introduction of section 82(1 )(d) in the Act w.e.f.
1.1.1970 has no impact on the applicability of section 82 (4), and therefore,
conversions of dry land into plantations after 1.4.1964 had to be ignored for
the purpose of computation of the ceiling area even in relation to The High
Court placed reliance on a decision of. this Court position was that the
decision of the Single Judge in Vallapally Plantations case (supra) stood
overruled.
The
Board in exercise of its power under section 35(9) of the Act issued a notice
to the company seeking re-opening of the proceeding and for re-determination of
the ceiling surplus land in the light of the decision of the Division Bench in Kuruvilla
case (supra). The Company raised objection against the attempt at re-opening of
the proceeding contending that the decision of the learned single Judge in Vallapally
Plantations case (supra) had attained finality inter parties and could not be
re-opened in exercise of the power under section 85(9) of the Act.
The
contention found favour with majority of the Board which by order dated
20.2.1982 dropped the proceeding holding that it had no jurisdiction to re-open
the proceedings.
The
State challenged the said order in revision before the High Court in C.R.P.
No.562/83. Placing strong reliance on the language of section 85(9) the State
contended that in view of the wide powers vested in the (Board under the
section there was no bar for it to exercise the said power in the case on hand
even if the proceedings inter-parties had engaged the attention of the High
Court and the Taluk Board had only passed a consequential order against the
company carrying out the directions of the High Court in the remand order. The
High Court by its judgment dated 16.10.1993 accepted the stand taken by the
State, sot aside the order of the Board and remitted the matter to it for fresh
disposal in accordance with law to ascertain the extent of land, if any, held
by the company in excess of the ceiling limit. The said order is under
challenge in this appeal filed by the company.
The
thrust of the submissions of Shri Vinod A. Bobde, learned senior counsel for
the appellant was that the judgment of the High Court in the Civil Revision
Petition No.2274/96 having not been challenged before any superior Court had
attained finality between the parties. The order of the Board dated 20.2.1982
was merely a consequential order passed in compliance of the order of the High
Court.
In
such circumstances, submitted the learned counsel, suo moto power vested in the
Board to re-open the proceedings could not be exercised. According to the
learned counsel taking a view otherwise would result in unsettling settled
decisions between the parties and will create confusion and chaos, Shri G. Viswanatha
lyer, learned senior counsel appearing for the respondent; on the other hand
contended that the remand order passed by the High Court in the revisional
proceeding between the parties is no bar for this Court to consider the
correctness or otherwise of the notice issued by the Board seeking to re-open
the proceeding. The learned counsel submitted that unless this Court comes to
hold that the decision in the case of Kuruvila (supra} was wrongly decided
there is no escape from the legal position that the order passed by the Board
holding that the company was not in possession of any surplus land is
erroneous, and therefore, the Board was right in issuing the notice for
re-opening the proceeding.
The
core question that arises for determination in the case is whether on the facts
and in the circumstances of the case the Board can re-open the proceedings for
determination of ceiling surplus land on the ground that subsequent to the
final order passed in the proceeding the position of the law has undergone a
change in view of the later decision of the High Court taking a contrary view
regarding the legal position.
Before
adverting to the point for determination it will be convenient to notice some
statutory provisions which are relevant for the present purpose.
Section
2 (56A) defines 'Taluk Land Board' to mean a Taluk Land Board constituted under
Section 100A. Section 100 A provides, inter alia, that the Government shall, by
notification in the Gazette, constitute a Taluk Land Board for each Taluk in
the State for performing the functions of the Taluk Land Board under this Act.
In section 100 C it is laid down "that for the purpose of performing its
functions under this Act, the Taluk Land Board shall have all the powers of a
civil court while trying a suit under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, in
respect of matters enumerated in the section.
Chapter
III of the Act contains the provisions regarding restrictions of ownership and
possession of land in excess of ceiling area and disposal of excess land.
Section
81 to 98 A are included in that Chapter.
Section
82. which contains the provisions regarding ceiling area provides in
sub-section clause (d) that in case of any other person, other than a Joint
family, ten standard acres, so however that the ceiling area shall not be less
than twelve and more than fifteen acres in extent.
In
sub-section (4) it is laid down that where, after the commencement of this Act,
any class of land specified in Schedule II has been converted into any other
class of land specified in that Schedule or into a plantation, the extent of
land liable to be surrendered by a person owning or holding such land shall be
determined without taking into consideration such conversion.
In
Section 83 it is provided that with effect from such date as may be notified by
the Government in the Gazette, no person shall be entitled to own or hold or to
possess under a mortgage lands in the aggregate in excess of the ceiling area.
Section
85(1) provides that where a person owns or holds land in excess of the ceiling
area on the date notified under section 83, such excess land shall be
surrendered as provided under the said sub-section.
Under
sub-section (5) of the said section power is vested in the Taluk Land Board-
(a) to cause the particulars mentioned in the statement to be verified ; (b)
ascertain whether the person to whom the statement relates, owns or holds any
other lands; and (c) by order, determine the extent and identity of the land to
be surrendered.
In
sub-section (3) provision is made that where the Board determines the extent of
the land to be surrendered by any person without hearing any person interested,
such person may, within sixty days from the date of such determination, apply to
the Taluk Land Board to set aside the order and, if he satisfies the Taluk Land
Board that he was prevented by any sufficient cause from appearing before the Taluk
Land Board it shall set aside the order and shall proceed under sub-section (5)
of sub-section (7), as the case may be.
Sub-section
(9) of section 85 which is very important for the purpose of the case is quoted
hereunder:
"(9)
The Taluk Land Board may, at any time, set aside Its order under sub-section
(5) or sub-section (7), as the case may be, and proceed afresh under that
sub-section if it is satisfied that - (a) the extent of lands surrendered by,
or assumed from, a person under section 86 is less than the extent of lands
which he was liable to surrender under the provisions of this Act, or (b) the
lands surrendered by, or assumed from, a person are not lawfully owned or held
by him; or (c) in a case where a person is, according to such order, not liable
to surrender any land, such person owns or holds lands in excess of the ceiling
area.
PROVIDED
that the Taluk Land Board shall not set aside any order under this sub-section
without giving the persons affected thereby an opportunity of being heard:
PROVIDED
further that the Taluk Land Board shall not initiate any proceedings under this
sub-section after the expiry of seven years from the date on which the order
sought to be set aside has become final.
Explanation
1 - For the removal of doubts, it is clarified that the references in this
subsection to the Taluk Land Board shall, in cases in which the order under
subsection (5) or sub-section (7) has been passed by the Land Board, be
construed as references to the Land Board.
Explanation
2 - For the purposes of this section and section 86, "hold" with
reference to land shall include "possess" land under mortgage with
possession.
In
Sub-section 9A, which was inserted by Kerala Land Reform (Amendment) Act, 1989 w.e.f.
30th May, 1989 power is vested in Taluk Land Board
to review its decision. The said section provides inter alia that
notwithstanding anything contained in this Act or in the Limitation Act, 1963
or in any other Act for the time being in force or in any judgment, decree or
order of any court or other authority, the Taluk Land Board may, if it is
satisfied that its decision under sub-section (5) or sub-section (7) or
sub-section (9) requires to be reviewed on the ground that such decision has
been made due to the failure to produce relevant data or other particulars
relating to ownership or possession before it, or by collusion or fraud or any
suppression of material facts the Taluk Land Board may review such decision
after giving an opportunity to the parties of being heard and pass such orders
as it may think fit. In the proviso a period of limitation of 3 years from the
date of coming into force of Kerala Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1989 is
prescribed whereafter the Taluk Land Board shall not reopen any such case.
Section
86 sub-section (1) which contains the provision regarding vesting of excess
land in Government provides that on the determination of the extent and other
particulars of the lands, the ownership or possession or both of which is or
are to be surrendered under section 85, the ownership or possession or both, as
the case may be, of the land shall, subject to the provisions of this Act, vest
in the Government free from all encumbrances and the Taluk Land Board shall
issue an order accordingly. The further steps to be taken by the person
concerned and the other consequences to follow are enumerated in the provisions
of the said section.
Section
103 of the Act which vests power of revision in the High Court provides under
subsection (1) thereof that any person aggrieved by any final order of the Taluk
Land Board under the Act may prefer a petition to the High Court against the
order on the ground that the appellate authority or the Land Board or the Taluk
Land Board as the case may be, has either decided erroneously, or failed to
decide, any question of law. ln a petition for revision under sub-section (1)
the Government shall be made a party. In subsection 1B provision is made that
the Government may within such time as may be prescribed, prefer a petition for
revision to the High Court against any final order referred to In sub-section
(1), on any of the grounds mentioned in that sub-section.
It may
be relevant to state here that section 125 of the Act in which provision is
made regarding bar on jurisdiction of Civil Courts it is laid down inter alia,
that no civil court shall have jurisdiction to settle, decide or deal with any
question or to determine any matter which is by or under this Act required to
be settled by the Taluk Land Board. In the proviso an exception is made to
proceedings pending in any Court at the time of commencement of the Kerala Land
Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1969. In sub-section (2) of the said Section it is
laid down that no order by the Taluk Land Board made under the Act shall be
questioned in any civil court except as provided in the Act.
From
the statutory provisions referred to above the position is clear that in
matters relating to determination of ceiling surplus land in the hands of a
person the Board is vested with the power to determine all disputes and the
order passed by the Board is subject to a revision petition which may be filed
by any person aggrieved by the Government before the High Court.
Considering
the question regarding applicability of section 85(3) to the case in hand in
the conspectus of statutory provisions we are of the view that answer to the
question is in the negative. The provision in section 85(9), as we see it, is
intended to enable the Board to set aside its order under sub-section (5) or
sub-section (7), as the case may be. The power vested in the Board under the
provision is in wide terms, and therefore, the necessity for circumspection in
exercise of the power. The provision is intended to empower the Board to
correct errors in its orders and not to upset judgment/order/decree of
competent courts which are binding on the parties. To hold otherwise will
amount to vesting powers to reopen any proceeding disposed of by a competent
court at any point of time (there is no period of limitation provided in the
section) which may result in unsettling positions settled between the parties.
On a fair reading of the provision it is to be held that the power to set aside
its order and reopen a proceeding should be exercised by the Board in a fair
and reasonable manner. In a case where the dispute on being determined by the Taluk
Land Board was carried in revision to the High Court by the person affected or
by the Government and the revisional order passed by the High Court was not
challenged before superior Court and thus attained finality, to vest the power
in the Taluk Land Board to ignore such an order and reopening the proceeding will
not only result in unsettling settled positions between the parties but also go
against judicial discipline.
No
doubt in the present case the order that was sought to be set aside was of the
Board. But the said order was passed in pursuance to the directions of the High
Court in the revision petition. In other words in substance and in effect, in
passing the order the Board was only complying with the direction of the High
Court. To vest jurisdiction in the Board to set aside such an order will be
permitting the Board to interfere with the decision of the High Court which has
attained finality inter-parties.
A
somewhat similar question arose before this Court M.M.Krishnamurthy Chetty (JT
1998(7) SC 503 ). In that case about 4.81 standard acres of land belonging to
the respondent were declared surplus. Ultimately the matter came to the High
Court. The Learned Judge of the High Court set aside the order and remanded the
case for fresh consideration in the light of the judgment of the High Court LW
69. While the matter was pending before the authorised officer the Supreme
Court reversed the aforesaid judgment in SC 1487. The authorised officer
decided the proceeding in the light of the Judgment of the Supreme Court. The
land holder went in revision before the High Court challenging the order of the
Authorised officer. A stand was taken before the High Court that the order of
remand passed by the High Court directing the authorised officer to decide the
dispute in respect of the ceiling area in the light of the judgment of the High
Court was not challenged by the Authorised Officer before the Supreme Court and
as such it had become final. In other words the Authorised officer was bound by
the order of remand passed by the High Court and it was not open to the Authorised
Officer to consider the dispute in respect of the selling area in the light of
the judgment of the Supreme Court. The High Court accepted this contention ana
allowed the civil revision filed by the land holder the respondent. This court
confirming the order of the High Court observed as follows:
"The
order passed by the High Court directing the Authorised Officer to examine the
dispute in the light of the judgment of the High Court in the case of Naganatha
Iyar on which the grievance had to be examined itself was reversed later by
this Court. We find no fault with the reasoning of the High Court, it is well
settled that even orders which may not be strictly legal become final and are
binding between the parties if they are not challenged before the superior
courts. In the result the appeal fails and it is dismissed." On giving our
anxious consideration to the entire matter we have no hesitation to hold that
on the facts and in the circumstances of the case the Taluk Land Board rightly
held that it had no power to reopen to proceeding in exercise of the powers
vested in section 85(9) and the High Court was in error in interfering with the
said order of the Taluk Land Board. In the result the appeal is allowed. The
impugned order of the High Court is set aside and the order of the Taluk Land
Board dropping the proceeding under section 85(9) of the Act is restored. There
will, however, be no orders as to costs.
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