Kavita
Vs. State of Tamil Nadu [1998] INSC 355 (23 July 1998)
Cji,
M. Srinivasan Srinivasan, J.
ACT:
HEAD NOTE:
The
appellant was convicted by the Sessions Judge, tirunelveli for offences under
Section 30 and Section 309 IPC and sentenced to life imprisonment for the
former and one year rigorous imprisonment for the latter. The conviction and
sentence were confirmed on appeal by the High Court and aggrieved thereby, the
appellant has preferred this appeal.
2. The
case of the prosecution is as follows:
On 13.1.85
at about 8.00 AM when PW 1 went to answer call of
nature, he saw the appellant jumping into a well situated nearby and when he
ran to the well and looked down, he saw that the appellant was struggling for
her life and a male child's body was floating. he went to the village nearby
and brought PW-2, PW-3 and one Meera to the place of occurrence. The three men
went down the well and brought out the appellant. When questioned by the m she
replied that she could not withstand the daily torture at the hands of her
husband and decided bring an end to her life alongwith that of her children.
The fire service people case and took out the body of the male child from the
well. The appellant was taken to the hospital. PW1 went to the police station
and gave a complaint referring to the confession made by the appellant. The
body of the daughter of the appellant was removed from the well next day. It
was found that the two children died on account of asphyxia caused by drowning.
The appellant and her husband were prosecuted. The latter was charged with an
offence under Section 306 IPC.
3. The
trial court acquitted the appellant's husband and convicted the appellant. The
evidence of PWs 1 to 3 was relied on as proving the extra judicial confession
alleged to have been made by the appellant. The case of the appellant that
herself and her son slipped into the well when they were trying to wash their
feet and her daughter got frightened and fell into the well was rejected. On
appeal, the High Court has also placed strong reliance on the alleged extra
judicial confession of the appellant and confirmed the conviction and sentence.
4.
There is no doubt that convictions can be based on extra judicial confession
but it is well settled that in the very nature of things, it is a weak piece of
evidence. It is to be proved just like any other fact and the value thereof
depends upon the veracity of the witness to whom it is made.
It may
not be necessary that the actual words used by the accused must be given by the
witness but it is for the Court to decide on the acceptability of the evidence
having regard to the credibility of the witnesses.
5. In
the present case the Courts below have proceeded on the footing that PWs 1 to 3
had no motive to speak falsehood and their version that the appellant made a
confession as soon as she was taken out of the well should be accepted as
gospel truth. Unfortunately, both the courts have failed to take note of
various circumstances which have a bearing on the acceptability of the evidence
of PWs 1 to 3. The material discepancies in their depositions and the inherent
improbabilities have been completely ignored.
6. PW1
who claims to have witnessed the jumping of the appellant into the well did not
inform the people in the village that he saw the act of jumping. He had only
informed them that he saw the body of a woman inside the well. In the
Chief-Examination he deposed that he knew the appellant and her husband but in
the cross-examination he admitted that he did not know either of them before
the occurrence. In the statement given by PW1 at the police station which is
marked as Ex. P-1 he had stated that as soon as the appellant was taken out of
the well, he enquired from her as to where her daughter was. It is not known
how he could have put that question to her when in the cross-examination he
admitted that he did not know the appellant and her husband and he did not know
as to how many children they had. PW3 stated that he himself as well as PWs 1
& 2 were at the place of occurrence till the evening. If that was so, PW1
could not have given the statement of complaint at the police station at about 9 AM. In the statement, E. P-1 the signature of PW1 is on the
same line as the last sentence therein. It was suggested to PW-11, the
additional Sub-Inspector of Police, who recorded the statement, that the
signature of PW1 had been taken on blank paper and it was filled up later.
PW-11 has admitted that normally the signature of the person who make s the
statement will be taken only below the actual statement and there was no reason
why it was taken on the same line as the last sentence in the statement in the
present case. This circumstance read along with the deposition of PW3 that PWs
1 to 3 were there at the place of occurrence till the evening lead to the
inference that PW-1 did not go to the police Station at 9 AM as claimed by him
and gave the complaint. At any rate, the above facts give rise to a serious
suspicion that there is something other than what appears on the surface.
7.
PW-1 and PW-2 deposed that from the village, PW-2, PW-3 and a woman by name Meera
were the only persons to come to the place of occurrence when PW1 informed the
villagers that a woman's body was found in the well. But PW-3 stated that
several residents of the village went to the place of occurrence along with
them. In Ex. P-1 also it was averred that several persons from the village went
to the place of occurrence. If there were number of women at that place,
normally the appellant would have been questioned by the women intimately and
not by PWs 1 to 3 only. It is significant that no other person from the village
or even Meera whose presence was admitted has been examined as a witness to
prove the alleged extra judicial confession.
8.
According to PWs2 and 3, the appellant fainted immediately after making a
confession and she was taken to the hospital by the Fire fighting Squad which
came a little later. no witness is in a position to say as to who informed the
Fire Fighting Squad about the incident and as to how they reached the place of
occurrence within a short time. It is somewhat difficult to believe that the
appellant was conscious when she was taken out of the well and she became
unconscious immediately after making a statement of confession. On the other
hand, the version of the appellant is that she was unconscious after she
slipped into the well and she regained consciousness only in the hospital. That
appears to be more probable.
9.
According to PW-2 the appellant pleaded with PWs 1 to 3 with folded hands not
to save her or take her out of the water. According to PW-3 they told her to
come out of the water but she refused to do so. PW1 had not said anything about
this in his evidence or in his statement Ex. P- 1 . A perusal of the evidence
of PW1 along with the statement in Ex. P-1 will lead to the inference that the
appellant was unconscious when she was drawn out of the water.
10.
There is no witness who had seen the appellant throwing her children into the
well. The jumping of the appellant into the well is spoken to by PW-1 only and
his versions are inconsistent. Thus there is nothing on record which will
clinch that the appellant jumped into the well after throwing her children
therein.
11.
The aforesaid circumstances are sufficient to shake the credibility of PWs 1 to
3 and the acceptability of their depositions. It follows that the so called
extra judicial confession is not proved satisfactorily. The courts below are in
error in accepting the same.
12.
There is yet another relevant circumstance which has been overlooked by both
the Courts. It is the evidence of PW-1 that he saw the body of the appellant's
son floating when he looked down into the well after seeing her jumping into
it. According to the evidence, the body of the daughter of the appellant was
not available till the next day.
According
to the prosecution the two children were thrown into the well and immediately
thereafter the appellant jumped therein to commit suicide. If that is so, the
body of the boy would also have sunk and it would not be floating when PW-1
looked into the well. it would have taken some hours before the body of the boy
started floating. As regards the buoyancy of the human body, Taylor says thus, in his "Principles
and Practice of Medical Jurisprudence" 13th E. at page 300:
The
recovery of an immersed body:
After
drowning has occurred the body usually sinks and then may re- appear after a
variable period of time. The time interval depends on:
1: the
nature of the water -salt or fresh;
2. the
specific gravity of the body:
3. the
rate of putrefactive change.
It may
be recalled that according to the principle of Archimedes a body in water will
experience a buoyant force equal to the weight of water it displaces. Also the
specific gravity of the body relates the weight and volume of the body to that
of the water. The specific gravity of the human body is very close to that of
water.
Small
variations, therefore, have considerable effect on the buoyancy.
In a
study in which the specific gravity and buoyancy were calculated related to
specific volume of air in the lungs of each subject Donoghue and Minnigerode
concluded that all subjects would be capable of floating in either fresh water
or sea water at total lung capacity. At functional residual capacity (the
approximate lung volume of the dead body), 69% of the subjects would float in
sea water whereas only 7% would float in fresh water.
In
addition to the amount of air in the lungs, the specific gravity of the human
body varies with the size and composition of that body. The weight of the skeleton
is balance against the amount of fat present.
Thus
women generally have a lower specific, gravity than men while infants and young
children appear to float more readily than adults.
Clothing
will tent to support the body initially with natural buoyancy and later perhaps
assist in sinking because of its weight.
The
addition of weights to the body will also assist the process.
Thus,
as a general rule the body with water in the lungs and stomach will sink. It
will go down to the bottom because hydrostatic pressure which increases with
depth will compress but gas is present and thus increase specific gravity.
There
it may remain until, if it is free to move the formation of the gases of
putrefaction will decrease the specific gravity. It will then rise to the
surface and float.
13. In
Modi's Text book of Medical Jurisprudence and Toxicology, 21st E. at page 220
it is stated as follows:
Length
of time the body was in water:
Normally
the human body is slightly heavier then fresh water rand immediately the person
becomes unconscious, sinks and goes down to the bottom unless there is some
obstruction in between or there is a strong upward current in the water Owing
to putrefaction and formation of gases all bodies sooner or later again come up
to the surface, it is much quicker in warm water than cold. Usually the sunk
body comes to the surface a little distance away from the site of drowning,
however, the current, its speed and the tide in sea water are some of the
factors.
14.
Though the body of the son of the appellant was sent to the hospital on
13.1.85, the post mortem was admittedly done only on the next day. The reason
for the delay is not available on record. The evidence of the doctor who
performed the post mortem is not very clear as to how the body of the son could
instantly float while the body of the daughter was fully sunk in the water.
15. In
the facts and circumstances set out above, we are unable to uphold the
conviction and sentence awarded to the appellant. We are of the opinion that
the prosecution has not provelits case beyond reasonable doubt. The appellant
is entitled to the benefit of doubt and consequently we set aside the judgments
of both the Courts. The appeal is allowed and the appellant is acquitted.
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