State of
Bihar & Ors Vs. Hanuman Mal Jain
[1997] INSC 606 (17 July 1997)
S.B.
MAJMUDAR, M. JAGANNADHA RAO
ACT:
HEADNOTE:
S.B. Majmudar
. J.
Leave
granted in both these Special Leave Petitions.
By
consent of learned advocates of parties the appeals were heard finally and are
being disposed of by this common judgment. The appellants in both these appeals
are State of Bihar and its officers in Rural
Engineering Organisation.
Respondent
in both these appeals is also one and the same contractor. The grievance raised
by the appellants centers round the orders passed by learned Subordinate Judge,
Chaibasa, making awards rules of the Court in two Title Suits filed by the
respondent against the appellants. These orders of the learned Subordinate
Judge in turn were confirmed by the High Court of Patna in appeal moved by the
appellants and that is how the appellants are before in these proceedings. We
shall refer to the respondent as plaintiff and the appellants as defendants in
latter part of this judgment.
The
plaintiff filed twp Title Suits for recovering money dues from the defendants,
in the Court of the Subordinate Judge, Chaibasa. His contention was that while
carrying out contract work entrusted to him by the defendants he had incurred
expenditure over various extra items which were not paid for by the authorities
concerned.
He
also raised certain ancillary claims against the defendants seeking money
decrees against the defendants in both these suits.
The
defendants resisted the suits on diverse grounds.
After
hearing the parties the Trial Court appointed the Superintending Engineer,
Rural Engineering Organisation.
Works
Circle, Ranchi as the sole arbitrator to
adjudicate upon the disputes raised in the suits. It was subsequently found
that before the arbitrator could finish the arbitration proceedings his office
fell vacant due to retirement. Consequently the plaintiff moved another
application under the Arbitration Act, 1940 (hereinafter referred to as `the
Act') for appointment of a fresh arbitrator. The appellant-defendants agreed to
the name of one Shri T. Ghosh, retired Chief Engineer to act as sole arbitrator
and that is how the disputes between the parties in both these suits were
referred to the said arbitrator who after hearing the parties gave his award on
6th July 1992 for a sum of Rs. 3,99,400/- in favour of the plaintiff in Title
Suit No.7 of 1988 with 18% interest. He passed another award dated 7th July 1992 for a sum of Rs. 2,38,200/- along
with interest and cost in favour of the respondent-plaintiff in Title Suit No.8
of 1988. The plaintiff moved applications under Section 20 of the Act in both
the suits for making the awards rules of the Court. The defendants filed
objections to these awards under Section 30 of the Act. The learned Subordinate
Judge, Chaibasa, after hearing the parties overruled the objections of the
defendants and decreed both the suits in terms of the arbitration awards. As
noted earlier the appellant-defendants being aggrieved by both these award
decrees approached the High Court of Patna at Ranchi in appeal. The High Court dismissed the appeal and
confirmed the arbitration awards.
Learned
senior counsel Shri Sanyal in support of these appeals placed before us two
contentions for our consideration:
1. The
awards which were made rules of the Court suffered from patent error of law on
the ground that Clause 11 of the Agreement between the parties was not complied
with by the plaintiff and hence both the awards were barred by limitation as
per the second proviso to the said Clause and both the Subordinate Court as
well as the High Court had patently erred in relying upon 11 dehors the second
proviso while confirming the awards.
2. The
award of interest by the arbitrator was patently erroneous and without
jurisdiction as it was contrary to the tender notice Clause 2.32 which
prohibited grant of such interest on the disputed amounts. Initially when these
Special Leave Petitions reached admission hearing before a Bench of this Court
consisting of Hon'ble B.P. Jeevan Reddy and K.S. Paripoornan, JJ., an order was
passed by the said Bench on 9th September 1996 adjourning for three weeks the
said Special Leave Petitions to enable Shri Sanyal, learned senior counsel for
the petitioners to produce the copy of the grounds of appeal before the High Court
to establish the following facts:
(i) that
the State did point out that the District Judge has quoted a wrong proviso to
clause 11 of the contract and that the correct proviso to clause 11 reads
altogether in a different manner.
(ii) that
a submission was raised in the grounds of appeal that by virtue of clause 2.32
of the tendered document no interest shall be payable to the contractor.
Pursuant
to the said order the appellants through their counsel have produced the
grounds of appeal before the High Court by way of compilation in Paper Book
No.1. On a perusal of these grounds it is found that the twin contentions
canvassed before us by Shri Sanyal in support of the appeals have in terms been
raised before the High Court in the Memo of Appeal being Ground No. VII. We
have, therefore, examined these contentions on merits after hearing learned
counsel for both the sides.
Contention
No.1 So far as the applicability of second proviso to Clause 11 of the
Agreement is concerned Shri Sanyal was right when he contended that Clause 11
as extracted by the learned Subordinate Judge in both of his judgments in Title
Suit Nos.7 and 8 of 1988 has been reproduced without the second proviso which
is a part thereof. The second proviso to Clause 11 which is found in the themselves
before the arbitrator and even the objections under Section 30 of the Act of
the Act filed by the defendants to the said awards before the Trial court it is
revealed that not only the arbitrator was alive to the question of
applicability of entire Clause 11 of the Agreement including the second proviso
but the defendants wanted to object to the awards on the ground that the
decision of the arbitrator on the question of limitation was erroneous. We will
presently show how this is clearly revealed from the record of the case.
When
the plaintiff put forward his money claims before the arbitrator for
adjudication the defendants themselves joined issued on the applicability of
Clause 11 of the Agreement. In their written objections filed before the arbitrator
in both these cases, at paragraph 9 the following pertinent averments were
made:
"9.
That the statements made in para 6 of the statement of claims are not correct.
It is submitted that clause 11 of the agreement executed between the parties
relate to additional or extra items of work and it lays down that certificate
of Engineer in Charge of the work shall be conclusive and further says that in
the event of a dispute the decision of the Superintending Engineer of Circle
will be final. In the instant suit the Superintending Engineer R.E.O.
Work
Circles, Ranchi did not agree with the
recommendations of the Executive Engineer, Shri B.N. Puran in view of the fact
that the extra items of work were not executed during his incumbency and wanted
the orders and acceptance of Shri P.C. Das in whose incumbency the work was
executed and only on his recommendations any claim can be considered. Under the
facts and circumstances of the case the claimant is not entitled to any of the
claims or reliefs prayed by him." A mere look at the aforesaid written
objections of the defendants before the arbitrator on the applicability of
Clause 11 shows that their only grievance before the arbitrator was that the
procedure of Clause 11 was not followed and there was not a whisper about the
claim becoming barred by limitation in the light of second proviso to Clause
11. Even that apart when we turn to the awards which are non-speaking awards we
find the following pertinent recitals:
"Now,
therefore, I said Taradas Ghosh (T. Ghosh) after going through all the
statements, evidences, arguments etc. and having duly considered all the
matters submitted to me by both the parties do hereby make my award as follows:
1.
That the Executive Engineer Rural Engineering Organisation Works Division Chaibasa
should pay Sri Hanuman Mal Jain Contractor Chakradharpur a sum of Rs.
3,99,400/-
(Rupees three lakhs ninety nine thousand four hundred only) after going through
all the documents and arguments by both the parties.
2.
That the aforesaid amount carries simple interest @ 18% (eighteen) per annum
which I consider reasonable with effect from 1.1.86 till the date of award and
also from the date of award till the date of payment or the date of decree
whichever is earlier." It becomes, therefore, clear that the arbitrator
while passing non-speaking awards in both these cases had considered all
statements, evidences and arguments offered by the contesting parties before
him and then he had passed the awards. It is also pertinent to note that
amongst the documents considered by the arbitrator the Agreement between the
parties including Clause 11 with both its provisos duly signed by the parties
was obviously on the record and whatever contentions were canvassed by the
defendants regarding the applicability of Clause 11 were stared to have been
considered by the arbitrator and then the non-speaking awards were passed.
Consequently it is impossible to appreciate the contention that there was any
patent error on the part of the arbitrator in not considering the question of
limitation as mentioned in the second proviso to Clause
11. It
is also necessary to note that the said second proviso does not totally
prohibit granting of a claim for the work on extra items carried but by the
contractor by it only lays down the procedure how the claim could be lodged.
Consequently
the second proviso cannot be said to have ousted jurisdiction of the arbitrator
in deciding the dispute on merits as well as on the question of limitation.
Implicit
in the observations in the award is the finding of the arbitrator that the
claims were not contrary to Clause 11 but were in compliance thereof. Not only
that, in the objections under Section 30 of the Act filed by the defendants in
both these cases before the Trial Court the following contentions were raised
by the defendants in Objection No. (x):
"(x)
For that the learned Arbitrator ought to have disallowed the claim as time
barred and not maintainable in terms of clause 11 of the Agreement." This
objection on the face of it shows that according to the defendants the
arbitrator had wrongly allowed the claims which were time barred as per Clause
11. Thus the objection was not on the ground of absence of jurisdiction of the
arbitrator wrongly held the claim to be within time.
This
obviously was in the domain of the jurisdiction of arbitrator and even if he
had decided wrongly the question of limitation it could not be made a
subject-matter of objection under Section 30 of the Act against a non- speaking
award. Nor would it show any misconduct on his part. The court obviously could
not sit as a Court of Appeal against the decision rendered by the arbitrator on
this ground. Much more so when the awards were non-speaking awards. In this
connection we may refer to a decision of this court in the case of Dandasi Sahu
v. State of Orissa (1990) 1 SCC 214 to which our attention was invited by Shri Sanyal,
learned senior counsel for the appellants. He submitted that even in case of a
non-speaking award the arbitrator is bound to refer to all the documents and
his awards nowhere showed that he had considered all the documents in this
connection while passing the awards. The observations found in paragraph 3 at
page 218 of the Report on which reliance was placed by Shri Sanyal read as
under:
"...
Though the arbitrator is not bound to disclose as to what interpretation he has
made and what inference he was derived from the documentary evidence, he is
bound to refer in the award that he had considered all the documents placed
before him no matter whether he relies on them or discards them from
consideration. The arbitrator in his award ex facie does not mention that he
has referred to or considered the documents placed before him in respect of the
original claim." These observations made in connection with a non-
speaking award instead of helping the learned senior counsel for the appellants
on the facts of the present case go against the appellants. The reason is
obvious. In the awards in question, as seen earlier, the arbitrator has clearly
mentioned that he had considered all matters submitted to him by both the
parties and he had gone through all the statements, evidences, arguments etc.
It is true that the word `evidences, arguments etc. It is true that the word
`evidences' is mentioned and not `documents' in that paragraph. However it
could not be urged with any emphasis that evidence would include only oral
evidence and not documentary evidence. But even that apart the subsequent
identical paragraph found in the awards which is already extracted by us earlier
leaves no room for doubt that the claims have been adjudicated after going
through all the documents and arguments by both the parties. Consequently it
must be held that even though the learned Trial Judge as well as the High Court
had not noticed the second proviso to Clause 11 of the Agreement both the
parties had joined issue on the point before the arbitrator and the arbitrator
having considered all the relevant contentions of the parties on this aspect
had passed the impugned awards which even according to the defendants were
passed on consideration of Clause 11 as a whole but only fault sought to the
found by the defendants against the awards was that the arbitrator had wrongly
treated the claims not to be time barred. That question would squarely get
connected with the second proviso to Clause 11 to which we have made a
reference earlier and not dehors it. The first contention, therefore, is found
to be devoid of any substance. That takes us to the second submission raised by
Shri Sanyal, learned senior counsel for the appellants.
Contention
No.2 Shri Sanyal submitted that Clause 2.32 of the Tender Terms which was
binding on the plaintiff prohibited the arbitrator from awarding any interest
on the disputed amounts. The said clause in the Tender Notice reads as under:
"2.32-
CLAIMS FOR INTEREST :- No claim for interest or damage shall be made against
the department with respect to any money or balance which may be lying with the
department owing to any dispute, unsettled claim, difference of understanding
between the Engineer-in-charge on the one hand and the Contractor on the other
hand with respect to any unavoidable delay on the part of the Executive
Engineer in making final payment in any respect whatsoever." This
contention was raised by the defendants for consideration before the High Court
in the Memo of Appeal.
Not
only that but this contention was also canvassed for consideration of the
learned Trial Judge. It is also true that the Trial Court while dealing with
these objections has made identical observations in both the proceedings in
identical paragraph 14 of its judgments. That identical paragraph reads as under
:
"14.
The learned G.P. however argues that clause 2.32 of Bihar Public Works
Department F-2 specifically debars interest and hence on the basis of ruling
relied upon by the plaintiff reported in AIR 1992 SC 732 the arbitrator should
not allow interest. I have carefully gone through clause 2.32 of Form F-2 and
it is debatable on the point whether arbitrator should allow interest or not?
Hence it is the duty of the arbitrator to decide whether clause 2.32 fetters
his hand in allowing interest or not." It is true that the learned Trial
Court thought that it was a debatable question and that it was the duty of the
arbitrator to decide such questions. The learned Trial Judge had not addressed
himself to the question whether the arbitrator had considered the said clause
or not. When we turn to the High Court's judgment in appeal we find the
situation no better. In the impugned judgment at paragraph no.6 the High Court
has noted the contention that award of interest @ 18% p.a. in absence of any
agreement to this effect was unwarranted. But when we turn to the discussion in
the said judgment the only discussion found is in paragraph 10 of the judgment
dealing with the main argument regarding Clause 11. This would have required us
to either remand the proceedings to the High Court for consideration of this
second contention or decide the same ourselves. As these are old claims arising
out of suits of 1988, in our view, interest of justice requires that we may
ourselves decide this question on its own merits. We have, therefore, heard the
learned advocates on this question.
When
we turn to the said clause 2.32 we find that it may prima facie he found to be
applicable to the claims for interest or damage in connection with any money or
balance which may be lying with the department and which the plaintiff may
rightfully claim to be refundable to him. The phrase `money or balance which
may be lying with the department' may cover not only any amount of money but
even any balance of money meaning thereby the claim may refer to the whole
amount which the plaintiff claims to be refundable to him or any balance of it
after having been refunded a part of it and thus the claim is confined to only
the balance being left with the department. In either case it would be a claim
for refund of an amount of money already lying with the department. However
learned senior counsel Shri Sanyal submitted that the term `any money' is
independent of the balance which may be lying with the department and,
therefore, any money claimed by the plaintiff against the defendants would be
covered by the said clause and it is not necessary that the money must be lying
with the department and only claim of refund would be contemplated by the said
clause. However even assuming that such a construction of the clause is
possible, the real hurdle in the way of the defendants lies in the penultimate
part of the said clause. It clearly shows that the claim for money or damage
should have been made against the department and the dispute regarding the same
should have remained unsettled between the Engineer-in-Charge on the one hand
and the Contractor on the other and in connection with such a dispute it should
be demonstrated that there was any unavoidable delay on the part of the
Executive Engineer in making the final payment. It is, therefore, obvious that
if the delay was avoidable on the part of the Executive Engineer in making the
final payment then the claim of interest in connection with the said amount of
money would not get barred under the said clause. So far as this aspect is
concerned it is interesting to note that nowhere in the objections filed before
the arbitrator or even before the Court under Section 30 of the Act such a
connection was canvassed for consideration by the appellants. In the third
volume of additional documents filed by the appellants themselves is found a
copy of the Minutes maintained by the arbitrator in connection with the
proceedings before him in the present two cases. At paragraph 6 of the said
Minutes in connection with the plaintiff's claims the contention of his counsel
is noted. The summary of the submissions as noted in the said paragraph reads
as under:
"6.
Sri Kar Roy, Counsel for the Claimant, while summing up submitted that the
claims were submitted to the Department before completion of the work on
01.04.85.
Reminder
notices were submitted by the Claimant on 08.04.85 and 12.04.85. The E.E. might
have thought it fit to obtain recommendations on 11.09.85 after obtaining
recommendations of J.E. Thereafter unreasonable delay occurred on the part of
E.E. to take next logical step and ultimately recommended and/or dealt with the
claim on 21.08.87. The concerned officers of the Respondent generally accepted
the claims, but did not give any reason for rejection of any item, which was
absolutely arbitrary." [Emphasis supplied] The aforesaid contentions
before the arbitrator leave no room for doubt that it was the case of the
plaintiff before the arbitrator that his claims were unreasonably delayed by
the Executive Engineer before considering the same. It is this contention which
is accepted by the arbitrator by passing the impugned awards though in a non-
speaking manner. Therefore, it is not possible to agree with the contention of
learned senior counsel for the appellants that the claim for interest was
barred by clause 2.32 of the Tender Terms. If the contention of the plaintiff
before the arbitrator was that his claims were unduly delayed they would
obviously rule out the applicability of the said clause as that would not
amount to unavoidable delay on the part of Executive Engineer in making the
final payment. On the contrary it would be avoidable delay which would take out
the claims from the fetters of Clause 2.32, even assuming that Shri Sanyal,
learned senior counsel for the appellants is right in his submission that the
said clause would cover all money claims pertaining to the amounts which may
not be lying with the department and still would be within the sweep of the
first part of the said clause. In this connection it is also profitable to
refer to paragraph 13 of the written objections filed on behalf of the
defendants before he arbitrator:
"13.
That there is specific provision in the agreement between the parties that
claim for damage or interest against the department is not maintainable.
Moreover the facts and circumstances of the case as well as under the
provisions of law the claimant is not entitled for any damage or interest as
claimed by him." This statement of objections clearly shows that the
defendants joined issue on the question whether any interest could have been
awarded against the defendants by the arbitrator. Implicit in this contention
would be the moot question whether there was any unavoidable delay on the part
of the Executive Engineer in making the final payment which according to the
plaintiff fell short of his claim and it is this connection which, as noted by
the arbitrator in the Minutes was pressed for consideration of the arbitrator.
He ultimately came to his own conclusion regarding the same by rejecting this
contention on merits by non-speaking awards.
It is,
therefore, not possible to agree with the learned senior counsel for the
appellants that applicability of Clause 2.32 of the terms of tender was not
kept in view by the arbitrator and consequently his awards suffered from any
patent error of law. We have to undertake this exercise on the facts of the
present cases as neither the learned Trial Judge nor the High Court had come to
the grip of this issue and in order to avoid unnecessary protraction of
litigation we thought it fit, as noted earlier, after hearing the parties to
decide this controversy. We accordingly find that on merits there is no
substance even in this second contention.
In the
result, both these appeals fails and are dismissed. However in the facts and
circumstances of the cases there shall be no order as to costs in each of them.
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