Commissioner
of Income Tax, Kanpur Vs. U.P. State Industrial
Development Corporation [1997] INSC 436 (11 April 1997)
S.C.
AGRAWAL, G.T. NANAVATI
ACT:
HEADNOTE:
S.C.
AGRAWAL , J.:- These appeals, by certificate granted under section 261 of the
Income Tax Act, 1961 (hereinafter referred to as 'the Act'), have been filed by
the Revenue against the judgment of the Allahabad High court dated June 30,
1980 in Income Tax References Nos. 31 and 137 of 1976. By the said judgment the
High Court has answered the following question against the Revenue and in favour
of the U.P. state Industrial Development corporation (hereinafter referred to
as "the assessee"):- "Whether on the facts and in the
circumstances of the case, the Tribunal was justified in holding that under
writing commission in the case of shares held by the assessee itself and not
actually subscribed by others was reducing the cost of the shares in the hands
of the assessee and was not separately taxable as the assessee" income of
that year ?" The references relate to the assessment years 1970-71 and
1971-72.
The assessee
is a state undertaking. Its shares are wholly subscribed by the state of Uttar
Pradesh. It has been incorporated with the object of developing industries in
the state of Uttar Pradesh and with that end in view it finances industrial
project or enterprises, whether owned firm or individuals etc. one of the
clauses for financing the companies by the assessee was that on the shared of
such companies as well as brokerage on the sale of shares of such companies and
in case the shares of such companies were not subscribed by the public in to
the assessee was obliged to underwriting commission and brokerage in the same
manner as if the shares of such companies were subscribed by the public. The method
adopted by the assessee was that instead of crediting the underwriting
commission and brokerage to its profits and loss account in the case of such
companies the shares of which had to be subscribed by the assessee itself, it
used to reduce the cost of the shares held by it as stock-in-trade, During the
previous year relevant to the assessment year 1971-71 the assessee had earned
by way of underwriting commission a sum of Rs. 1,01,250/- and brokerage to the
extent of Rs.33,719/- while the assessee offered a sum of Rs. 12,535/- out of
the aforesaid receipts as its taxable income. In the previous year relevant to
the assessment year 1971-72 the assessee earned by way of underwriting
commission and brokerage a sum of Rs. 1,15,000/- and no part of it was included
in its taxable income. While making the assessment the Income Tax officer added
the entire amount received by the assessee by way of underwriting commission
and brokerage as part of taxable income for both the assessment years. The
Appellate Assistant commissioner, however, held that underwriting commission
was assessable as assessees" income in the year in which it accrues, i.e.;
in the year in which the underwriting agreement was made. But as regards
brokerage he held that brokerage on the shares held by the assessee was not
includable in the income of the assessee and that it had to be adjusted against
the cost of the shares taken.
The assessee
filed appeals against the orders of the Appellate Assistant commissioner before
the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal (hereinafter referred to as " the
Tribunal") . The Revenue did not question the order of the Appellate
Assistant commissioner regarding brokerage. The Tribunal held that the
underwriting commission in respect of the shares held that the underwriting
commission in respect of the shares held by the assessee would reduced the cost
of the shares and would not be separately assessable as the assessees"
income. The Tribunal has observed:- "And this difference by way of
commission and brokerage is charged by the underwriter because it agrees to
subscribe for a large amount of the capital of the company. As such whatever
amount the underwriter earns as underwriting commission, it does not
automatically become its income. is postponed unless the risk of taking or not
taking the shares is over. If the shares are fully subscribed, the institution
gets commission, event, the commission earned by the corporation is loss
account of the assessee. But, if the assessee subscribes some share out of the
underwritten shares, the commission relating to those shared goes towards the
cost and, therefore, no income is earned by the underwriter." After
referring to various books on accountancy, namely, Accountancy by William Ribbles,
3rd Edn. page 1144(Chapter XXVI); Booking keeping and Accounts by Ernest Even
Spicer and Ernest C. Pagler, 10th Edn., page 650;
Dicksee's
Auditing, 17th Edn., page 279; and Auditing Theory and practice bu R.K. Montogomri,
2nd Edn., pages 215-216, the Tribunal has held that the underwriting account is
a part of profit and loss account, which includes not only the income from
underwriting commission and brokerage but the same is debited by the expenses
and the cost of shares, which the underwriting is called upon to take and as
much underwriting commission could not be taken into consideration leaving
aside the other items of this account.
Account
is taken into consideration, the practice followed by the assessee to first
adjust the brokerage and underwriting commission towards the cost of the
shares.
which
are underwritten by it but the commission and brokerage earned on shares not
subscribed by it are taken to the profit and loss account, was absolutely
correct and was in accordance with accountancy principles and , since there is
no contrary provision in the Act, the system followed by the assessee must be
respected. At the instance of the Revenue the Tribunal has referred the
question abovementioned for the opinion of the High Court.
The
references were considered by the High Court along with Income Tax Reference
No. 37 to 1976 relating to the assessment years 1966-66, 1966-67, 1967-68,1969-70
wherein also similar question had been referred for the opinion of the High
Court. The High Court agreed with the view of the Tribunal and has held that
the commission earned by the assessee as underwriter in respect of the shares
offered by the company and purchase by the public, would undoubtedly be the
profit and loss account, but so far as the shares agreed bu the assessee to be
underwritten and purchased by it are concerned, the transaction in substance
results in the assessee purchasing those shares for a consideration which is
equal to the face value of the shares as reduced bu the amount of commission
and brokerage and in such a case, the amount of commission and brokerage and in
such a case, the amount of underwriting commission and brokerage merely goes to
reduce the value of the shares and it cannot be considered to be the income of
the assessee. The High Court, however, felt that the question whether the
underwriting commission in relation to shares which the assessee itself
subscribed as underwriter went to reduce the cost of those shares or whether
such underwriting commission could be taxed as an income is a substantial
question of law of general importance and, therefore, it granted certificate of
fitness for appeal to this Court under section 261 of the Act. Hence these
appeals.
In the
case of public companies, when shares are offered to the public for
subscription, it is usual to make certain of obtaining the necessary capital by
having the shares underwritten. The word "underwriting " means that a
persons agrees to take up shares specified in the underwriting agreement if the
public or other persons fail to subscribe for them. The consideration for this
contract takes the form of commission for this contract takes the form of
payment of commission". Underwriters are thus paid for the risk they
expose themselves to in placing of shares before the public. Under section 76
of the companies Act, 1956.
The
question that falls for consideration is whether the underwriting commission in
respect of shares which could not be subscribed by the public and had to be
purchased by the assessee has to be regarded as the income of the assessee of
it goes towards reducing the cost of the shares so purchased. In the accounts
maintained by the assessee the underwriting commission is first adjusted
towards the cost of the shares that are underwritten and thereafter the
commission on shares not subscribed by the assessee is taken to the profit and
loss account. The Tribunal has found that the said practice followed by the assessee
was in consonance with principles of accountancy governing underwriting
account. The Tribunal, after referring to authoritative books on Accountancy,
has held that the underwriting commission is a part of profit and loss account
which includes not only the income from underwriting commission and brokerage
but the same is debited by the expenses and the cost of shares, which the
underwriter is called upon to take and as such underwriting commission could
not be taken into consideration leaving aside the other items of this account
and, therefore, the underwriting commission in respect of the assessee. The
High Court has agreed with the said view of the Tribunal.
The
main contention urged by the learned counsel appearing for the Revenue in
support of the appeals was that the entitlement to reduction is to be governed
by the provisions of law and not by the accounting practice adopted by the assessee
and in support of his submission the learned counsel has placed reliance on the
decision of this Court in Kedar Nath Jute Manufacturing Company v. Commissioner
of Income Tax, (1971) 82 ITR 363; Morvi Industries Ltd. v. Commissioner of
Income Tax, (1971) 82 ITR 835, and state of Tranvancore v. Commissioner of
Income Tax, (1986) 158 ITR 102.
In our
opinion, this contention is devoid of force. The accounting practice followed
by the assessee in the instant case was in consonance with general principles
of accountancy governing underwriting accounts. It is a well accepted
proposition that "for the purposes of ascertaining profit and gains the
ordinary principles of commercial accounting should be applied, so long as they
do not conflict with any express provision of the relevant statute". [See:
Whimster & co. v. commissioners of Inland Revenue, 12 T.C. 813;
Commissioner of Inland Revenue v. Cock, Russell & Co. Ltd. 29 T.C. 387].
This proposition has been affirmed by this court in P.M. Mohammed Meerakhan v. commissioner
of Income Tax, Kerala, (1969) 73 ITR 735. In the said case it has observed:-
"For that purpose it was the duty of the income Tax officer to find out
what profit the business has made according to the true accountancy
practice."[P.743] The decisions on which reliance has been placed by the
learned counsel for the Revenue do not depart form this principle.
In Kedar
Nath Jute Manufacturing Company v. Commissioner of Income Tax (supra) this
court was considering the question whether the amount of sales tax paid or
payable by the assessee is an expenditure within the meaning of section 10(2)
(xv) of the Income Tax Act, 1922.
The
said claim of the assessee was disallowed by the Income Tax officer on the
ground that the assessee was following the mercantile systems of accounting and
had made no provision in its books with regard to payment of that amount.
Upholding the claim of the assessee for deduction of the said amount, this
court has held that whether the assessee is entitled to a particular deduction
or not will depend on the provision of law relating thereto and not on the view
which the assessee might takes of his rights nor can the existence or absence
of entries in the books of account be decisive or conclusive in the matter. In
this case the question whether the principles of accounting have to be taken
into account for ascertainment of profit did not fall for consideration.
The
decision in Morvi Industries Ltd. v. commissioner of Income Tax (supra) also
does not deal with this question.
In
that case this court has explained the meaning of the word" accrued"
used in section 4(1) (b) (i) of the Income Tax Act, 1922 and has observed that
income can be said to have accrued when it becomes due and the postponement of
the date of payment has bearing only so far as time of payment is concerned but
it does not affect the accrual of income.
State
of Tranvancore V. Commissioner of Income Tax (supra) was a case where the assessee-Bank,
instead of carrying the interest on sticky advances, i.e., advances which had become
extremely doubtful of recovery, to the profit and loss account, had credited it
to a separate account called the Interest Suspense Account'. The question was
whether the said interest was taxable. Tulzapurkar J., in his dissenting
judgment held that the said income was not an income and was taxable and
observed that even in mercantile system of accounting it is only the accrual of
real income which is chargeable to tax and accrual is a matter of substance to
be decided on commercial principles having regard to the business character of
the transaction having regard to the business character of the transactions and
the realities and specialities of the situation and cannot be determined by
adopting a purely theoretical or doctrinaire or doctrinaire or legalist
approach. The learned Judge has referred to standard text books on accountancy
to show that in case of interest on sticky loans the practice of debiting the
accounts of the concerned debtors with interest and carrying the same to
Interest suspense Account instead of the interest account or profit and loss
account is well recognised and accepted practice of commercial accountancy
which is wholly consistent with the mercantile system of accounting. Sabyasachi
Mukharji J. (as the learned chief Justice then was), however, held that the
interest on sticky advances had accrued according to the mercantile system of
accounting because the assessee-Bank had debited the respective parties with
the interest, which it could have, as a bad debt, did not offer it for taxation
but carried it to the Interest suspense Account and that carrying a certain
amount which had accrued as interest without treating it as a bad debt or
irrecoverable interest but keeping it in suspense account was repugnant to
section 36(1) (iii) read with section 36(2) of the Act. The learned Judge,
after taking note of the recognised books on accountancy to which reference had
been made by Tulzapurkar J., observed:- "Even if in a given circumstance,
the amounts may be treated as interest suspense account for accountancy
purpose, that would not affect the question of taxability as such. This must be
determined by well-settled legal principles and principles of accountancy which
have been referred to hereinbefore".
Ranganath
Mishra J.(as the learned chief Justice then was ) concurred with reasonings and
conclusions of Mukharji J. The aforementioned observations of Mukharji J. also
postulate that for determining the question of taxability well settled legal
principles as well as principles of accountancy have to be taken into account.
In that case the learned Judge held that without treating the amount which had
accrued as interest as a bad debt or irrecoverable interest but keeping it in
suspense amount was repugnant to section 36(1)(vii) read with section 36(2) of
the Act and, therefore, even if the amount might be taken to the Interest
Suspense Account for accounting Purposes, that would not affect its taxability
as such.
In the
present case, the Tribunal, after referring to authoritative books on
Accountancy, has found that the assessee was maintaining the accounts correctly
in accordance with the principles of accountancy applicable to underwriting
accounts and keeping in view the said principles the underwriting commission on
the shares which were not subscribed by the public and were purchased by the assessee
could not be treated as profit earned by the assessee in the transaction and
the said commission could only be treated as reducing the price of the shares
purchased by the assessee. The Tribunal has also stated that there is no
contrary provision in the Act. The learned counsel for the Revenue has not
shown that the accountancy practice followed by the assessee is repugnant to
any provision of the Act. In the circumstances, it must be held that the
Tribunal has not committed any error in taking the view that the underwriting
commission earned by the assessee in respect of the shares which were not
subscribed by the public and were purchased by the assessee could not be
treated as a part of its taxable income. The question referred was, therefore,
rightly answered by the High Court against the Revenue and in favour of the assessee.
As a
result, the appeals fail and are accordingly dismissed. No order as to costs.
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