Bandlamuddi
Atchuta Ramaiah & Ors Vs. State of Andhra Pradesh [1996] INSC 1215 (26 September 1996)
Thomas
K.T. (J) Thomas K.T. (J) Anand, A.S. (J) Thomas, J.
ACT:
HEAD NOTE:
How
the barks of a dog could have snowballed into the murder of a young student, is
the nub of the story narrated in this case. Police charge-sheeted Sambasiva Rao
and his father Atchuta Ramaiah as also another relative of them for the murder
of the young man (Srinivasa Rao) and also for causing hurt to some others.
Sessions Court acquitted the father (Atchuta Ramaiah), but convicted Sambasiva Rao
under Section 304 (Part 2) besides sections 326 and 324 of the Indian Penal
Code and awarded a sentence of rigorous imprisonment for five years to him for
the main offence. The remaining accused was convicted under section 324. IPC
and was sentenced to R.I. for one year. High Court, of Andhra Pradesh, on
appeal, convicted Sambasiva Rao under section 302 IPC and sentenced him to
undergo imprisonment for life.
By the
same judgment, the High Court set aside the acquittal of his father and
convicted him under section 326 read with section 34 of the Indian Penal Code
and a sentence of R.I.
for
three years has been awarded to him. High Court passed the same conviction and
sentence as against third accused also. Hence, all the three have filed this
appeal jointly under section 2 of the Supreme Court (Enlargement of Appellate
Jurisdiction) Act 1970, and also under sections 379 and 380 of the Code of
Criminal Procedure.
During
the pendency of this appeal, the old man Atchuta Ramaiah (first accused) died.
So the appeal now remains as filed by the second and third accused.
A
synopsis of the case is the following:
(Deceased)
Sriniwasa Rao was the brother-in-law of PW-1 (Suryanarayana Rao) who was
residing with his wife and children in a house situated adjacent to the house
where his brothers-in-law and mother-in-law were residing in Thummapudi Village (Guntur District). All the accused belonged to a different
village. But for some time they were residing in a house situated about 200
feet away from the house of the deceased. On 1.7.1988, while second accused (Sambasiva
Rao) was returning home he was confronted by a dog which emerged from PW1's
house. when the animal barked at the second accused he pelted stones at it.
PW-1 (Suryanarayana Rao) came out of his house and told the accused not to harm
the mongrel. This was followed by an altercation between the two which was soon
aggravated into a brawl and PW-1's wife and brothers-in-law (deceased) joined
in it. Second accused left the scene giving a warning that he would avenge for
the insult meted out to him.
On the
next day (2.7.1988) second accused accompanied by his father (A-1) and their
relative (A-3) reached the same place by about 11.30 P.M. Second accused called PW-1 to come out and in response to
it PW-1 came out accompanied by his wife and children. Then will the three
assailants attacked PW-1 by beating him. When his wife (PW-2) intervened she
too was assaulted by the assailants. Hearing the hue and cry some others from
the household of PW-1 including the deceased Srinivasa Rao and PW-3 Raghuvulu
rushed to the scene. When the deceased was held up by the other two accused,
A-2 inflicted a stab injury on the chest of the deceased. By then, a few of the
neighbours arrived at the scene and they caught hold of A-2 and A-3. Atchuta Ramaiah
(A-1), by the time escaped from the scene but he was chased and was caught from
his house and he was brought back to the scene. All the three assailants were
beaten up by the furious neighbours and finally they were trussed up at the
same place. Police reached the scene and removed all the injured. Including the
assailants, to the hospital, but the deceased succumbed to his injuries on the
way.
On the
strength of a statement recorded from PW-1 a crime case (No. 60 of 1988 of Duggirala
Police Station) was registered. Another FIR was registered as Crime Case
No.61/88 based on a statement recorded from the first accused.
The
latter was referred by the policy as "mistake of law" within a couple
of days and the former was charge-sheeted after completion of investigation.
Post-mortem
examination conducted on the dead body of the deceased (Ext. P-8 is the
Post-mortem Certificate) revealed that he sustained a spindle shaped stab
injury on the front of the chest just below the right nipple which had reached
up to the lung causing an incised wound on the medial lobe of the right lung.
His thorasic cavity was filled with dark fluid blood. The doctor considered the
injury as necessarily fatal.
PW 12
Doctor examined all the other injured. He noted an incised wound on the right
chest of PW 1 besides some contusions and abrasions elsewhere. The doctor
noticed an incised wound on the abdomen of PW 2 and another incised wound on
his chest. When the doctor examined PW-4 he noticed an incised wound on his
right foot.
First
accused Atchuta Ramaiah had a skin deep lacerated wound on the parietal region
of the head, and also on the below besides a few other contusions elsewhere. On
X-ray examination, a fracture on the left ulna was observed.
Injuries
on second accused (Sambasiva Rao) included lacerated wounds on both sides as
well as on the pate of his head and lacerated wounds on both legs besides an
incised wound on the left knee. X-ray revealed a fracture on the left tibia.
The doctor noticed as many as eighteen injuries on the person of third accused
which were either contusions or abrasions.
Sessions
Court and the High Court have concurrently found that all the three accused
sustained the injuries when the furious mob attacked them in retaliation of
what they did to PW-1 and his family members. We do not find any scope to
disturb the said finding nor has that been seriously disputed before us. The
trial court and the High Court concurrently found that it was the second
accused (Sambasiva Rao) who inflicted the fatal stab injury on the chest of the
deceased while the other two accused held him by the hands.
The
evidence on that score is overwhelming and we are not pursuaded to interfere
with that finding either.
Learned
counsel for the appellants contended that PW-1 and his party were the
aggressors and the maximum that could be found against the second accused (Sambasiva
Rao) is that he had committed the offence of culpable homicide not amounting to
murder by exceeding the right of private defence. Alternatively, he contended
that as the deceased sustained the fatal injury in a scuffle it was not
intended by the second accused and hence the offence which he would have
committed cannot, at any rate, go above section 304 (Part 2) of the IPC.
In
view of the concurrent finding that the second accused (Sambasiva Rao)
inflicted the stab injury on the chest of the deceased while the other two were
holding him, there is little scope for reaching a finding that the assailants
did not intend to cause the chest injury which is sufficient in the ordinary
course of nature to cause death.
Therefore,
the crucial question narrowed down in the appeal is whether it was the deceased
party who were aggressors in the occurrence which happened on the night of
2.7.1988. Learned Sessions Judge found that point in favour of the accused, but
further found that second accused had over-stepped the permitted limit in
exercise of that right.
But
the High Court differed from the Sessions Judge and found that the accused
themselves were the aggressors.
In
reaching that conclusion the High Court found that second accused left the
scene on the previous night as an aggrieved person as he was badly mauled by
PW-1 and the deceased and further found that second accused had openly
proclaimed that he would settle scores soon. In that context learned judges
made a reference to Ext.24 (the first information statement recorded from first
accused Atchuta Ramaiah) which is the basis for the FIR in Crime Case No.61/88)
and advanced the following reasoning:
"It
is significant to note that one important fact is suppressed both by the
prosecution as well as the defence in the course of trial with regard to the
happenings of the incident dated 1.7.1988. Ex.P.24 statement of A-1 which was
recorded by PW 24 in the presence of the Medical Officer, PW 12, shows that
apart from the altercation between PW 1 and his brothers-in-law on the one side
and A-2 on the other, PW 1 and his brothers-in-law have forcibly, taken away Rs.
700/- from the pocket of A-2. That fact is probable because A-2 might have been
carrying that day's earnings.
Curiously,
none of the prosecution witnesses have spoken about this fact because they have
illegally snatched away Rs. 700/- from the pocket of A-2. The accused also did
not suggest this fact to any of the prosecution witnesses nor did they speak of
this fact during their interrogation under section 313 of the Criminal
Procedure Code obviously for the reason that the said snatching away of Rs.700/-
affords a motive for A-2 to attack PW 1 on the date of the occurrence." It
is necessary to point out that the statement attributed to the first accused (Atchuta
Ramaiah) in Ext.P- 24 was completely disowned by him when he was questioned by
the learned Sessions Judge under section 313 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.
Even assuming that this was truly recorded by the police, its utility in
evidence is very much restricted by law. A statement in an FIR can normally be
used only to contradict its maker as provided in section 145 of the Evidence
Act or to corroborate his evidence as envisaged in Section 157 of the Act.
Neither is possible in a criminal trial as long as its maker is an accused in
the case, unless he offers himself to be examined as a witness (vide Nisar Ali
vs. The State of Uttar Pradesh AIR 1957 SC 366) Kapoor J. speaking for the
three judges bench in that decision has observed:
"A
first information report is not a substantive piece of evidence and can only be
used to corroborate the statement of the maker under s.
157,
Evidence Act, or to contradict it under s. 145 of that Act. It cannot be used
as evidence against the maker at the trial if he himself becomes an accused,
nor to corroborate or contradict other witnesses. In this case, therefore, it
is not evidence." However, another bench of two judges in Faddi vs. The
State of Madhya Pradesh: 1964 (6) SCR 312 has stated that if the FIR given by
the accused contains any admission as defined in Section 17 of the Evidence Act
there is no bar in using such an admission against the maker thereof as
permitted under Section 21 of the Act, provided such admission is not inculpatory
in character. In the Judgment their Lordships distinguished Nisar Ali's case
(supra) in the following lines:
"But
it appears to us that in the context in which the observation is made an in the
circumstances, which we have verified from the record of that case, that the
Sessions Judge had definitely held the first information report lodged by the
co-accused who was acquitted, to be inadmissible against Nisar Ali and that the
High Court did not refer to it at all in its judgment, this observation really
refers to a first information report which is in the nature of a confession by
the maker thereof. Of course, a confessional first information report cannot be
used against the maker when he be an accused and necessarily cannot be used
against a co-accused." However, a caution has been struck by this Court (Subba
Rao, Raghubar Dayal and Bachawat JJ.) in Aghnoo Nagesia vs State of Bihar: 1966
(1) SCR 134, that when the statement in the FIR given by an accused contains
incriminating materials and it is difficult to sift the exculpatory portion therefrom
the whole of it must be excluded from evidence.
The
legal position, therefore, is this: A statement contained in the FIR furnished
by one of the accused in the case cannot, in any manner, be used against
another accused.
Even
as against the accused who made it, the statement cannot be used if it is inculpatory
in nature nor can it be used for the purpose of corroboration or contradiction
unless its maker offers himself as a witness in the trial.
The
very limited use of it is as an admission under section 21 of the Evidence Act
against its maker alone unless the admission does not amount to confession.
In
this case Ext. P-24 cannot, undoubtedly, be used against the second accused or
the third accused. As the first accused is not alive now, it is unnecessary for
us to exercise our mind as to the extent to which it could have been used
against first accused himself. However, in this context we may observe that
none of the prosecution witnesses had a case that any cash or even any property
of the accused had been taken away by PW-1 or his party on the previous night.
The High Court, therefore, went wrong in relying on the aforesaid statement
contained in Ext. P-24 to reach the finding that accused had a strong motive to
launch an attack on PW 1 and his men on the night of occurrence.
On the
other hand, there are certain other broad features in evidence to assume with
some degree of certainty that PW-1 and his people would have been the aggrieved
party at the close of the first day's scirmishes and consequently they would
have had the animus to retaliate. A careful assessment of the entire gamut of
previous night's events would lead to that inference.
PW-1
in cross-examination said that despite their numerical strength on the first
day's occurrence (they were three as against second accused who was then alone)
his party received more blows from second accused than what could be given
back. His wife PW-2 said that second accused dealt two blows with his fist on
her husband as well as on her brother (the deceased) while the victims could
not fist the second accused in return. PW-5 (brother of the deceased) has
further stated that second accused succeeded in over- powering the deceased on
the first night and inflicted a few blows on him and he showered PW-1 with lot
of abuses whereas nothing could be done in return to the second accused, not even
hurling abuses.
If
what happened on the previous night could be discerned from the above evidence
it is difficult to believe that PW-1 and party would have retreated from the
scene without any animus towards second accused or that the latter would have left
the scene saying that he would retaliate next day. In the analysis we think
that it was quite importable that PW 1 would have coolly responded to the
challenge hurled by the second accused from the road on the second day.
The
next broad feature is, the evidence shows that the normal route of the accused
for going home was along the road lying in front of PW-1's houses. (The house
of the accused is situate only 200 ft. away therefrom.) It is also in evidence
that they used to go back home after their work by this time.
In the
light of the above broad features perceived from the evidence the view taken by
the Sessions Court that PW-1 and deceased would have been waiting to retaliate
for the previous night's occurrence seems to be reasonable. We, therefore,
agree with the learned Sessions Judge that the aggressor, in all probabilities,
would have been PW-1 and his party.
The
three accused had sustained all the injuries only when the furious neighbours
manhandled them. As the two courts below have uniformly found that point
against the accused we do not think that the accused had till then any cause to
entertain reasonable apprehension in mind that death or grievous hurt would
ensue to them from PW-1 or the other members of his family. None of them was
armed with any lethal weapon. We have, therefore, no doubt that second accused,
by inflicting the fatal injury on the deceased had exceeded the limit of right
of private defence. He is, therefore, liable to be convicted under section 304
(Part I) of the Indian Penal Code. However, we take into account the fact that
A-2 received a lot of injuries from the furious mob, for determining the
quantum of sentence. We are of opinion that the sentence of RI for five years
passed by the Sessions Court on second accused would be sufficient to meet the
ends of justice in the circumstances of this case. But the third accused cannot
be found guilty of any offence as his acts had not gone beyond the limit of
right of private defence.
In the
result, we allow this appeal and alter the conviction of the appellant Sambasivarao
(second accused) to section 304 (Part I) of the Indian Penal Code and sentence
him to undergo RI for five years. Needless it is to say that if he has already
completed the said sentence he is entitled to be released forthwith unless he
is required in any other case. However, we set aside the conviction and sentence
passed on the third accused and acquit him. His bail-bond shall stand
discharged.
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