Union of India & Anr Vs. Madhav S/O Gajanan
Chaubal & Anr [1996] INSC 1157 (18 September 1996)
K. Ramaswamy,
Faizan Uddin, G.B. Pattanaik
ACT:
HEAD NOTE:
O R D
E R
Delay
condoned.
Leave
granted.
On the
last occasion where the matter had come up after notice, since the respondents
were not represented either in person or through counsel and when, the counsel
had pointed out the decision followed by the Tribunal, namely, Dr. Chakradhar Pasvan
vs. State of Bihar [(1988) 2 SCC 214], this Court had
referred the matter to three-Judge Bench.
Thus,
the matter has come up to-day, Even now, none is appearing for the respondents;
nor are they appearing in person. We have taken the assistance of Sri Goswami,
learned senior counsel. We requested him to place on record the decisions for
or against him. He has fairly argued case.
The
admitted facts are that in the National Savings Scheme Service the Government
had created various posts upto the post of Superintendent; there are number of
posts but there is only one post of Secretary. This post is a feeder post for
promotion as Regional Deputy Director in which category there are several
posts. The Government applied the rule of reservation by rotation to the
vacancies in the post of Secretary. 40 point roster is also being applied to
these vacancies. In the post of Secretary, point No.4 vacancy was reserved for
Scheduled Tribes. When that vacancy was sought to be filled up by promotion
from the Superintendents in Group A category from Scheduled Tribe candidates,
the respondent filed of in the Central Administrative Tribunal at Bombay. The Tribunal, following the
decision of this Court in Pasvan`s case [supra], by order dated March 11, 1992
in OF Mo.613/90, set aside the promotion holding that since the post of
Secretary is a single point post, no reservation could be granted co the
reserved candidates as it would amount to 100% reservation therefore, it is
unconstitutional. Thus, this appeal by special leave.
The
question is: whether the application of 40 point roster to the successive
vacancies in the post of Secretary violates Article 16 (1) of the Constitution?
Shri Goswami has contended that in Pasvan`s case, that question was left open
since the controversy did not arise therein on those facts. since the
Government have decided that when a single post vacancy arises as per roster
point and when candidates belonging to Scheduled Castes or Scheduled Tribes are
available, then the vacancy reserved for respective Scheduled Caste or
Scheduled Tribe could be considered as per rules for appointment by promotion
to the post Secretary in the absence of their availability the vacancies would
be and is being carried forward. Therefore, the principle of rotation applied
to a single post is not violative of Article 16(1) of the Constitution. He has
taken us through various judgments of this Court concerning the question.
In
General Manager, Southern, Southern Railway vs. Rangachari [(1962) 2 SCR 586],
the Constitution Bench, per majority, had held that appointment by reservation
to the selection post was not violative of Article 16(1) of the Constitution.
The same principle was followed in the case of promotion in State of Kerala vs. Thomas [1976 1 SCR 1906].
In the
State of Punjab vs. Hira lal [(1970) 3 SCR 185] and
A.B.S.K. Sangh vs. Union of India [(1985) 2 SCR 185] and Comptroller &
Auditor General v. S.K. Jagannath [(1986) 2 SCR 17]. the matters were referred
to a larger Bench. In Indra Sawhney & Ors. vs. Union of India & Ors. [(1992) Supp.3 SCC 217], per
majority, the Bench of nine Judges of this Court had held that Article 16(1)
and 16(4) do not apply to appointment by promotion. They would be applicable
only to initial appointments. By Section 2 of the Constitution [77th
Amendment], Act, 1995, Article 16(4A) was introduced which envisages that
nothing in this Article shall prevent the State from making any provision in
reservation in matter of promotion to any class or classes of posts in the
service under the State. It is well settled legal position that Preamble of the
Constitution is part of the Constitution. In S.R. Bommai vs. Union of India
[(1994) 3 SCC 1], this Court had held that preamble to the Constitution is a
part of its basic structure. Socio-economic justice, equality of opportunity
and of stattus, dignity of persons are the arch of the seen that the
Constitution. Social Justice is a fundamental right as held in LIC of India v.
Consumer Education and Research Centre [(1995) 5 SCC 482]. Economic empowerment
to the poor was held to be a fundamental right in Smt. H.B. Usha v. D.S. Ramachandra
[(1995) Supp. 2 SCC 49]. Article 335 mandates the State to take into
consideration the claims of the Dalits and Scheduled Tribes for appointment to
a post or office under the state, consistent with efficiency of administration.
Article 46 enjoins upon the State to provide socio-economic and educational
facilities and opportunities Government evolved reservation in posts or offices
under the State as one of the modes to socio-economic justice to Dalits and
Tribes, Appointment to an office or post into a service under the State is one
of the means to render socio-economic justice.
Constitution
[77th Amendment] Act, 1995 has resuscituted the above objective to enable the Dalits
and Tribes-employees to improve excellence in higher echolons of service and a
source of equality of opportunity social and economic status guarantees by the
Preamble to the Constitution. As a consequence, the Parliament has removed the
lacuna pointed out by this Court in Indra Sawhney`s case. Thus, it would be
seen the legal position held by this Court in Rangachari`s case and followed in
other cases has been restored and reservation of appointment by promotion would
be available to the members of the Schedule Castes and Scheduled Tribes as per
50% quota as is maintained by this Court in Indra sawhney's case. The carry
forward principle has also been upheld in Indra sawhney's case In commissioner
of Commercial Taxes v. D. Sethu Madhva Rao (1996) 7 SCC 5121 a Bench of three
Judges and in M. venkteswarlu v. Government of Andhra b [61996) 5 SCC 1671 a
Bench of two Judges have held that right to reservation in promotion stands
restored by Constitution [77th Amendment] Act which introduced clause [4 A] to
Article 16.
The
question, therefore, arises: whether the Government would be justified in law
to provide reservation in promotion in a single post by rotating the vacancy as
per the roster point prepared by the Government? It is true that in Pasvan's
case the Governments with a view to provide reservation to the Scheduled Castes
to the post of Director which is a single post, was fused with two post of
Deputy Directors which do not carry the same scale e of pay.
Therefore,
this Court had pointed out that the cadre would mean the cadre carrying the
same scale of pay. Since the Deputy Directors are not carrying the same scale
of pay they cannot be fused together for applying the principle of reservation.
By implication, thus Court had accepted that two or more single posts carrying
the same scale Of pay would be fused to t elongate the Constitutional objective
of Providing reservation to a post in the service or office of the State, It
was then held that single post cannot be reserved which amounts to 100%
reservation and, therefore, it is violative of Article 16(1) of the Constitution.
The further question whether in the same single point post reservation by
rotation could be granted and whether it will be violative of Article 16(1) was
left open in that case.
The
Constitution Bench of this Court in Arati Ray Choudhury vs. Union of & Ors. [(1974) 1 SCC 87] considered the
question of the single post and applied the rule of reservation 6 by rotation
to the carried forward post and filled the post when reserved candidates were
available on the carried forward posts. In this regard, this Court had had down
thus:
"That
is precisely what happened here. The S.E. Railway runs only two Secondary
Schools for girls, one at Adra and the other at kharagpur. Senior-most other
Assistant Mistress, Smt. Gita Biswas. In pursuance of the memoraudum dated
December 4,1963 of the ministry of Home Affairs the Railway Board revised the
Model Roster by their letter of January 16, 1964. The first point in this
roster is a reserved point and therefore the Adra vacancy was strictly a
reserved vacancy. But there being only one particular year of recruitment it
had to be treated as unreserved and therefore the appointment went to Smt. Biswas,
an open, not a reserved candidate. This, however had to be compensated for by
carrying forward the reservation though not over more than 2 subsequent
recruitment years. For the purposes of Services under the Railway
administration 'recruitment year' means the financial year and the other
appointment having been made in the financial year 1966-67 it was permissible
to carry forward the reservation till the close of the .
financial
year 1968-69. There was no vacancy in 1967-68. The vacancy in the post of the
Headmistress of the Kharagpur school occurred in the financial year 1968-69 by
the retirement of Smt. Bina Devi with effect from December 31,1968. This vacancy, indubitably, had to be treated as a reserved
vacancy and since from amongst the 4 Assistant Mistresses, respondent No.3 was
the only candidate belonging to the Scheduled Castes she was entitled to be
considered for selection to the post of the Headmistress to the exclusion of
the other . The claims if any of the petitioner who is not a reserved candidate
have to be postponed, though in the normal course it may be quite some years
before she gets her turn. The Adra Headmistress and respondent No.8 would seem
to have a long tenure in their respective office.
Accordingly,
it was held that in carrying forward post in a single post, reservation would
be applied and the vacancies, after carrying forward, would be filled up by promotion
from the members of the Scheduled Castes. This principle would apply in a
single post carry forward by applying rotation and it would be consistent with
the principle of equality envisaged under Articles 14 and 16(1) of the
Constitution. Article 14 and 16(1) equally applies to Scheduled Castes and
Scheduled Tribes and they too are entitled to seek equal opportunity to hold
the single post, by promotion. Otherwise, it would amount to total prohibition
of opportunity to hold the single point post which also violates Articles 14
and 16(1). A three Judges Bench was to consider the same question in Sou. Vidyulata
Arvind kakade vs. Digember Gyanba Surwase & Ors. [C.A. No.242 of 1992
decided on January 17
192] in a short judgement.
This Court stated thus:
We
have also perused the judgment of the Constitution bench and the Division Bench
of this Court in Arati Ray Choudhury vs. Union of India & Ors.[(1972) 2 SCR
1] and Dr. Chakradhar Paswan vs. State of Bihar & Ors.[(1988)2 SCC 214]
respectively. no copy of the writ petition has been filed in that Court. There
is no material on record to show that the Resolution providing for reservation
provides that the for reservation has not to be applied in isolated posts which
is the basis of the Challenge in this petition." It would thus be seen
that this court has accepted that reservation could be provided even to the
isolated posts on the basis of the rule of rotation. Extension of reservation
in such cases is not unconstitutional. On the other hand, such scheme provides
opportunity and facilities to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes to be
considered for promotion to hold single posts consistent with equality of
opportunity on par with others. In R.K. Sabharwal & Ors. vs. the State of Punjab & [(1995) 2 SCC 745] a
Constitution Bench of this Court considered whether the reservation as per the
roster by promotion could be valid and consistent with Article 16(1) of the
Constitution. This Court had pointed out that the reservation to the post as
per the roster for the purpose of promotion is valid in law. The same can be
filled up applying the roster points prescribed by the Government.
When a
candidate belonging to the backward classes was appointed by promotion on
merit, he cannot be considered to be reserved candidate but the candidate
appointed on rule of reservation to be filled up in roster point available to
the reserved candidates. In Chetan Dilip Motghare vs. B.L. Education Society
Nagpur & Ors. [(1995) Supp. 1 SCC 157] a Bench of two Judges of this Court
considered whether reservation to single post could be valid in law. Though the
decision in the Arvind Kakade`s case was brought to the notice of the learned
Judges, the learned Judges found that it did not lay down any contra principle
to the one laid down by this Court in Paswan's case and, therefore, it was held
that single point post could not be reserved for promotion. With due respect,
we hold that the learned Judges have not correctly appreciated the ratio laid
down by this Court in Vidyulata's case and Arti Choudhry's case. In State of
Bihar vs. Bageshwardi Prasad [(1995) Suppl. 1 SCC 432], the Bihar Government
had provided by way of a circular, the rule of rotation to a single post and
applied the roster point for providing promotion to the vacancies that had
arisen in accordance with roster point. This Court had upheld the rule of
reservation and held that reservation to the single post by applying the rule
of rotation is not violative of Articles 14 and 16 (1) of the Constitution. The
judgment in Pasvan`s case was distinguished.
Thus,
we hold that even though there is a single post, if the Government have applied
the rule of rotation and the roster point to the vacancies that had arisen in
the single point post and were sought to be filled up by the candidates
belonging to the reserved categories at the point on which they are eligible to
be considered, such a rule is not violative of Article 16(1) of the
Constitution.
In
this case, it is seen that the post of Secretary is carrying the scale of pay
of Rs.2200-4000/-. The Government have decided to apply the 40 point roster
maintained for the post of Secretary. The vacancy available at the time of
point No.4 of the roster was reserved for the Scheduled Tribes. When the
Department had sought for the clarification from the Department of Personnel
and Training, the Government of India, had stated thus:
"There
is no change in the positions, however, it may be stated that unless this
Department changes the earlier instructions, the old order will remain in
force.
Thus
the Supreme Court Judgment cannot be made applicable to other cases
automatically".
Thus,
the Government have adhered to the rule or rotation to a single post and the 40
point roster to the single post was applied and the vacancy reserved for the
Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes as and when had arisen, was sought to be
filled up, when the candidates were available. Thus, we hold that the roster
point No.4 in the vacancy of the Secretary reserved for the Scheduled Tribes
was valid and constitutional. When the officer available and was eligible to be
considered, he was entitled to be considered in accordance with the rules and
he promoted as Secretary. The Tribunal, therefore, was not right in directing,
that the rule of rotation to the single post could not be applied. It is
brought to our notice that the original promotee died pending the proceedings
and, therefore as and when vacancy arises as per rule of rotation as per roster
the same would be filled up in accordance with law.
The
appeal is accordingly allowed but in the circumstances, without costs.
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