Shri
A.S. Narayana Deekshitulu Vs. State of Andhra Pradesh & Ors [1996] INSC 423 (19 March 1996)
Ramaswamy,
K.Ramaswamy, K.Hansaria B.L. (J) Hansaria, J.
CITATION:
1996 AIR 1765 JT 1996 (3) 482 1996 SCALE (2)911
ACT:
HEAD NOTE:
WITH WRIT
PETITION NOS. 1063, 1090, 1374 OF 1987 AND 173/90 AND
It may
look pedantic to say anything more in the face of the very scholarly and
erudite judgment of my learned brother with when I am in respectful government
on all counts. This concurring note is only to highlight one facet of his case,
which had not been traversed earlier, but which has its own importance. The
same is the difference between "religion", a word used in Articles 25
and 26, and "dharma" known to our psyche. I wish to put on record the
difference in my own way and to say that our constitution makers had used the
word "religion" in these two articles in the sense conveyed by the
word "dharma".
Very
often the words "religion" and "dharma" are used to signify
one and the same concept or notion; to put it differently, they are used
inter-changeably. This, however, is not so, as would become apparent from what
is being stated later, regarding our concept of dharma. I am of the considered
view that the word religion in the two articles has really been used, not as is
colloquially understood by the word religion, but in the sense of it
comprehending our concept of dharma. The English language having had no
parallel word to dharma, the word religion was used in these two articles. It
is a different matter that the word dharma has now been accepted even in
English language, as would appear from Wester's New Collegiate Dictionary which
has defined it to mean : "Dharma : n. [Ekt. ff.dharayati he holds;] akin
to L firmus firm: custom or law regarded as duty: the basic principles of
cosmic or individual existence: nature : conformity to one's duty and
nature." The Oxford Dictionary defines dharma as : "Right behaviour,
virtue; the Law [Skt = a decree, custom]".
The
difference between religion and dharma is eloquently manifested when it is
remembered that this Court's precept is ". It is apparent that the word
dharma in this cannon or, for that matter, in our saying: does not mean
religion, but the same has been used in the sense defined in the aforesaid two
dictionaries. This is how the President of India, Dr. Shanker Dayal Sharma,
understood the word dharma in his address at the First Convocation of the
National Law School of India University delivered on 25th September, 1993 at Bangalore.
Our
dharma is said to be `Sanatana' i.e. one which has eternal values; one which is
neither time-bound nor space- bound. It is because of this that Rg. Veda has
referred to the existence `Sanatan Dharmani'. The concept of `dharma',
therefore, has been with us for time immemorial. The word is derived from the
root `Dh.r' - which denotes; `upholding', `supporting', `nourishing and
`sustaining'. It is because of this that in Karna Parva of the Mahabharata,
Verse-58 in Chapter 69 says :
"Dharma
is for the stability of the society, the maintenance of social order and the
general well-being and progress of humankind. Whatever conduces to the
fulfillment of these objects is Dharma; that is definite." (This is the
English translation of the Verse) as finding place in the aforesaid Convocation
Address by Dr. Shanker Dayal Sharma.) The Brhadaranyakopanisad identified
Dharma with Truth, and declared its supreme status thus :
"There
is nothing higher than dharma. Even a very weak man hopes to prevail over a
very strong man on the strength of dharma, just as (he prevails over a
wrong-doer) with the help of the King.
Therefore
people say about a man who declares the truth that he is declaring dharma and
about one who declares dharma they say he speaks the truth. These two (dharma
and truth) are this." (English translation of the original text as given
in the aforesaid convocation address).
The
essential aspect of our ancient thought concerning law was the clear
recognition of the supremacy of dharma and the clear articulation of the status
of `dharma', which is somewhat akin to the modern concept of the rule of law,
i.e. of all being sustained and regulated by it.
In
Verse-9 of Chapter-5 in the Ashrama Vasika Parva of the Mahabharata, Dhritrashtra
states to Yudhisthira : "the State can only be preserved by dharma - under
the rule of law." Ashoka mentioned about victory of dharma in his rock
edict at Kalsi which proclaimed his achievement in terms of the moral and
ethical imperatives of dharma, and exemplified the ancient dictum : (where
there is Law, there is Victory).
We may
with profit refer to another learned speech given by the President of India at
the valedictory session of Parliament of Religions held at Calcutta on 19th September, 1993. Dr. Sharma was there principally speaking on the
contributions of Swami Vivekananda to our religion and referred in this
connection to the address of Swamiji given at the International Conference of
Religions held at Chicago in September 19, 1893, when he explained many salient
features of the Vedic and Vedantic body of thought and defined the
characteristics of a religion "whose whole scope, whole force, will be
centered in aiding humanity to realize its own true... nature." The
President further quoted another thought of Swami Vivekananda where he had said
: "Religion is neither word nor doctrine....It is deed.
It is
to be and become. It is the whole soul changed into that which is
believed...." Aforesaid was the Indian concept of religion of which the
framers of the Constitution were aware and it is because of this that the word
"religion", as used in Articles 25 and 26 of the Constitution cannot
be confined, cabined and crabbed, according to me, to what is generally thought
to be religion.
Swami Rama
in his book `A Call to Humanity', published by the Himalayan International
Institute of Yoga Science and Philosophy of the U.S.A. in 1988 has taken pains to demonstrate the difference
between religion and dharma. It would be profitable to note what this great
saint has said in this regard. The word religion, as presently understood, is
comprised of rituals, customs, and dogmas surviving on the basis of fear and
blind faith; whereas dharma encapsulates those great laws and disciplines that
uphold, sustain, and ultimately lead humanity to the sublime heights of wordly
and spiritual glory. Dharma shines in the form of truth, non-violence, love,
compassion, forbearance, forgiveness, and mutual sharing.
Swami Rama
mentioned in this connection what the great master, Krishna, stated to Arjuna about the essence
of the Upanishads. He introduced a healthy lifestyle through which people could
attain the state of peace here and now. But with the passage of time, people
formed a cult around Krishna, giving birth to new religion with
various branches.
The
distinction between religion and dharma has also been explained by saying that
religion is enriched by visionary methodology and theology, whereas dharma
blooms in the realm of direct experience. Religion contributes to the changing
phases of a culture; dharma enhances the beauty of spirituality. Religion may
inspire one to build a fragile, mortal home for God; dharma helps one to
recognize the immortal shrine in the heart.
The
author goes on to say that the perennial truths, rules, and laws that help
maintain peace and harmony in one's individual and in the community life
constitute dharma. It applies for all times and in all places. Social laws and
even national constitutions devoid of such a dharma will lead a society toward
an inevitable decline.
Thus,
having love for all human beings is dharma.
Helping
others ahead of one's personal gain is the dharma of those who follow the path
of selfless service. Defending one's nation and society is the dharma of
soldiers and warriors. In other words, any action, big or small, that is free
from selfishness is part of dharma.
Swami Rama
has further stated that dharma has been a great force in uplifting the human
race. Dharma can help us today as it did in ancient times, but only if we start
living by truth, not merely believing in truth. During away from dharma and
distancing oneself from the Truth is not a desirable way of living. It
ultimately leads to misery. In the practice of dharma, one is advised to shed
to veil of ignorance and its source ? Withholding nothing, all the great sages
in the world shared their knowledge with humanity. In the Bhagavad Gita, the
Bible, Koran, and Dhammapada - knowledge, like the sun, shines for all.
It is
because of the above that if one were to ask "What are the signs and
symptoms of dharma?", the answer is: that which has no room for
narrow-mindedness, sectarianisms, blind faith, and dogma. The purity of dharma,
therefore, cannot be compromised with sectarianism. A sectarian religion is
open to a limited group of people whereas dharma embraces all and excludes
none. This is the core of our dharma, our psyche.
Nothing
further is required to bring home the distinction between religion and dharma;
and so I say that the word "religion" in Articles 25 and 26 has to be
understood not in a narrow sectarian sense but encompassing our ethos of Let us
strive to achieve this; let us spread the message of our dharma by availing and
taking advantage of the freedom guaranteed by Articles 25 and 26 of our
Constitution.
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