Hari Chand
& Anr Vs. State of Delhi [1996] INSC 231 (12 February 1996)
Majmudar
S.B. (J) Majmudar S.B. (J) Anand, A.S. (J) Hansaria, J.
CITATION:
1996 AIR 1477 JT 1996 (2) 140 1996 SCALE (2)16
ACT:
HEAD NOTE:
A
valiant and dutiful custom officer risked his life to fight the mighty
under-world of smugglers; unarmed and single-handedly. And see ! he succeeded
after hot chase on his motorcycle - smuggler being in a car. The result was
smuggling of gold worth Rs.8 crores was prevented. The regard ? He has been
made to face a prosecution under Section 302 of the IPC at the behest of the
CBI, who is brought hurriedly and for undisclosed reasons to investigate,
inasmuch as in the scuffle which had taken place between the appellant-official
and the suspected smuggler, during the course of which a big - sized knife
(dagger) carried by the run away was used, the smuggler died, because of the
injuries sustained at the hand of the appellant, who had as many as 22 injuries
on his person.
2. The
CBI says the injuries were self-inflicted. The CBI has taken this stand
because, according to it, the appellant had an ulterior motive in killing the
deceased, which was to share reward relating to recovery of smuggled gold worth
Rs.28 lacs. The reward had, however, become due in 1984 and the present
occurrence had taken place on 16.5.1991. How far-fetched is the imputed motive
? The High Court itself has disbelieved this and has really criticized the CBI
for suggesting the same. This is, however not all. As the further case of the
CBI is that no records were placed before it to show that the appellant had
prior information of smuggling, following which the smuggler was chased.
Another
material used against the appellant is, his so- called abscondence.
3.
None of the aforesaid has legs to stand, as would appear from what is being
stated later. A biased investigation of the type at hand from the CBI has
indeed pained us, because people of this country has still high hopes from it,
which would get dashed if bias creeps in its investigation. But then, the
deceased was no ordinary mortal, as he was a brother of one time Chief Minister
of Goa; and the occurrence had taken place
in Goa.
(a) rummage
and search any part of the aircraft, vehicle or vessel;
(b) examine
and search any goods in the aircraft, vehicle or vessel or on the animal;
(c) break
open the lock of any door or package for exercising the powers conferred by
clauses (a) and (b), if the keys are withheld.
(2>
Where for the purposes of sub-section (1) –
(a) it
becomes necessary to stop any vessel or compel any aircraft to land, it shall
be lawful for any vessel or aircraft in the service of the Government while
flying her proper flag and any authority authorized in this behalf by the
Central Government to summon such vessel to stop or the aircraft to land, by
means of an international signal, code or other recognized means, and thereupon
such vessel shall forthwith stop or such aircraft shall forthwith land; and if
it fails to do so, chase may be given thereto by any vessel or aircraft as
aforesaid and if after a gun is fired as a signal the vessel fails to stop or
the aircraft fails to land, it may be fired upon;
(b) it
becomes necessary to stop any vehicle or animal, the proper officer may use all
lawful means for stopping it, and where such means fail, the vehicle or animal
may be fired upon."
4.
What finds the appellant before this Court is denial of the protection made
available by section 155 of the Custom Act, 1962 (the Act). That section has
provided:
"Section
155. Protection of action under the Act. - (1) No suit, prosecution or other
legal proceedings shall lie against the Central Government or any officer of
the Government or a local authority for anything which is done, or intended to
be done in good faith, in pursuance of this Act or the rules or regulations.
(2) No
proceeding other than a suit shall be commenced against the Central Government
or any officer of the Government or a local authority for anything purporting
to be done in pursuance of this Act without giving the Central Government or
such officer a month's previous notice in writing of the intended proceeding
and of the cause thereof, or after the expiration of three months from the
accrual of such cause."
5. As
section 155 has nexus with performance of official act, let it be seen what has
been empowered by the Act on a person like the appellant. This is spelt out by
section 106 of the Act reading as below :
"Section
106. Power to stop and search conveyances. - (1) Where the proper officer has
reason to believe that any aircraft, vehicle or animal in India or any vessel
in India or within the Indian customs waters has been, is being, or is about to
be, used in the smuggling of any goods or in the carriage of any goods which
have been smuggled, he may at any time stop any such vehicle, animal or vessel
or, in the case of an aircraft, compel it to land, and -
6. Let
it be seen why the protection of section 155 has been denied and why CBI
insists that this section has no operation. The first premise of denial is that
there is no material to show if the appellant was really engaged in any
official work inasmuch as there is no writing showing prior information
relating to attempted smuggling. This, however, is an obvious untenable stand
inasmuch as from the impugned order it is clear that on the day of occurrence
itself it was told within a few hours to the local police, which had come at
the scene around 2 p.m. while the * was around 12.30 p.m., that the appellant
had been working "on some tip-off about smuggling of gold". In this
connection Shri Bobde appearing for the appellant, has drawn our attention to a
complaint filed in the Court of Chief Judicial Magistrate, Margo, being subject
matter of Criminal Case No.1/C/94/A by the Union of India through the Assistant
Collector of Customs (P), Marmagao, against 8 accused persons in which there is
a clear statement in para 3 that pursuant to information received by the Custom
Department in May, 1991 regarding the landing of contraband gold, the Custom
Officer, Shri Costao Fernandes, the appellant herein, was keeping vigilance of
the said area. The further averment in paragraph 4 is that about 11 a.m. Shri Costao received information regarding some
movement sufficient to suspect landing of gold and whereupon he immediately
rushed to the site.
7.
Addl. Solicitor General, Shri Altaf Ahmad, submits that this is the stand of
Union of India through its Custom Department in some other case, whereas in the
present case the CBI could not be satisfied during investigation about any such
prior information. The mildest observation we would make in this context is
that the CBI has exposed inasmuch as the Department's stand relating to prior
information has not found place for the first time in the complaint, but was so
mentioned on 16th May,
1991 itself, and
within few hours, by one Shri L.R. Naik. Superintendent of Custom, Revenue
Intelligence, Marmagoa, who informed about the same to P.S.I. Mohan Naik who
was the police officer who had received the telephone call at about 1.10 p.m.
of 16th from Head constable, R.G. Prabhu giving the information that brother of
Churchill Alemao (who was once a Chief Minister of Goa) has been murdered. This
shows that the Custom Department had not cooked up this story subsequently.
8. To
boost up is case, the CBI has further stated that after the occurrence the
appellant was not available for two days, i.e. he was absconding, which shows
his guilty mind.
It is
true that the appellant had surrendered before the police on 18th, but that was
because he became mortally afraid of his life after what had happened on 16th;
and so, surrender before the police was to seek protection. Where is the guilty
mind then ?
9.
Coming to the case of self-infliction wounds, the same is sought to be brought
home by the Addl. Solicitor General by referring to the "Hurt
Certificate", which has noted that on the appellant being examined on 18th
May, 22 injuries were found on his person. The learned counsel refers us to
column 5 of this certificate dealing with "Duration of each hurt" and
submits that as the duration was of 24 hours, the same would show that the
injuries were received on 17th, and not on 16th. This establishes a case of
self-infliction of injuries, contends the counsel. He, however, missed the mark
"7" put before 24 hours, which shows that the time was more than 24
hours. So, this part of CBI's case also falls to the ground.
10.
Faced with the position that the wounds were not self inflicted and the killing
could have been, indeed was, in self-defence, the submission is that protection
of section 155, nonetheless, is not available because killing of a smuggler is
not a part of the official duty, which alone is protected by this section. It
is laboured hard to impress that the official duty, in the present case, was confined
to stop the movement of the vehicle and no farther. After the vehicle was got
stopped, the submission is, that the act in performance of official duty was
over and the appellant could not have scuffled with the deceased leading to the
latter's death. We cannot agree in as much as on 16th itself it was stated at
the spot by some watchenrs to the police officer who came there that the
appellant was "trying to grab the ignition key" of the vehicle which
was being driven by the deceased. This shows that the appellant was trying to
prevent the mobility of the vehicle. If while engaged in such an act, the
appellant was assaulted, and 22 times at that, with an instrument like knife
causing bruises, abrasions, incised wounds on various parts of body like cheek,
chest, back, shoulder, arm, leg and thigh, he could not have allowed himself to
be killed, but had to defend himself by retaliation. The killing was thus not
divorced from the performance of the duty enjoined by section 106 of the Act.
11. Shri
Bobde has brought to our notice in this connection the decision of this Court
in Bhappi Sen vs. Rampal Sen, 1981 (Supp.) SCC 12 in which protection of
Section 108 of the Gold (Control) Act, 1968, which is in pari materia with
section 155 of the Act, was made available to custom officials who had fired at
the inmates of a raided jewellery shop causing gun shot wounds to the son of
the appellant, which had been done as three persons of the custom party had
received head injuries caused by blunt weapon. The learned counsel submits that
the same view merits to be taken in this case. Addl. Solicitor General,
however, urges that the observation made by the Court in paragraph 7 shows that
it did not fully approve the quashing of the complaint by the High Court by
giving the benefit of section 108. But, the relevance and importance of the
judgment is that protection of section 108 was not denied even when, while
engaged in duty of search, bodily harm had been caused to the other side, when
the same had become necessary in self-defence.
12.
Addl. Solicitor General has another submission to make.
The
same is that being faced with an organized under-world of smugglers, the
appellant should have remembered that "discretion is the best part of
valor". If the appellant would have done so, he would have perhaps saved
his skin, but could not have saved the larger interest of the society and
nation, which does lie in preventing smuggling. The appellant showed valor not
in taking to heels, but in fighting. We have all praise for such an officer and
we would not allow him to he prosecuted, much though the smugglers would want
it to be so. Indeed the appellant is being persecuted, not prosecuted, as the
action smacks of revenge seeking to take his life because he has taken the life
of a smuggler; of course, one close to political high ups of Goa. Let this not be countenanced. Let this head-
hunting be not permitted.
13.
The prosecution against the appellant is, therefore, quashed. The appeal stands
allowed accordingly.
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