State
of Andhra Pradesh Vs. Nagoti Venkataramana [1996] INSC
976 (20 August 1996)
Ramaswamy,
K.Ramaswamy, K.G.B. Pattanaik (J)
ACT:
HEAD NOTE:
O R D
E R
Leave
granted
Shri Prakash
Reddy, learned counsel for the respondent has raised an interesting question of
law in this case. The admitted facts are that the Inspector of Police, Urban
Police Station, Tenali, Guntur District of Andhra Pradesh had in a raid on
December 23, 1986 seized 90 cassettes of various cinematograph films in Telugu,
Hindi and English under a panchnama attested by PW-2 from the video library
belonging to the respondent and laid the charge-sheet for an offence under
Section 52-A read with Section 63 of the Copyright Act, 1957 [for short, the
"Act] as amended in 1984. The trial Court after adduction of evidence of
PWs-1 to 3 and production f Exs. P-1 and MO-1 convicted the respondent under
Section 63 of the Act for minimum sentence of six months and also imposed a
fine of Rs. 3,000/-. In default, he was directed to undergo simple imprisonment
for a further period of one month. On appeal, the Sessions Judge, Guntur confirmed the same.
In
Criminal Revision No.665/69 and CRC No. 666/89 the High Court of Andhra Pradesh
by judgment dated September
17, 1990 acquitted the
respondent of offence. Thus these appeals by special leave.
The
facts as found and not in dispute are that the respondent had kept in his shop
by name Video City, various cassettes numbering 90 in Telugu, English and Hindu
cinematograph films exhibiting the same either for hire or sale to the
customers. The question, therefore, is whether the respondent has committed
infringement of a copy right of deemed infringement thereof. The Statement of
Objects and Reasons to Amendment Act 65 of 1984 reads as under :
"Piracy
has become a global problem due to the rapid advances in technology. It has
assumed alarming proportions all over the world and all the countries are
trying to meet the challenge by taking stringent Legislative and enforcement
measures. The problem of piracy and the necessity for taking sufficient anti
piracy measures were also voiced by Members of Parliament at the time of the
consideration of the Bill to amend the Copyright Act, 1957, last year.
2.
Mainly there are three types of piracy, namely, piracy of the printed word,
piracy of sound recordings and piracy of cinematograph films. The object of the
pirate in all such cases is to make quick money and avoid payment of legitimate
taxes and royalties.
In
respect of books, it is estimated that four hundred to five hundred titles are
pirated every year in India and on each of the pirated titles, the loses to the
Government in the form of tax evasion amounts approximately to Rs. 11,000/-
Apart from books, recorded music and video cassettes of films TV programs are
reproduced, distributed and sold on a massive scale in many parts of the world
without any remuneration to the authors, artistes, publishers and producers
concerned.
The emergence
of new techniques of recordings, fixation and reproduction of audio programs,
combined with the advent of video technology have greatly greatly helped the
pirates. It is estimated that losses to the film producers and other owners of
copyright amount to several crores of rupees.
The
loss to Government in terms of tax evasion also amounts to crores of rupees. In
addition because of the recent video boom in the country, there are reports
that uncertified video films are being exhibited on a large scale. A large
number of video parlors have also sprung up all over the country and they
exhibit such films recorded on video tapes by charging admission fees from
their clients. In view of these circumstances, it is proposed to amend the
Copyright Act, 1957, suitably to combat affectively the piracy that is
prevalent in the country.
3. The
Bill provides, among other things, for the following amendments to the Act, namely
:-
(i) to
increase the punishment provided for the infringement of the copyright, namely,
imprisonment of three years, with a minimum punishment of imprisonment of six
months, and fine upto Rs. 2 lakhs, with a minimum of Rs. 50,000/-
(ii) to
provide enhanced punishments in the case of second and subsequent convictions ;
(iii)
to provide for the declaration of the offence of infringement of copyright as
an economic offence so that the period of limitation provided for in the Code
of Criminal Procedure, 1973 for offence will not applicable to this offence.;
(iv) to
specifically make the provisions of the Act applicable to video films and
computer programs;
(v) to
require the producers of records and video films to display certain information
in the records, video films and containers thereof."
Section
2 [m] (ii) defined "infringing copy" to mean, in relation to
cinematographic film, a copy of the film made on any medium by any means. Section
3 defines "publication" to mean making a work available to the public
by issue of copies or by communicating the work to the public. Section 4
envisages when work is not deemed to be published or performed in public. It
provides that except in relation to infringement of copyright, a work shall not
be deemed to be published or performed in public, without the license of the
owner of the copyright. The permission of the owner for publication is
mandatory when it sought to be brought home to the person violating the
publication or performed in public. It excludes the application of infringement
of a copyright from the purview of Section 4 Chapter x deals with registration
of copyright. Section 44 envisages that there shall be kept at the Copyright
Office a register in the prescribed form to be called the Register of
Copyrights in which may be entered the names or title of works and the names
and addresses of authors, publishers and owners of copyright and such other
particulars as may be prescribed.
The entries
under Section 48 in the register of copyrights shall be prima facie evidence of
the particulars entered therein, or extracts therefrom certified by the
Registrar of Copyrights and sealed with the seal of the Copyright Office shall
be admissible in evidence in all courts without further proof or production of
the original Section 51 in Chapter XI deals with infringement of copyrights. It
provides, among other things, that a copyright in a work shall be deemed to be
infringed when any other person makes for sale or hire, or sells or lets for
hire, or by way of trade displays or offers for sale or hire any infringing
copies of the work. Section 52-A deals with particulars to be included in sound
recordings and video films. Sub-section thereof [2] provides thus :
"[2]
No person shall publish a video film in respect of any work unless the
following particulars are displayed in the video film, when exhibited, and on
the video cassette or other container thereof, namely :-
(a) if
such work is a cinematograph film required to be certified for exhibition under
the provisions of the Cinematograph Act, 1952 [37 of 1952], a copy of the
certificates granted by the Board of Film Certification under Section 5-A of
that Act in respect of such work ;
(b)
the name and address of the person who has made the video film and a
declaration by him that he has obtained the necessary license or consent from
the owner of the copyright in such work for making such video film; and
(c) the
name and address of the owner of the copyright in such work".
Section
63 in Chapter XIII provides for penalty thus :
"63.
Offence of infringement of copyright or other rights as conferred by this Act.
- Any person who knowingly infringes or abets the infringement of [a] the
copyright in a work, or [b] any other right conferred by this Act except the
right conferred by Section 53-A, shall be punishable with imprisonment for a
term which may extend to three years and with fine which shall not be less than
fifty thousand rupees but which may extend to two lakh rupees :
Provided
that where the infringement has not been made for gain in the course of trade
or business the Court may, for adequate and special reasons to be mentioned in
the judgment, impose a sentence of imprisonment for a term of less than six
months or a fine of less than fifty thousand rupees.
Explanation
- Construction of a building or other structure which infringes or which, if
completed, would infringe the copyright in some other work shall not be an
offence under this section." Further amendment with regard to sentence of
fine came to be made by Amendment Act 38 of 1994 with which we are not
presently concerned.
Section
68-A provides for penalty for contravention of Section 52-A. It reads that any
person who publishes a sound recording or a video film in contravention of the
provisions of Section 52-A, shall be punishable with imprisonment which may
extend to three years and shall also be liable to fine.
A
reading of these provisions does indicate that infringement of a copyright or
deemed infringement of a copyright or publication of a work without the
permission of the owner are offences under the Act. The question is whether
identification of the owner of the copyright is a pre-condition for violation
of the provisions of Section 63 or 68-A, as the case may be ? The finding of
the High Court and ably sought to be supported by Shri Prakash Reddy is that
unless the owner is identified and he comes and gives evidence that he had
copyright of the video film which was sought to be in violation of Section 52-A
or Section 51 of the Act, there is no offence made out by the prosecution and
that, therefore, the conviction and sentence of the respondent is not valid in
law. He contends that Section 4 expressly excludes publication of the work to be
published.
The
identification of the owner being an essential element to prove the offence of
infringement of copyright, the prosecution has failed to establish the same. In
construction of the penal statute strict construction should be adopted and in that
perspective the benefit of doubt given by the High Court is well justified and
does not warrant interference.
It is
true that in the interpretation of penal provisions, strict construction is
required to be adopted and if any real doubt arises, necessarily the reasonable
benefit of doubt would be extended to the accused. In this case, the question arises
: whether such a doubt has arisen ? The object of amending the Copyright Act by
Act amendment 65 of 1984, as note above, was to prevent piracy which became a
global problem due to rapid advances in technology.
The
legislature intended to prevent piracy and punish the pirates protecting
copyrights. The law, therefore, came to be amended introducing Section 52-A.
Thereafter, the piracy of cinematograph films and of sound recording etc. could
be satisfactorily prevented. Moreover the object of the pirate is to make quick
money and avoid payment of legitimate taxes and royalties. The uncertified
films are being exhibited in a large scale. Mushrooming growth of video parlours
has sprung up all over the country exhibiting such films recorded on video
tapes by charging admission fee from the visitors. Therefore, apart from
increasing the penalty of punishment under law it also provides the declaration
on the offence of infringement and video films to display certain information
on the recorded video films and containers thereof. Section 52-A thus has
incorporated specifications of the prints in sub-section [2] thereof. The
construction of Sections 52-A, 51, 63 and 68-A should be approached from his
perspective. It would be further profitable to read the relevant provisions of
the Cinematograph Act, 1952 in this behalf. Section 2 [c] defines
"cinematograph" to include any apparatus for the representation of
moving pictures or series of pictures.
Section
2 [d] (d) defines "films" to mean a cinematograph film. The question,
therefore is : whether video film is cinematograph ? It is settled view that
video tapes come within the expression "cinematograph" in view of the
extended definition in Section 2 [c] which includes apparatus for the
representation of moving pictures or series of pictures as copy of the video
should be created in respect of a cinematograph under the Cinematograph Act
which gives protection to the purchasers of the cinematograph if they are
registered under Chapter X of the Act. Section 44 gives the right of
registration and once the entries have been made by operation of Section 48 the
entries in the register of copyrights shall be prima facie evidence of the
copyright and the entries therein are conclusive without proof of the copyright
and the entries therein are conclusive without proof of the original copyright
which must be taken to have been created in respect of the video tape.
In Balwinder
Singh v. Delhi Administration [AIR 1984 Delhi 379] a Division Bench of Delhi High Court had also held that both video
and television are cinematograph.
Licenses
for giving their public exhibition is necessary under the Cinematograph Act in
spite of their having commercial licenses for them under the Telegraphs Act.
It is
true that there is no specific charge under Section 52-A. The charge was under
Section 51 read with Section 63 of the Act. In view of the above finding and in
view of the findings of the courts below that the respondent was exhibiting the
cinematograph films in his Video City for hire or for sale of the cassettes to
the public which do not contain the particulars envisaged under Section 52-A of
the Act, the infringement falls under Section 51[2] (ii) or Section 52-A of the
Act. The former is punishable under Section 63 and the latter is punishable
under Section 68-A of the Act. In view of the above findings of the courts
below the offence under which the case falls.
It
would, therefore, be unnecessary for the prosecution to track on and trace out
the owner of the copyright to come and adduce evidence of infringement of
copyright. The absence thereof does not constitute lack of essential element of
infringement of copyright. If the particulars on video films etc. as mandated
under Section 52-A do not find place, it would be infringement of copyright.
In our
view, on the facts in this case, the offence would fall under Section 68-A of
the Act. Accordingly, the conviction of the respondent is altered to one under
Section 68-A. There would be no prejudice to the respondent. In view of the
facts and circumstances, we are of the opinion that instead of imposing a
sentence of imprisonment, sentence of fine of a sum of Rs 10,000/- would meet
the ends of justice.
Therefore,
the conviction and sentence ordered by the trial court as confirmed by the
appellate Court are modified to one of conviction under Section 68-A. The
respondent is sentenced to pay a fine of Rs. 10,000/-. In default, he should
undergo rigorous imprisonment for a period of three months. Even if he does not
pay the fine and undergoes the sentence, the State is at liberty to recover the
fine from the respondent.
The
appeals are accordingly allowed.
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